There are two    1    (importance) kinds of music in the world — one    2    (write) down and    3    other is not. Many people earn    4    (them) living by writing music. They write songs for pop stars and music for films and TV plays. Folk music has been passed down from one generation to another, which at first was never written down. People learned the songs from their     5    (family), relatives, neighbors and friends in the same village. Early    6    (perform) of music were popular and respected, they used    7    (learn) hundreds of songs by heart. This was at a time    8    there was no radio, TV or cinema. Many of the country people could neither read nor write. In this way stories were passed on from one person to another. In some parts of the world nowadays, you often see musicians performing in the streets to passers-by. They put a cap on the ground    9    front of them, into which people    10    like the music can drop coins.

4 . The Best Things to Experience in River City

String Thing

Caroline Shaw, who won the 2013 Pulitzer Prize for music, has composed many famous contemporary songs. Her lively compositions will be performed in a concert by Richmond's dynamic Rosette String Quartet as part of its So Hot Right Now series. The concert takes place on Monday,（October 25, from 7: 00 pm to 10: 00 pm, at the Hofheimer Building's Dark Room. The Rosettes are Ellen Cockerham Riccio (violin), Treesa Gold (violin), Kimberly Ryan (viola) and Steph Barrett (cello).

Cooking and Comedy

After visiting the River City in 2014, Alton Brown, who is the Bill Nye of the culinary (烹饪的) world and longtime host of shows including Iron Chef America and Good Eats, will return on Thursday, October 28, during his fall tour, Beyond the Eats. The show at Dominion Energy Center's Carpenter Theatre promises a mixture of cooking, comedy and audience interaction.

Opera Man

The Metropolitan Opera's production of Fire Shut up in My Bones marked a historic first as the only opera performed by African American composer Terence Blanchard on that stage earlier this year. The star of that show, Will Liverman, comes to the University of Richmond's Modlin Center at 7: 30 pm on October 28. His performance will include songs by composers Shawn E. Okpebholo, H. Leslie Adams and Damien Sneed, as well as works by Schubert, Loewe, Rachmaninoff, Britten and Bolcolm. Tickets are $10 to $25.

Night of the Picture Show

George Romero's 1968 classic, Night of the Living Dead, will be played at the Byrd Theatre at 6: 00 pm on October 31. Make it a double feature and catch the Yes and Theatrical Co. performance and screening of The Rocky Horror Picture Show at 10: 00 pm. This event features the theater company's cast accompanied by the Trunk Show Band performing the film's soundtrack live.

5 . No one dances like you. Your mom knows it. Your friends know it. Even computers know it. Now, before you get too excited, keep in mind that it doesn’t mean you’re a particularly good dancer. Only that the way you throw your arms in the air is entirely unique.

In fact, according to a recent study, the scientists, from a research center in Finland, discovered a computer could magically identify your moves to whatever type of music. “We actually weren’t looking for this result, as we set out to study something completely different,” lead study author Emily Carlson explained in the interview. “Our original idea was to see if we could use machine learning to identify which type of music our participants (参与者) were dancing to, based on their movements.”

Unexpectedly, they built dance-recognition software. Thus, you may say, they moonwalked into the discovery.

For their study, the researchers asked 73 participants to dance to various types of music—while computer software tried to determine what kind of music they were listening to. Was it Blues? Jazz? or Metal? It turned out the computer wasn’t so good at telling styles of music. It made the right guess only about one in three times. But it did surprise the researchers with its impressive ability in another aspect: it knew exactly who was dancing 94% of the time.

In their introduction to the paper, the authors suggested that, “One of the most significant features of music is its tendency to make us move. The majority of people respond to hearing music with some kind of movement, from simply clapping to a beat to making complex (复杂的) dance movements.”

Of course, we don’t dance the same way to every song. That would be, well awkward. As the authors note, dance moves are changed according to the volume (音量) of the bass drum (低音鼓). Not only that but “the presence of kick drum uniquely related to the speed of head movements.” That’s a very technical way of suggesting that we dance to the music we’re given. The thing is, at the heart of the dance are movements—and whether they’re gentle taps or all out booty-shaking, they could function as identifiable biometric data (生物特征资料).

“It seems as though a person’s dance movements are a kind of fingerprint,” study co-author Pasi Saari noted in the paper. “Each person has a unique movement signature that stays the same no matter what kind of music is playing.”

6 . The Story of Music

How did music begin? Did our early ancestors first start by beating things together to create rhythm, or using their voices to sing? What types of instruments did they use?     1     The answers show that the history of music is, in many ways, the history of humans.

So, what is music?

This is difficult to answer, as everyone has their own idea. “Sound that conveys emotion” is what Jeremy Montagu of the University of Oxford and author of the article describes.

    2    

If we take singing, then controlling pitch(音高) is important. Scientists have studied the skulls and jaws of early apes, to see if they were able to make a sound and control pitch. Another important component of music is rhythm. Our early ancestors may have created rhythmic music by clapping their hands.     3    

Many of these instruments are likely to have been made from soft materials like wood, and so haven't survived. What have survived are bone pipes. So, music is old, and may have been with us from when humans first evolved.

But why did it arise and why has it existed?

There are many possible functions of music. One is dancing. Another obvious reason for music is entertainment.     4    

However, the major reason why music arises and exists may be that it brings people together.     5     He concludes: “It has even been suggested that music, in causing such bonding, created not only the family but society itself, bringing individuals together who might otherwise have lived alone.”