1 . Kay Day, an 87-year-old UK woman, adores elephants. But Day, suffering from dementia (痴呆),rarely left her nursing home room and hadn’t seen a real elephant for a really long time.
Day is so crazy about elephants that her room is decorated with elephant photos. Day dreamed of seeing an elephant up close again and never thought it would happen. However, Day’s dream became a reality after her nursing home, the Blakelands Lodge care home inMarston Moretaine, took her on a special journey to the Whipsnade Zoo.
“Kay doesn’t join in many activities and tends to spend quite a lot of time alone,” said Carla Blakelands, the Lodge activity manager. “We sat and discussed wishes and found out she would love to see an elephant. We discussed different options and we found the Elephant Experience at Whipsnade Zoo, so we contacted them about our resident.”
Day was so excited about going to the zoo that she marked off the days on her elephant-themed calendar. Day’s carers and family came along on the trip to assist and watch her experience the exciting day. Day was able to pet the Asian elephants and she said that the elephants’ trunk is her favorite part of the animal. “It’s such a wonderful feeling to have an elephant take some food out of your hand, put it in his trunk, curl it up and put it in his mouth,” she told BBC.
Day expressed her gratitude to the people who organized the trip and said it was one of the best days of her life. “I could sit here forever with an elephant sitting by my side,” she said.
Elephant keeper My Eriksson said that the zoo was honored to have played a role in making Day’s dream come true and that it was amazing to meet someone who is as crazy about elephants as the zookeepers at Whipsnade Zoo.
1. What can we say about the Blakelands Lodge care home?A.It funds the Whipsnade Zoo. | B.It has a special love for elephants. |
C.It seldom organizes outings. | D.It cares about its residents’ wishes. |
A.She has no relatives. | B.She is fairly easy-going. |
C.She enjoys being alone. | D.She likes group activities. |
A.She fed the elephants. | B.She argued with her family. |
C.She arranged an interview. | D.She worked as a zookeeper. |
A.Annoyed. | B.Grateful. | C.Puzzled. | D.Nervous. |
2 . Animals have developed a circadian clock—an internal body clock that runs in 24-hour cycles. It is regulated by cues (提示) from their environment. But they may suffer from a “jet lag (时差反应)” when the cues animals are exposed to do not match the ones of their natural environment.
Kristine Gandia, a PhD student at the University of Stirling in Scotland, and a team of observers set out to understand how the “jet lag” of living in latitudes (纬度) that animals were not used to can affect them. Giant pandas were chosen as the focus for the study partly because they live highly seasonal lives.”
“Giant pandas are very good animals to focus on,” Gandia said. “They are very popular in zoos and there are a lot that have cameras so we can see how their behavior changes across different latitudes. These cameras enabled us to monitor the giant pandas’ behavior across a 24-hour period.”
Gandia explained that the latitudinal range for giant pandas is between 26 and 42 degrees north. Matching latitudes could also be considered between 26 and 42 degrees south, as these mirror the temperature and lighting conditions.
The team monitored 11 giant pandas in six different zoos. Some zoos were within the animals’ natural latitudes but in other countries and the others were outside that range.
Gandia explained, “We recorded giant panda behavior, trying to account for behaviors that are positive, neutral (中性的) and negative indicators for welfare. So, this would include behaviors like play and grooming as positive behaviors, drinking and defecating as neutral maintenance behaviors, and several abnormal behaviors as negative behaviors, with pacing being the most common.”
Those living in zoos outside of their home latitude were found to be less active and display more negative behaviors.
“Giant pandas living in zoos could be suffering from a ‘jet lag’ if their body clocks don’t match their environments,” Gandia said.
1. What does Gandia and her team’s study focus on?A.Animal behavior. | B.Animal body clock. | C.Animal popularity. | D.Animal distribution. |
A.Wide latitude of their natural habitat. | B.Their strong adaptability. |
C.The existing findings about them. | D.The convenience of observation. |
A.By analyzing reasons. | B.By comparing recordings. |
C.By conducting interviews. | D.By listing examples. |
A.Will “Jet Lag” Be Able to Be Avoided? |
B.Could Animals Suffer from a “Jet Lag”? |
C.Is Panda a Proper Subject to Study “Jet Lag”? |
D.Does Season Have Anything to Do with “Jet Lag”? |
3 . Wind power is one of the most powerful tools for reducing carbon emissions(排放) that cause climate change. Turbines(涡轮机), however, can be a threat to birds, which is why experts are looking for ways to prevent the danger.
A Boulder, Colorado company has produced a camera- and AI-based technology that can recognize eagles as they approach in enough time to shut off turbines in their flight path. Their tool, called IdentiFlight, can detect 5.62 times more bird flights than human observers alone with an accuracy rate of 94 percent. Using high-precision sensors, the system calculates a bird’s speed and flight path, and if it is on a crash path with a turbine, a signal is sent to shut that turbine down.
Winning an award for its performance in Australia, the tracking system was set up in 2018 at a Tasmanian facility and was found to cut eagle deaths at the Cattle Hill Wind Farm by more than four fifths. Each day, signals have shut down their movement an average of 400 times—across the field of 48 turbines—for 2 to 3 minutes each time.
Across the globe, Duke Energy in Wyoming is employing the same technology with impressive results at its Top of the World Windpower Project. Top of the World was the first wind site to use the technology. In 2014, IdentiFlight’s maker, Boulder Imaging, used Top of the World for testing after eagles were killed by the turbine, which left Duke Energy in violation(违反) of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. 47 units made of eight wide-angle cameras now constantly scan(扫掠) the sky to monitor all 110 turbines. The camera unit is mounted to the top of a 30-foot pole and powered by software that learns and improves with each photo taken.
Bird lover Garry George admits, “IdentiFlight makes it possible to protect the birds we love in the process of reducing the worst effects of climate change.”
1. What can IdentiFlight do?A.Ensure turbines make full use of wind power. |
B.Suspend wind turbines when detecting eagles. |
C.Prevent birds from choosing a crash path. |
D.Identify potential threats to wind turbines. |
A.It has been widely used. | B.It got a warm welcome. |
C.It has been very effective. | D.It has a really long service life. |
A.It broke the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. |
B.It responded to Boulder Imaging’s call. |
C.It intended to improve its wide-angle cameras. |
D.It followed in the Cattle Hill Wind Farm’s footsteps. |
A.Conservative. | B.Favorable. | C.Uncertain. | D.Uninterested. |
4 . Endangered polar bears are breeding (繁殖) with grizzly bears (灰熊), creating “pizzly” bears, which is being driven by climate change, scientists say.
As the world warms and Arctic sea ice thins, starving polar bears are being forced ever further south, where they meet grizzlies, whose ranges are expanding northwards. And with that growing contact between the two come increasing hybrids (杂交种).
With characteristics that could give the hybrids an advantage in warming northern habitats, some scientists guess that they could be here to stay. “Usually, hybrids aren’t better suited to their environments than their parents, but these hybrids are able to search for a broader range of food sources,” Larisa DeSantis, an associate professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University, told Live Science.
The rise of “pizzly” bears appears with polar bears’ decline: their numbers are estimated to decrease by more than 30% in the next 30 years. This sudden fall is linked partly to “pizzly” bears taking up polar bears’ ranges, where they outcompete them, but also to polar bears’ highly specialized diets.
“Polar bears mainly consumed soft foods even during the Medieval Warm Period, a previous period of rapid warming,” DeSantis said, referring to fat meals such as seals. “Although all of these starving polar bears are trying to find alternative food sources, like seabird eggs, it could be a tipping point for their survival.” Actually, the calories they gain from these sources do not balance out those they burn from searching for them. This could result in a habitat ready for the hybrids to move in and take over, leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are replaced.
“We’re having massive impacts with climate change on species,” DeSantis said. “The polar bear is telling us how bad things are. In some sense, “pizzly” bears could be a sad but necessary compromise given current warming trends.”
1. Why do polar bears move further south?A.To create hybrids. | B.To expand territory. |
C.To relieve hunger. | D.To contact grizzlies. |
A.Broader habitats. | B.More food options. |
C.Climate preference. | D.Improved breeding ability. |
A.A rare chance. | B.A critical stage. |
C.A positive factor. | D.A constant change. |
A.Polar bears are changing diets for climate change. |
B.Polar bears have already adjusted to climate change. |
C.“Pizzly” bears are on the rise because of global warming. |
D.“Pizzly”bears have replaced polar bears for global warming. |
5 . Best Parks to See Wildlife
A recent report from a vacation site listed the total number of species and sizes of several well-known national parks. Here are some of them to see the widest variety of animals.
Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio
Number of species per square meter: 317
Located 20 miles southwest of Cleveland, Ohio, Cuyahoga Valley National Park is a mixed ecosystem of forest and wetlands sheltering a variety of animals. From the boardwalk at Beaver Marsh, watch for water-loving mammals or snapping turtles (鳄龟) that can weigh as much as 55 pounds each. More than 200 bird species live in the park.
Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico
Number of species per square meter: 286
The representative for Carlsbad Caverns is the Brazilian free-tailed bat. Every summer, hundreds of thousands of the furry, big-eared creatures live in these caves in southeastern New Mexico, attracting crowds at sunset with their spectacular out flight. The Brazilians are one of the 17 bat species that nest at Carlsbad. You might also encounter wild pigs and cave swallows.
Acadia National Park, Maine
Number of species per square meter: 242
The Atlantic Ocean meets the Maine coast at this popular park on Mount Desert Island, providing habitat for wildlife with feet and flippers (鳍状肢). From the shore, scan the water for the heads of harbor porpoises (鼠海豚) and gray seals.
Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colorado
Number of species per square meter: 219
In western Colorado, the 2, 722 feet between this park s canyon edge and the Gunnison River below support numerous wildlife habitats. Experienced climbers and hikers who adventure into the inner canyon find collared lizards and mule deer.
1. Which park has the largest number of species per square meter?A.Acadia National Park. | B.Carlsbad Caverns National Park. |
C.Cuyahoga Valley National Park. | D.Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park |
A.Watch crowds of flying bats at sunset. |
B.Observe 17 swallow species nesting in the city. |
C.Play with turtles weighing over 55 pounds. |
D.Meet wild pigs in forests and wetlands. |
A.Cave swallows. | B.Gray seals. | C.Mule deer. | D.Free-tailed bats. |
6 . Next time you’re having trouble solving a tricky puzzle, consider asking a nearby bumblebee.
A new study in the journal PLOS Biology finds that these humble insects can actually learn to solve puzzles from one another, suggesting that even some invertebrates (无脊椎动物) like these social insects have a capacity for what we humans call “culture.”
“These creatures are really quite incredible. They’re really good at learning despite having these tiny brains,” says Alice Bridges, a behavioral ecologist at Anglia Ruskin University in England.
“In the past couple of decades, a growing body of evidence has shown that animals like chimps and birds show evidence of culture, by which we really mean just that animals learn from each other.” says Andy Whiten, a cognitive ethologist (认知动物行为学家) who studies wild animal minds at the University of St Andrews in Scotland.
“Nobody’s really thought to look at it in invertebrates before,” says Bridges. She set out to prove them wrong. “Basically, I built it out of Petri dishes,” she says. The base of the Petri dish held the reward: a drop of super sweet sugar water. Bridges cut a small hole in the lid “to form a rotating (旋转) top that can be spun by pushing either on this red tab clockwise (顺时针) or the blue tab anti-clockwise.”
She trained some bees to head-butt the red tab to get the sugar water and trained others to push the blue tab. Then, Bridges placed these tutor bees inside different colonies, along with the puzzle boxes.
The experiment showed that in colonies where the tutor bee had originally learned to push the red tab, the other bees in the colony usually pushed the red tab. In colonies where the tutor bee was trained to push the blue tab, their fellow bees tended to do the same.
“We found that the behaviors spread among the colonies,” she says, “They copied the behavior of demonstrators even when occasionally they discovered that they could do the alternative.”
1. What is the purpose of Paragraph 1?A.To make a prediction. | B.To introduce the topic. |
C.To give an example. | D.To provide background information. |
A.Different colonies like different colors. |
B.Culture is made up of multiple traditions. |
C.Bumblebees are too humble to learn something new. |
D.No previous studies focus on the culture in invertebrates. |
A.Tutor bees. | B.Puzzle boxes. | C.Different colonies. | D.Chimps and birds. |
A.Invertebrates Are the Smartest in the World |
B.A Behavioral Ecologist Has Made a Successful Experiment |
C.Animals like Bumblebees Can Transmit Certain Behaviors Culturally |
D.Insect Culture Looks Rather Different from That Seen among Humans |
7 . Back in November 2019, Alessandra Mascaro, a volunteer working at the Ozouga Chimpanzee Project in Loango National Park, Gabon. West Africa, saw something she couldn’t quite believe — one of the chimpanzees named Suzee noticed her son Sia had hurt his foot. After seemingly thinking about the best course of action, she then quickly took an insect out of the air, licked it and applied it to the wound.
Mascaro documented the whole touching moment on film and showed her supervisor. Prof Simone Pika, a cognitive biologist based at Osnabrück University. The Ozouga team then set about monitoring the chimpanzees in the park to look for other examples of the behaviour. Over the following 15 months they found 76 incidences of the chimpanzees applying insects to wounds on themselves or other group members.
While animals such as bears, elephants and bees have previously been observed applying ‘medicines’ to themselves, this study marks the first time that animal have been seen treating the wounds of others. The act of applying an insect to treat another’s wounds is a clear example of prosocial behavior, which means that rather than acting purely for one’s own survival the chimpanzees are acting in the interests of others. This echoes the acts of sympathy displayed by human beings.
“This is, for me, especially breathtaking because so many people doubt prosocial abilities in other animal. Suddenly we have a species where we really see individuals caring for others,” Pika said.
The team now aims to identify the insects being used by the chimpanzees and investigate who is applying insects to whom to establish whether the behaviour is based on a social class. “Studying chimpanzees in their natural environments is crucial to shed light on our own cognitive evolution,” said Pika. “We need to still put much more effort into studying and protecting them and also protecting their natural habitats.”
1. Why did the chimpanzee grab an insect out of the air?A.She wanted to feed it to her son. | B.She wanted to keep it as her treat. |
C.She used it as a kind of medicine. | D.She would like to surprise Mascaro. |
A.To take good care of them. | B.To collect further evidence. |
C.To stop them from being hurt. | D.To prevent them from fighting. |
A.They often suffer injuries. | B.They are capable of tool use. |
C.They might have sympathy. | D.They are affected by humans. |
A.Chimpanzees use insects to treat wounds. | B.Chimpanzees behave like human beings. |
C.Chimpanzee mother can identify insects. | D.Chimpanzee mother takes care of her son. |
8 . A new study discovers that sharks do sleep, and they often sleep with their eyes open. Since some sharks have to swim constantly to keep oxygen-rich water flowing over their gills (鱼鳃), people have long thought that they don’t sleep at all.
Researchers from Australia have now recorded a species of shark sleeping for the first time, finishing the long-standing debate about whether sharks sleep. To see if sharks were in fact asleep, the team analyzed the metabolism (新陈代谢) and pose of seven draughtsboard sharks (猫鲨) over 24 hours. When the sharks were resting for five minutes or longer, their oxygen consumption dropped, which suggested the animals were sleeping. And the researchers also noticed that the sharks changed their posture by lying flat and closer to the ground.
The sharks sometimes slept with their eyes shut as well, though, mostly during the day. At night, they tended to keep their eyes open more often, leading researchers to suspect that the sharks’ eye closure might have more to do with light than the sleep state itself. “Not only are sleeping sharks less responsive to their surroundings, but they also have lower metabolic rate,” said Michael Kelly, an ecophysiologist at La Trobe University.
“Sharks are an important group as they are the oldest living jawed vertebrates (颌类脊椎动物) — a character they share with us,” Michael Kelly said. “Sharks have been swimming in the sea for over 400 million years and have evolved very little in that time. Understanding how and why these animals sleep will provide important understanding into the function of sleep and how the animal has evolved over time.”
The team points out that more research will be needed to see if other species sleep like the draughtsboard sharks. Next they plan to continue to analyze the sharks’ brain activity while they sleep, to learn more about their waking and resting states.
1. What is the previous misunderstanding about sharks?A.They sleep with their eyes closed. |
B.They breathe in flowing water. |
C.They swim frequently at night. |
D.They always stay awake. |
A.They need to rest every five minutes in the sea. |
B.They consume much less oxygen during the day. |
C.They have the same pose when awake and when asleep. |
D.They might close their eyes not to sleep but to avoid light. |
A.The process of the research. |
B.The negation of the research. |
C.The significance of the research. |
D.The introduction of the researchers. |
A.Insufficient. | B.Unrealistic. | C.Meaningless. | D.Inefficient. |
9 . How do you feel about bees? Do you get annoyed when they fly around you and do you fear their mission is just to sting (叮) you?
Bees deserve some respect. They give us honey, and they play their part either pollinating (授粉) the many vegetables and fruits we eat directly or pollinating the food for the animals that we then consume.
Conservationists hope, going forward, people will appreciate bees more and encourage them to do well as they reconnect with nature. Gill Perkins says, “They are beginning to realise how their mental health and wellbeing is supported by nature — particularly by bumblebees (大黄蜂), which are so beautiful and buzzy.”
A.A small number of bee species are essential for crops such as apples and strawberries. |
B.The bees busied themselves at making honey. |
C.So, it really seems time to give bees a second chance. |
D.In fact, they are the world’s most important pollinators. |
E.The words remind people of this saying “honey is sweet but the bee stings”. |
F.Love them or dislike them, these little insects are extremely important creatures. |
G.Unfortunately, in recent times, bee populations have been declining due to pesticides, disease and habitat loss. |
10 . Many birds have shrunk in size as the temperatures have increased during the past 40 years. And the reduction in body size is so common that scientists have suggested it may be a universal response to warming conditions.
However, a new study, published in Ecology Letters, indicates that not all birds are equally affected when it comes to reductions in body size. Birds with bigger brains relative to body size have not shrunk as much as those with smaller brains.
Study lead author Justin Baldwin said, “As temperatures warm, body sizes are shrinking. But larger-brained species are shrinking less strongly than small-brained species.”
The researchers analyzed information on some 70,000 birds that died when they collided (碰撞) with buildings in Chicago between 1978 and 2016. They found that birds with very big brains relative to body size have shown only about one-third of the reduction in body size.
“Relative brain size is related to increased learning ability, increased memory, longer lifespans and more stable population dynamics,” said Baldwin. “In this case, a bigger-brained species of bird might be able to reduce the influence of climate change by seeking out habitats with cooler temperatures, for example.”
“One of the first things that jump out to me from these findings is that we can already see that climate change is having a much stronger effect on species that have poorer ability to deal with environmental change through their behavior.” said Professor Botero at Washington University.
North America has lost nearly one-third of its birdlife in the last half-century. The findings of this recent study, therefore, are very important to bird management and protection.
1. What does the underlined word “shrunk” mean in Paragraph 1?A.Increased. | B.Indicated. | C.Decreased. | D.Affected. |
A.Climate change has the same effect on birds in different brain sizes. |
B.All birds are not equally affected when it comes to reductions in body size. |
C.Birds with small brains are shrinking less strongly than ones with large ones. |
D.Relative brain size is only connected with enhanced learned ability and memory. |
A.Finding cooler habitats. |
B.Conserving and saving birds. |
C.Reducing the impact of climate change. |
D.Ensuring more stable population dynamics. |
A.Climate change makes birds fewer. |
B.Brain size increases make lifespans longer. |
C.Humans can protect birds better in the future. |
D.Big brains help birds cope with climate change better. |