1 . While bone soup can provide some beneficial nutrients, experts don’t view the popular soup as vital addition to your wellness.
Is drinking bone soup good for you? Made by boiling animal bones in water for a long time with vegetables, spices and sometimes other ingredients, bone soup can be “part of the puzzle, but is not a quick fix,” Laura Ligos, a registered nutritionist and specialist in sports dietetics, says.
“The goal is to help to pull out important nutrients from the bones,” she says. “It’s these nutrients that are extracted (萃取) from the bones that have been shown to be helpful with skin, hair, and nail health and there is some truth to that. That being said, we need more than just bone soup to be able to improve overall health.”
Benefits of bone soup include providing humans with certain nutrients from the connective tissue and meat of the bones, which in turn can aid in strengthening muscle and bones, explains Jenna Litt, a registered dietitian at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York.
“Specifically, bone soup is rich in collagen and certain vitamins and minerals, such as iron, fat-soluble vitamins, zinc and other trace minerals. Collagen and fat-soluble vitamins are known to improve hair, skin and nail health,” she adds.
Do I need bone soup in my diet? The short answer? No. While almost anyone can try it, Ligos says it’s important to look at the big picture when thinking about nutrition.
“There likely isn’t one food item that’s going to be the golden ticket to our health. It’s a combination of things that we do that can support our health over the long run. Bone soup can certainly be a part of that-but not the only part of that. ”For example, if you’ re interested in improving skin, nail and hair health, simply increasing protein intake in your diet has been shown to yield results, Litt says, pointing out that “the use of bone soup is not required.”
1. How does the author mainly develop this text?| A．By referring to professionals. | B．By analyzing cause and effect. |
| C．By listing a series of relevant facts. | D．By following time order. |
| A．A specific choice. | B．The whole health situation. |
| C．The beneficial side. | D．A particular preference. |
| A．Not everyone can try bone soup. | B．The use of bone soup is quite necessary. |
| C．Bone soup can replace protein. | D．Bone soup is not the master key to health. |
| A．Does your diet contain enough proteins? | B．Do you consume bone soup properly? |
| C．Does bone soup really benefit health? | D．Is bone soup rich in essential nutrients? |
2 . In the rushing modern society, it can be all too easy to skip(不吃) a meal or two.You might even do it on purpose. A new study suggests going without one of the standard three meals a day might have a serious downside.
24,000 people participated (参加) in the study. Around 30 percent of the participants often had fewer than three meals a day. According to the data (数据), those who were younger, male, with less of an education and a lower family income, were more likely to skip meals. Meal-skipping was also more common among those who smoked more, drank more, ate less healthy food, had more snacks, and took in less energy overall.
Compared with participants eating three meals per day, the risk for participants eating one meal per day was 30% higher for all-cause death, and 83% higher for cardiovascular(心血管的) disease(CVD) death. Those who ate two meals a day had a 7% increased risk of all-cause death and a 10% increased risk of cardiovascular death.
The CVD death rate of the participants who skipped breakfast was40% higher compared with those who did not. The all-cause death risk was 12% higher for skipping lunch and 16% higher for skipping dinner compared with those who did not. Skipping breakfast was connected with a greater risk of dying from CVD, while skipping lunch or dinner was connected with a greater risk of all-cause death, including a rise in CVD risk.
There was even a problem for those who ate all three meals but had them too close together. Eating two neighbouring meals within 4.5 hours of each other was also shown to be connected with increased all-cause death risk. While the study seems to make messages difficult that suggest intermittent fasting (间歇性禁食) could be good for you, the data stresses the importance of regular refueling stops for the body.
1. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?| A．Who would skip meals. | B．How the research is done. |
| C．Why people skip meals. | D．What the course of the study is. |
| A．Meal-skipping can reduce the risk of diseases. |
| B．Meal-skipping makes no difference to diseases. |
| C．The chances of diseases rise with more meal-skippings. |
| D．It's hard to tell the influence of meal-skipping on diseases. |
| A．Skipping meals sometimes. | B．Skipping a fixed meal. |
| C．Having meals at your will. | D．Having meals at the right time. |
| A．Fasting is a good way for health. | B．Good eating habits can treat CVD. |
| C．Eating meals on time is healthier. | D．Meals should be taken close enough. |
3 . We are constantly reminded to eat well to achieve heart health, lose weight or ward off diseases like cancer. But we often ignore the brain — our most complex organ — when making choices about what to put in our mouths. Just like the rest of the body, the brain is impacted by what we consume and it’s important we feed it well.
While scientists don’t yet fully understand the complex relationship between nutrition and the brain, studies have shown that heart-healthy eating habits may help reduce risk of cognitive (认知的) decline.
“Although the idea that a heart-healthy diet may help protect against cognitive decline is not new, it is extremely important,” says Christy Tangney, a medical professor. “Research continues to demonstrate that healthy dietary choices in midlife are associated with a low risk of dementia (痴呆).”
There is growing evidence around several diets indicating they may be able to positively impact cognition. Ongoing research studies are currently evaluating these diets.
A. MEDITERRANEAN DIET
| What it is | the combination of different aspects of healthy eating that are typically found in the areas bordering the Mediterranean Sea. |
| What to eat | *fruit, vegetables, nuts and grains; *replace butter with healthy fats like olive oil; *limit red meat; *use herbs to flavor food rather than salt; *eat fish and poultry at least twice a week. |
| What we know | Published studies suggest that the Mediterranean diet in the long run is associated with slower cognitive decline and lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. |
| What it is | A hybrid (混合体) of the Mediterranean and DASH diets. |
| What to eat | *berries and green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, nuts, beans, whole grains, fish, poultry, olive oil and wine; *avoid red meats, butter, stick margarine, cheese, pastries and sweets, and fried and fast food. |
| What we know | A 2015 study found that participants who strictly followed the MIND diet experienced a 53% reduction in risk of developing Alzheimer’s. |
Another study currently being conducted with more than 600 older adults in Chicago and Boston will test the MIND diet’s impact on cognitive decline.
1. What can we know from the first two paragraphs?| A．It is easy to avoid heart attacks by eating healthily. |
| B．What we eat actually has great effects on our brain health. |
| C．People are always reminded to attach importance to brain health. |
| D．Scientists have fully known the relationship between nutrition and brain. |
| A．Healthy dietary choices. | B．Heart-healthy eating habits. |
| C．Different diet behaviors. | D．The results of dietary studies. |
| A．BRAIN DIET. | B．DASH DIET. |
| C．HEALTHY DIET. | D．MIND DIET. |
| A．Addressing the problem with the risk of dementia. |
| B．Further exploring the benefits of the Mediterranean diet. |
| C．Devoting more time to studying how to improve healthy diet. |
| D．Assessing the effects the MIND diet has on cognitive decline. |
4 . Millions of Britons are unaware what nutrients they need for a healthy body, with a fifth believing vitamin C’s main role is to make you more intelligent.
A study of 2,000 adults revealed 37% are unsure of what vitamins their families need, while 35% admit they don’t really know what different nutrients actually do. Nearly a third don’t consider vitamin C to be essential for a healthy body, with less than half aware that it helps to keep skin healthy, while 33% are unaware of the importance of vitamin D, and the same number think you could get it simply by eating organic fruit or vegetable grown in a sunny country. As a result, 45% don’t think they are getting all the vitamins and minerals they need from their diets. It also found that only half of parents are confident they know the nutrients their children should be consuming.
Mikelle McCoin, Consultant Dietitian at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, said, “Humans need different vitamins and minerals for their body to continue to function healthily, but these can vary depending on your age. Children known as picky eaters may benefit from a more comprehensive vitamin supplement which includes iron and B vitamins, as these are particularly important for growth and development. And when they are at school age, brain function and immunity are the most important for parents. As they grow into teenagers, their nutritional needs are high as they hit growth and adolescence. But even as an adult, the components of your needs can change—especially during pregnancy or as you reach middle age or old age.”
The study also found less than half of those surveyed consider magnesium to be an important nutrient, with only 40 percent aware that spinach(菠菜) is a good food to consume to boost intake. And although a quarter view copper as essential, just 29% are aware part of its role is to produce red and white blood cells.
1. Which is correct according to the second paragraph?| A．Half of adults don’t know the importance of vitamin C. |
| B．About one third of the adults think vitamin D is essential. |
| C．Most parents know how to guarantee their kids’ nutritional intake. |
| D．All adults don’t know what vitamins are necessary for their families. |
| A．Pregnant women need the most nutrients. |
| B．Vitamin and mineral requirements are the same for all. |
| C．People should guarantee suitable nutrients at various phases. |
| D．Comprehensive vitamin supplements are vital for the middle age or old. |
| A．Confused. | B．Uncertain. | C．Indifferent. | D．Disappointed. |
| A．To reveal British dietary habits. |
| B．To introduce some study findings. |
| C．To encourage organic food consumption. |
| D．To show ways of boosting nutrients’ intake. |
5 . In the lab, most mice go as far as to take electric shocks in their desperation to consume sugar. Mice aren’t alone. Humans do something similar. Daily snacking on processed foods, recent studies show, rewires the brain’s reward circuits(回路).
Ashley Gearhardt, a clinical psychologist at the University of Michigan, argues that highly Processed foods, very high in fat and carbohydrate, don’t exist naturally. “They’re designed by food scientists to look a certain way, feel a certain way in your mouth, smell a certain way when you open the package.” she says, “People aren’t losing control over beans.”
In highly processed snacks, sugar often goes together with fat-a combination that could make such foods even more addictive. For a 2023 study, DeFeliceantonio’s team asked 82 people to snack on either high-fat, high-sugar yogurts or low-sugar, low-fat ones for eight weeks. The scientists discovered not only that the first group’s preference for the healthier yogurts decreased after the trial but that their brain activation patterns changed, too. When tasting fatty, sugary milkshakes, they had an increased response in their reward circuits. “Highly processed foods are controlling the brain in a way you’d see with addiction to drugs,” DeFeliceantonio says.
In 2022,Gearhardt and DeFeliccantonio published an opinion piece in the journal Addiction arguing that highly processed foods should be classified(分类) as addictive. Hebebrand, a psychiatrist at the University of Duisburg-Essen, however, worries that rushing to classify certain foods as addictive could let the sugar industry make an easy escape. It may be following “the playbook of the tobacco industry.” After all, there was no clear proof that nicotine(尼古丁) was addictive, either: researchers didn’t know the dosage(剂量) at which it became addictive. As a result, the addictive nature of tobacco was opposed for decades. Considering highly processed foods’ harmful health effects, Gearhardt argues that it’s better to risk misclassifying highly processed foods as addictive than to fail to label (贴标签) them as such. “It’s cigarettes all over again.” She says.
1. What does paragraph 2 suggest?| A．Processed foods are tastier than natural ones. |
| B．Beans are much healthier than processed foods. |
| C．People can become addicted to processed foods. |
| D．The design of processed foods takes great effort. |
| A．decreased response to healthy foods in reward system |
| B．increased likelihood of developing addiction to drugs |
| C．increased difficulty in activating the brain with drugs |
| D．decreased interest in highly processed snacks |
| A．Supportive. | B．Cautious. | C．Unconcerned. | D．Unclear. |
| A．It’s time we labeled tobacco as addictive. |
| B．The market will be filled with processed foods. |
| C．we should classify sugar as addictive before it’s too late. |
| D．It’s a mistake to have misclassified cigarettes as addictive. |
6 . The “diet” in diet drinks may be a false promise for some soda lovers. A study published recently in JAMA Network Open adds to the evidence that drinks made with sucralose (蔗糖素) may stimulate the appetite, at least among some people.
“We found that females and people with obesity (肥胖)had greater brain reward activity” after consuming the artificial sweetener, says study author Katie Page, “What was most surprising was the impact of body weight and biological sex. They were very important factors in the way that the brain responded to the artificial sweetener.”
Both groups also had a reduction in the hormone that inhibits (抑制) appetite, and they ate more food after they consumed drinks with sucralose, compared with after regular sugar-sweetened drinks. In contrast, the study found males and people of healthy weight did not have an increase. in either brain reward activity or hunger response, suggesting they’re not affected in the same way.
Page and her team measured the response to diet soda in three ways. They used brain images of the 74 study participants to record the activities of parts of the brain linked to appetite. They used blood samples to measure blood sugar and hormones that can drive hunger. And they also tracked how much participants ate at a buffet table at the end of each study session.
“These results are consistent with patterns that we’ve actually seen in my lab in animal studies,” says Susan Swithers, a behavioral scientist at Purdue University.
“You are supposed to get sugar after something tastes sweet. Your body has been accustomed to that,” explains Swithers. But diet soda may lead to a disconnect. The sugar never arrives, and “that could decrease the body’s efficiency in metabolizing (新陈代谢)sugar the next time.”
1. What did Page find might affect the brain’s response to diet soda?| A．The artificial sweetener. | B．The reduction in hormones. |
| C．The drinker’s sex and weight. | D．The amount of sweet drinks. |
| A．The methods of the study. | B．The impacts of diet soda. |
| C．The causes of overeating. | D．The responses of participants. |
| A．Unclear. | B．Approving. | C．Doubtful. | D．Unsatisfied. |
| A．A story collection. | B．A travel journal. |
| C．A consumer guide. | D．A health magazine. |
7 . Just like a car engine needs petrol, your body needs fuel. It needs food!
The things you eat and drink are turned into energy.
You need energy for everything-playing, walking, running, thinking-even sleeping.
Feeling hungry may mean you are running low on energy. If it is not meal time, you may need a snack to refuel.
But what sort of snack should you eat? This is like choosing the right fuel for a car. Some cars, such as racing cars, need the best fuel to go fast and keep their engines running smoothly.
So, if you want to be at your most lively, choose the best fuel. This means eating healthy snacks.
There is no better way to keep your engine running smoothly!
| Healthy Snacks (Eat these often) | Unhealthy Snacks (Eat these only sometimes) |
| ●Nuts ●Seeds ●Dried ●Fresh vegetables ●Fresh fruit | ●Chips ●Sweets ●Soft drinks ●Chocolate bars ●Cookies ●Fast food |
| A．Your body. | B．Petrol. | C．Fuel. | D．A car engine. |
| A．Bananas. | B．Peanuts. | C．Cookies. | D．Tomatoes. |
| A．Chips. | B．Chocolate. | C．Nuts. | D．Biscuits. |
| A．eat chips and biscuits | B．eat seeds than vegetables |
| C．eat healthy snacks at mealtimes | D．eat healthy snacks between meals |
| A．The best fuel helps racing cars go slowly. |
| B．Eating healthy food is good for your health. |
| C．Feeling hungry means you are sick. |
| D．You can’t eat unhealthy snacks. |
8 . Where does the meat on our table come from? It usually comes from livestock like chickens and cows. But did you know that meat can also be made in a lab? US company JUST has announced that lab-grown meat could be on some restaurant menus in the United States and Asia by the end of 2018, The Independent reported.
“These meats include chicken nuggets (鸡块), sausage and foie gras (鹅肝酱),” Josh Tetrick, CEO of JUST, told The Independent. Lab meat is sometimes referred to as “clean meat”. It is made using the stem cells (干细胞) of living livestock. The cells need to be grown in a lab for a few weeks. For example, making a hamburger patty (肉饼) takes about nine weeks, CNN reported. This is faster than raising a cow, which usually takes over 20 weeks.
The first clean meat was a beef burger that was produced in 2013, but it was said to taste quite dry. How does clean meat taste now? Clean meat supporters told CNN that they think it tastes just like traditional meat.
Clean meat has other advantages. It is healthier than traditional meat. Meat producers can control what type of fat goes into the meat. They can produce clean meat that contains healthy fats, such as omega-3 fatty acids (脂肪酸). This kind of fat is good for people’s hearts.
Clean meat can also help to solve global warming. According to The Washington Post, about 14.5 percent of the planet’s greenhouse gas emissions (排放) come from raising livestock. That’s more than the emissions from every car, train, ship and airplane in the world combined. It is predicted that switching to clean meat could lower greenhouse gas emissions by 96 percent, The Independent reported.
1. Where may the meat we eat come from in future?| A．Companies. | B．Greenhouses. | C．Labs. | D．Restaurants. |
| A．Stem cells. | B．Fatty acids. |
| C．Hamburger patties. | D．Chicken nuggets. |
| A．It is fatty. | B．It is healthy. | C．It is free. | D．It is smelly. |
| A．It comes from livestock. | B．It can be switched off. |
| C．It results in global warming. | D．It benefits environment. |
9 . A new study finds that strawberries could help lower heart disease and prevent cognitive (认知的) decline in aging adults. The research and abstract were recently presented at Nutrition 2023 in Boston— an annual meeting for the American Society of Nutrition. The full study has not been published yet.
Dr Shirin Hooshmand, a professor in the School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences at San Diego State University said that the idea for this study came from previous research. “Before conducting our clinical study, some of the similar effects were shown in animal studies and some human studies, but in different populations and using different study designs,” Hooshmand explained.
The research team conducted a study with 35 men and women between the ages of 66 and 78 over an eight-week period. Each day, study participants consumed freeze-dried strawberry powder— equal to two cups of fresh strawberries. Following the eight weeks of consumption, the scientists found cognitive processing speed increased by 5. 2%, and blood pressure decreased by 3. 6%.
“Previous published research has already shown some of the long-term cardiovascular (心血管的) health benefits of strawberries in different populations. So this is great to confirm some of those findings,” Hooshmand continued. She said she hopes the findings motivate more aging people to consume more fruits daily, such as strawberries.
Hooshmand noted that her team have many ideas for future studies to follow up on some of their current findings. They are currently studying the impacts of strawberries on similar and other outcomes as part of a multi-fruit intervention.
Previous studies have found that consuming berries can help ease inflammation (炎症) and oxidative stress ((氧化应激) , which can trigger many diseases. Other studies have linked berry consumption to befitting and protecting certain areas of the body, including the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and immune (免疫的) system.
1. What can we know about the research?| A．More details have not been revealed yet. | B．The findings need no further evidence. |
| C．It was targeted at junior citizens. | D．It was fully published at Nutrition 2023. |
| A．Protect their immune system. | B．Pay attention to their health. |
| C．Have more physical activities. | D．Eat more fruits like strawberries. |
| A．Judge. | B．Affect. | C．Cause. | D．Avoid. |
| A．Nutrition 2023 was held in Boston this year. |
| B．Aging people should prevent cognitive decline. |
| C．The American Society of Nutrition published its new research. |
| D．Strawberries could boost brain power and lower blood pressure. |
10 . Taking proper care of our brain, in addition to ensuring its proper functioning, will help us keep our memory in shape and even prevent some diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Here are some foods that are good for us.
Green vegetables
Green vegetables contain vitamin A, B vitamins and antioxidants (抗氧剂) that help the proper function of the brain and maintain physical health. Vegetables, in general, should be present in at least two servings a day. To take advantage of the nutrients contained in green vegetables, it is recommended to consume them steamed or even raw. If you choose to eat raw vegetables, you need to use appropriate methods to remove harmful things from their surfaces.
Fish
Fish is a source of phosphorus (磷), essential part of the development of nerve cells. For this reason, its consumption is important to guarantee the adequate contribution. We also highlight omega-3 fatty acids in oily fish, which have a protective role against the progression of cognitive decline.
Nuts
In addition to being a great source of omega-3 fatty acids, which we have already talked about, nuts provide phosphorus, vitamin E and B vitamins so that they maintain a correct blood supply in our brain.
Fruit
Within this group we highlight red fruits, especially cherries and apples. Red fruits are a source of vitamin C, minerals and antioxidants that are good companions to maintain a healthy memory.
Though these foods are good, consuming too much of them may be harmful to us.
1. As for green vegetables, the author advises us to eat _________ daily.| A．at least one serving | B．three servings |
| C．no more than two servings | D．no less than two servings |
| A．They are good for our brains. | B．They contain the same nutrients. |
| C．They are beneficial to the black hair. | D．They are sources of omega-3 fatty acids. |
| A．In a history book. | B．In a biography. |
| C．In a health magazine. | D．In a novel. |
