1 . The capital of a country is often a very populated city where much history has been made due to the high-level political and economic functions that occur there. However, sometimes government leaders decide to move the capital from one city to another. Capital relocation has been done hundreds of times throughout history. The ancient Egyptians, Romans, and Chinese changed their capital frequently.

Some countries choose new capitals that are more easily defended in a time of invasion (侵略) or war. Some new capitals are planned and built in previously undeveloped areas to promote development. Countries sometimes change their capital because they expect some type of political, social, or economic benefit. They hope and expect that the new capitals will surely develop into cultural treasure and hopefully make the country a more stable place.

Here are capital relocations that have occurred in approximately the last few centuries.

Asia	Japan	from Kyoto to Tokyo — 1868
	Turkey	from Istanbul to Ankara — 1923
	Israel	from Tel Aviv-Jaffo to Jerusalem — 1950
Europe	Poland	from Krakow to Warsaw — 1596
	Finland	from Turku to Helsinki — 1812
	Italy	from Turin to Florence to Salerno to Rome — 1871
The Americas	The US	from New York to Washington — 1800
	Jamaica	from Port Royal to Spanish Town to Kingston — 1872
Oceania	New Zealand	from Auckland to Wellington — 1865

1. Why did some countries decide to move the capital?

A．To further expand their land.

B．To uncover ancient treasure.

C．To develop undeveloped areas.

D．To declare war on another country.

2. Which country was the earliest to move its capital?

A．Turkey.	B．Poland.
C．The United Sate.	D．New Zealand.

3. What do Italy and Jamaica have in common?

A．They moved the capitals more than once.

B．Their capitals were destroyed in the war.

C．They moved their capitals in the same year.

D．Their capitals moved because of the economy.

2 . The Masai(马赛人) are continually trying to keep their own ways in an increasingly modern world. They live along the border of Kenya and Tanzania in East Africa, moving their homes from time to time to follow their cattle, the source of their livelihood. They rely on their cattle in many parts of their life. They like drinking the cows’ milk.

They don’t kill their cattle for food. But if a cow is killed, the parts of its body are used to make containers, shoes, clothin,   ropes, bed coverings and so on. Not all of the men have cows. The more cattle a man owns, the richer he is considered to be. A man who owns 50 or fewer cattle is considered poor. Rich men have a thousand or more. The cattle, though owned by the man, are considered to belong to the man’s entire family. The family names the cattle and can recognize each animal’s special voice.

The Masai men have become known as warriors(勇士), protecting their cattle against other wild animals. They wear their red long hair. Most women often take care of their children, cook food, clean clothes and make clothing at home. They also make necklaces dresses and headdresses. A few women can also become authorities once they are powerful enough. They speak a language called Maa.

The houses of Masai made from sticks and grass, which are held together with a mixture of mud, are not very firm or safe. These plain houses with some basic supplies are built in a circle and make up a Masai village. They are not meant to last long since the migration(迁徙) of the cow population means that the Masai move as well. In the meantime, in order to prevent animals from entering, they also form a wall of branches. The whole setup is to protect the cattle, which sleep at night in the middle of the village. They seem to live a natural and self-sufficient life but lack modern civilisation.

1. What do we know about the Masai?

A．They don’t move in their lives.

B．They each have their own cows.

C．They don’t kill their cattle at all.

D．They are heavily dependent on cattle.

2. What do most of the Masai women work as?

A．Designers.	B．Authorities.
C．Housewives.	D．Warriors.

3. Which word best describes Masai houses?

A．Modern.

B．Lasting

C．Simple.

D．Safe.

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A．Africans: Living a Moving life

B．Africans: Brave People in the World

C．The Masai: Rich People in East Africa

D．The Masai: Maintaining a Traditional Lifestyle

3 . The Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania live a life that has not changed much over ten thousand years. They have no crops, no house animals, no permanent shelters. In spite of long exposure to agriculturalist groups around them, the Hadza have maintained their lifestyle.

The story of the spread of agriculture is the story of growing population density (密度). Villages formed, then cities, then nations. Agriculture’s rise, however, came with a price. It introduced infectious diseases, social inequality, occasional famines (饥荒) and war. Professor Jared Diamond of UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) has called the adoption of agriculture “the worst mistake in human history”— a mistake from which we have never recovered.

Looking at the Hadza, you can see why he came to this conclusion. They do not engage in warfare. They do not live densely (稠密地) enough to be threatened by an infectious outbreak. They have no known history of famine (饥荒). The Hadza diet is more stable (稳定 的) and varied than that of most of the world’s citizens. They live almost entirely free of possessions. They enjoy an extraordinary amount of leisure time, “working” — actively pursuing food — only four to six hours a day.

The chief reason the Hadza have been able to maintain their lifestyle so long is that their homeland is not an inviting place. Recently, however, population growth has brought a flood of people into Hadza lands. The region has generally been viewed by outsiders as unused, a Place in need of development. The Hadza, who by nature are not a combative (好战的) people, have almost always moved away instead of fighting.

There are many things to envy about the Hadza, mostly what free spirits they appear to be. Free from schedules, jobs, bosses, bills, traffic, taxes, laws, social duties and money. But who of us could live like them? It’s incredibly risky. Medical help is far away. One bad fall from a tree, one bite from a snake, and you’re dead. The fact is that it’s too late for us to go back to the Hadza lifestyle. Of greater concern is that soon it may be impossible for them to maintain theirs.

1. What does the underlined word “It” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Agriculture’s rise.	B．The growth of population.
C．The formation of village.	D．The appearance of a city.

2. What’s the characteristic of the Hadza?

A．They are always busy in all seasons

B．They like fighting with the other nations

C．They are often in hunger because of fight

D．They are always leading a free life without fight.

3. What can be learned from the last paragraph?

A．It’s convenient for the people of Hadza to get medical care.

B．It’s worth visiting the beautiful scenery of the Hadza.

C．Visitors can be welcomed warmly by the people of the Hadza.

D．The author is worried about the current situation of the Hadza.

4. Which is the best title for the text?

A．Agriculture of the Hadza	B．The Unique Hadza Lifestyle
C．The Attractive Diet of the Hadza	D．The Medical Care of the Hadza

4 . How the 2022 World Cup Works

The World Cup is nearly here. The schedule is complete. The leagues have stopped. The players have arrived. Yet even as the teams know where they are meant to be and who they are meant to play, there are still plenty of questions about how things will unfold as soccer moves center stage over the month in Qatar.     1    

Where is it being held?

This year’s host is Qatar, which in 2010 beat the United States and Japan to win the right to hold the tournament. Whether that was an honest competition remains in dispute.     2     The World Cup has never been held on the Arabian Peninsula before.

When is it?

The tournament will open on Nov.20, when Qatar plays Ecuador. That counts as a slow day; over the two weeks that follow, four games will be played on most days.     3     when the winner gets a very heavy (and surprisingly small) gold trophy.

    4    

No. The World Cup usually takes place in July or it did, until Qatar won the right to host it. Considering the fact that its temperatures can reach 120 degrees (48.8℃), FIFA, soccer’s world governing body, agreed to move the tournament to the relatively bearable months of November and December.

Qatar is so small. How can it accommodate all these matches?

    5     At 4,416 square miles, it is 0.12 percent of the size of the United States and by far the smallest nation ever to host the World Cup. All the games will take place in a tight circle of eight stadiums in and around the capital, Doha, making it the smallest-sized World Cup in history.

A．That is unusual.

B．Here’s a primer (入门指南).

C．It is true that Qatar is tiny.

D．Why is it being held in winter?

E．Is a winter World Cup normal?

F．The tournament ends with the final on Dec.18,

G．It can accommodate 31 teams and an audience of 60,000.

5 . Is Australia an island?

Australia is the smallest continent and one of the largest countries on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. At about 3 million square miles (7.7 million square km), it’s closer in size to Greenland than it is to South America. Does that make Australia an island like Greenland?

Although Australia is sometimes called an “island continent,” most geographers consider islands and continents to be separate things.     1     By that definition, Australia can’t be an island because it’s already a continent.

But in that case, what’s the difference between Australia and Greenland? Why isn’t Greenland (at 836,000 square miles [2,165,230 square km]) considered a continent instead of just the world’s largest island? Unfortunately, there isn’t a strict scientific definition of a continent.     2    

First, there is a geological distinction. While Australia and most of Asia are situated on separate tectonic plates, Greenland shares a tectonic plate with North America. There is also a biological difference. While a large percentage of Australia’s plant and animal species can be found nowhere else in the world, fewer of Greenland’s species are unique.     3     Aboriginal people are limited to Australia, while native Greenlanders belong to a group of peoples (the Inuit) found throughout the Arctic, including parts of Canada, the United States, and Russia.

Of course, there’s also the basic matter of size.     4     If they were much closer in area, Greenland might have more of a case for continent status (and Australia for island status). As it is, the vast difference between the two makes for a good dividing line.

While each of those criteria may not be sufficient on its own — for instance, Europe and Asia also share a tectonic plate but are usually considered separate continents for cultural reasons—together they form a general understanding of what qualifies as a continent.

A．Australia is nearly four times as large as Greenland.

B．In addition, in terms of anthropology, the scientific study of people, they are different as well.

C．Australia is the last of lands only because it was the last continent, apart from Antarctica, to be explored by Europeans.

D．According to Britannica, an island is a mass of land that is both “entirely surrounded by water” and also “smaller than a continent.”

E．Isolation is also a clear characteristic of the social landscape beyond the large coastal cities.

F．But there are a few criteria that are commonly used to distinguish one continent from another.

6 . English and Chinese have for a long time been the languages most studied around the world but the line up of other languages of study is ever-changing.

In 2020, Spanish overtook French as the second most learned language on the popular language learning app Duolingo. This could be explained by a number of factors. The Spanish-speaking community is increasingly influential in the US and Latin America is seen as increasingly influential worldwide. It could be that for many people in the US there's a practical need to speak Spanish domestically (国内地) that has overridden the wish to speak French for travel.

Asian languages are also increasing in popularity. There's recently been great interest in Japanese from China, as well as from some African countries including Chad and Ethiopia. We can mainly relate this growing interest to Japan's cultural output and general attraction to its unique culture. Not to mention the Olympics getting the interest of language learners from around the world.

What's striking is that Chinese is now a more popular choice than Russian for language learners.That's probably because the increasing global influence of China means it is seen as a more useful language to speak compared to Russian. Over 100 million learners are thought to be studying Chinese worldwide with interest from the UK, US, India and Africa. It's interesting to see a relatively new superpower overtake a more established one — in language terms at least.

It's hard to judge the cultural influence of a country but the number of people spending time learning more about it through its language is surely a sign that it is exerting influence.

1. What can we infer about Latin Americans?

A．They often travel to France.	B．They mostly speak Spanish.
C．They influence the USA most.	D．They learn the most languages.

2. What contributes most to the growing popularity of Japanese?

A．Culture.

B．Tourism.

C．The Olympics.

D．The global influence

3. What is the author's attitude towards Chinese becoming more popular than Russian?

A．Interested

B．Shocked.

C．Proud.

D．Anxious.

4. What is the best title for the passage?

A．Languages most studied	B．The app most downloaded
C．Changes in language learning	D．The battle between English and Chinese

7 . An immigrant is a person who has come to live permanently in a country that is not their own. More than 145 million immigrants live outside their native countries.

    1    Some people move because of war, political or economic problems, or natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. Some immigrants move to be with family members, to marry, or to find better living conditions.

Where are immigrants moving from?     2     One of the largest immigration flows is from Latin America and Asia to the United States. Another immigrant flow is from Eastern Europe, the former Soviet republics and North Africa to west Europe.    3     In countries such as Saudi Arabia, 90% of the total population is now foreign born.

When immigrants arrive in a new country, they often live in urban neighborhoods. As a result of immigration, many city neighborhoods change.    4    For example, the historic Esquilino neighborhood in Rome is now the home of a large number of Chinese immigrants. There are also many new immigrants from Albanian, Moldova, Bulgaria, and Ukraine. In some schools in Athens, 50% of the children are foreign born.    5    In Los Angeles, 37% of the population is foreign born, and children in the public schools speak 82 different languages. In New York, 40% of the population is foreign, and children speak 140 different languages in the schools.

A．And what countries are they moving to?

B．Immigrants move to other countries for different reasons.

C．Immigrants have contributed to British culture in many ways.

D．Immigrants open new stores, restaurants, and other businesses.

E．Many immigrants also move from Africa and Asia to the Middle East.

F．Moreover, Los Angeles has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants.

G．Los Angeles and New York are two cities in the US with very large immigrant populations.

8 . 阅读下面短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题。

After completing my first year of studies, I decided to relax by taking a trip through one of the most richly cultured countries in Asia: Nepal.

The first thing I noticed about Nepal was its people, kind and friendly, ready to help someone in need. I'm saying so because all of what I've witnessed between the citizens themselves, rather than how they treated me as a visitor. It is shown in the way bus conductors and passengers alike keep the bus waiting for that last passenger who is lagging behind. It is evident in how a motorist smiles and waves off a kid who runs onto the street after his ball. The people are like a hot bowl of soup on a rainy day.

The first place I visited in Nepal was the Sauraha village in the district of Chitwan. It is an amazingly peaceful place, where the people live at their own pace. It is a great area to see some of the wildlife, such as rhinos and elephants. The capital city of Kathmandu was where I spent most of my time. The city is usually very dusty, so make sure to wear a mask. Another great area in Kathmandu is the district of Thamel. Unlike most other districts, Thamel is very busy throughout the day. Out of all the places I've been to within Nepal. Pokhara is undoubtedly the best place to visit. There are a lot of fun things to try out. I've gone paragliding as well as boating in Fewa Lake, but you can also go rafting. zip flying and paramotoring.

Nepal is a very affordable destination to travel to. I traveled through the country for about two months, and spent a little over 500 US dollars. Accommodation around Nepal is inexpensive, mostly varying from about 500 to 1,500 rupees per night per person. During my stay in Kathmandu. I stayed at a great hotel for two weeks, for 300 rupees per night. which is a great deal.

In a word, Nepal is a fantastic place. Whether you're looking to relax in the wildness and peace of nature, or for an exciting new adventure, Nepal has a variety of choices to offer.

1. What does the author think of the people in Nepal? (No more than 10 words)
2. Which city in Nepal is the author's favorite according to paragraph 3? (1 word)
3. What does the underlined sentence “Nepal is a very affordable destination to travel to.” in paragraph 4 mean? (No more than 15 words)
4. What is paragraph 3 mainly about? (No more than 10 words)
5. Which place do you want to visit most in the world? Give your reasons. (No more than 25 words)

9 . All About Qatar

Location: Qatar is part of Asia and is in the Middle East.

It is in the northern hemisphere.

It is a peninsula (a strip of land sticking out into the ocean) surrounded by the Gulf. It has a land border in the south to Saudi Arabia.

Capital City: Doha

Official Language: Arabic. English is also widely spoken.

Currency: Qatari Riyal

Government: Qatar is an absolute monarchy. which means there is only one leader who is called an Emir. The Emir has the final say in all matters to do with governing the country.

Religion: Most Qataris are Muslim.

Flag: The flag of Qatar is maroon and white with a jagged line in between the two colours.

Climate: Qatar is warm all year round and gets very hot in summer. Temperatures can reach 50 degrees centigrade! Hardly any rain falls at all.

Sandstorms are common in Qatar.

Physical Features: Qatar is approximately 100 miles long from north to south and 50 miles from east to west. The land of Qatar is mostly barren, low plains which are covered in sandy desert.

Wildlife: There is hardly any vegetation in Qatar apart from desert shrubs and grasses. In the north there are some farming areas which produce crops including dates, tomatoes and melons. Animals like goats and camels are raised too.

·The most popular sport in Qatar is football and the country has many beautiful football stadiums.

·Qatar is the host for the 2022 FIFA football World Cup.

·Qatari cuisine uses lots of fresh fish, rice and spices.

·Coffee is a very popular drink in Qatar.

·Qatar is a wealthy country due to the large deposits of oil underneath the land and natural gas (which is mostly mined off-shore).

1. The underlined word “barren” probably means “______”.

A．sandy

B．poor

C．fertile

D．rich

2. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A．Powerful as the Emir is, there is still something he can’t decided.

B．There is hardly any animal due to the lack of vegetation.

C．It is an island with border to Asia.

D．In Qatar, people communicate in Arabic and English.

3. Where does the passage most probably come from?

A．A travel review.	B．A tour instruction.
C．A newspaper.	D．An official introduction

10 . Take a walk down the street of any city and you are sure to pass signs for KFC, McDonald's, and Pizza Hut. In 2010, there are fast food restaurants in over 650 cities throughout China. Last year, the fast food industry in China grew 13%, compared to just 2.9%in the USA. This year, there were over 560 Pizza Huts, 1,200 McDonald's, and 3,000 KFCs throughout the country.

Why is fast food so popular in China? The people behind KFC, McDonald's, and other companies realized the need for adaptation. You can find items in Chinese KFCs that you cannot find in the West. That is because they not only realize that Chinese palates (味觉) are different, but also willingly spend the time and money to create new food specifically for those palates. This localization of an international brand makes fast food eaters in China feel as if they are part of a larger community, yet can enjoy their regional tastes.

Curiosity also played heavily into the popularization of fast food restaurants in China. There's no better way to get people to enter your restaurant than to have something different that everyone is curious to try. There is also a general idea that things from the West are better, or if something is good enough for western people, it is good enough for Chinese people. This could also have encouraged Chinese people, especially the young, to frequently go to fast food restaurants.

People are willing to spend a bit more on these fast food because of the general concern for food safety that seems to be becoming more and more important to most Chinese people. While there are still countless food shops on the roadside that have no government control over safety standards, there are many people who demand higher health standards. These foreign fast food restaurants that follow western standards of food safety attract this crowd. Until they stop providing what the Chinese people obviously want, they will continue to remain popular.

1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A．The introduction to fast food.	B．The popularity of fast food in China.
C．The development of fast food industry.	D．The reasons for the popularity of fast food.

2. How do foreign fast food restaurants make their food popular in China?

A．By changing their own brands.	B．By reducing the cost of fast food.
C．By making new food fit for Chinese palates.	D．By opening restaurants in large communities.

3. Why are Chinese willing to enter western fast food restaurants?

A．Eating fast food is a fashion.	B．Western fast food is cheaper.
C．Western food is more delicious.	D．They think western fast food is safer.

4. Where is the text most probably from?

A．A news report.

B．A travel book.

C．A sports magazine.

D．A storybook.