1 . People usually communicate by speaking or writing. However, some occupations rely on hand gestures to communicate.
Railway workers on the
Soldiers in battle often cannot hear each other. It has been
In classical concerts, musicians such as pianists and violinists
A.station | B.way | C.earth | D.ground |
A.To do | B.Doing | C.For doing | D.Do |
A.signal | B.mean | C.point | D.note |
A.on | B.above | C.along | D.to |
A.suggested | B.repeated | C.reused | D.remarked |
A.way | B.device | C.system | D.organization |
A.to | B.in | C.into | D.from |
A.do | B.follow | C.operate | D.flow |
A.moving | B.showing | C.removing | D.waving |
A.do | B.work | C.play | D.make |
2 . If you try to explain to someone, without using pictures, how to build the building that you have designed, it would take an enormous amount of writing and might end up with a very funny-looking building. The architect uses pictures called details to show how many hundreds of parts go together to form a complete building. This type of drawing is called drafting and is done by people called draftsmen.
Draftsmen make up the largest group of the architectural offices’ work force. Because of the wide range of duties they perform, draftsmen are sometimes called architectural technicians. In a typical office, there are not only career draftsmen but also architectural graduates working as junior draftsmen to learn the trade. Career draftsmen are usually graduates from a two-year junior college called technical school. There was a time when architectural office used young people right out of high school as tracers. Their job was to trace over the other people’s details while learning to be a draftsman. This is no longer possible with the fast-pace of architects’ offices today although a junior draftsman is given guides by the more experienced employees.
So a good comprehensive architectural drafting course is a must before anyone seeks a job with an architectural firm. The job of the draftsmen is to translate the ideas and directions of architects, designers and engineers into complete and accurate working drawings. These become the plans and details used in the actual construction of a building. The project must be shown in great detail and drawn very clearly, so there is no chance for misunderstanding by the contractors(承包商). Every line and figure has an effect on the finished product.
As you can see, the draftsman is a key member of the architectural team. Of course, a junior draftsman is not expected to produce a complete set of working drawings. Depending on the size of the office and difficulty of the project, draftsmen may work in groups. The group leader coordinates the group and works closely with the project architect while the drawings are being produced.
Working conditions are mostly very pleasant as draftsmen’s work is intense and many people depend on accurate work. Each draftsman has a large combination drawing board and desk with various drawing aids. Almost without exception, members of the architectural team have at one time in their careers worked as draftsmen. This is essential to an architect education and most architects never get very far away from the drafting board.
1. According to the passage, career draftsmen are usually ______.A.experienced architects | B.architectural designers |
C.high school graduates | D.graduates of technical schools |
A.the architect’s rough drawings and directions |
B.the ideas and directions for the project |
C.the plans and details for the actual construction |
D.the designer’s handbooks, tables and building codes |
A.They all work in groups with a project architect. |
B.They are the main members of the architectural team. |
C.They provide labor and building materials. |
D.They give guides to inexperienced architects. |
A.An architect education. | B.The spirit of team work. |
C.Accuracy in the drawings. | D.Advanced drawing aids. |
3 . Feeling lucky and want to try your luck on the lottery (彩票)? The chances of becoming a millionaire are definitely few (in fact you are more
John Goodman, 42, an unemployed father of two from Sweden, is the latest to join the jet set. John was having a quiet drink in his local pub with his mates when his
The lottery has always been popular with
But where there are winners there are also
Large sums of government money go to charities every year and charities certainly
So who actually wins in the end? It’s something to think about next time you find yourself tempted to buy a lottery ticket.
1.A.sure | B.likely | C.surprised | D.pleased |
A.as a rule | B.for certain | C.in case | D.on purpose |
A.winning numbers | B.lost tickets | C.ideal location | D.favorite program |
A.However | B.Besides | C.Meanwhile | D.Otherwise |
A.service | B.gambling | C.manufacturing | D.food |
A.musicians | B.politicians | C.athletes | D.armies |
A.turned in | B.turned off | C.turned away | D.turned to |
A.hold down | B.take on | C.set up | D.pay for |
A.sellers | B.buyers | C.losers | D.competitors |
A.experts | B.supporters | C.critics | D.developers |
A.improved | B.high | C.average | D.low |
A.interesting | B.dangerous | C.safe | D.boring |
A.by contrast | B.as a result | C.in addition | D.for instance |
A.welcome | B.ignore | C.reject | D.keep |
A.increase | B.reduce | C.forget | D.remember |
No matter how early she went to bed, Maggie couldn’t fall asleep until the early hours. Though constantly exhausted, Maggie got good grades in school, but she often got in trouble for napping during her morning classes.
After graduating from college, Maggie realized her dream of becoming a teacher. However, waking up for her 8:30 a.m. classes turned her into a zombie (无生气的人) , and she lost her job because she lacked enthusiasm.
Maggie isn’t lazy. She suffers from delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS,睡眠相位后移症候群) --- a disorder that affects one in 750 adults that causes them to be somewhat nocturnal (夜间活动的). DSPS is often confused with insomnia (失眠), perhaps because sufferers seem tired during the day. However, the two disorders are very different. Insomniacs have trouble with the process of falling asleep.
Essentially, DSPS means a person’s internal clock is set differently.
This is great news not just for DSPS sufferers but also for their companies.
A.DSPS sufferers have internal clocks that run at least two hours slower than normal. |
B.Businesses that don’t force their employees to live by the dawn-to-dusk schedule would allow those with DSPS to make good use of their most productive hours. |
C.DSPS would be unfortunate but unavoidable if our society had to choose one timetable for everyone to live by. |
D.Employers willing to let their employees work flexible hours will enjoy access to a greater number of quality employees, higher productivity and lower office space costs. |
E.DSPS sufferers are perhaps a small population that’s benefiting greatly from the growth of flexible work in our economy. |
F.People with DSPS sleep perfectly fine during the hours their bodies tell them to. |
5 . While DNA from animal bones or teeth can cast light on an individual species, environmental DNA enabled scientists to build a picture of a whole ecosystem.
A core of ice age sediment (沉积物) from northern Greenland has yielded the world’s oldest sequences of DNA. The 2 million-year-old DNA samples revealed the now largely lifeless polar region was once home to rich plant and animal life — including elephant-like mammals known as mastodons (乳齿象), reindeer, hares, lemmings, geese, birch trees and poplars, according to new research published in the journal Nature on Wednesday.
The finding is the work of scientists in Denmark who were able to detect and restore environmental DNA — genetic material drop into the environment by all living organisms — in tiny amounts of sediment taken from the Copenhagen Formation, in the mouth of a strait in the Arctic Ocean in Greenland’s northernmost point, during a 2006 expedition.
They then compared the DNA pieces with libraries of DNA collected from both extinct and living animals, plants and microorganisms. The genetic material revealed dozens of other plants and creatures that had not been previously detected at the site based on what’s known from fossils and pollen records.
“The first thing that blew our mind when we’re looking at this data is obviously this mastodon and the presence of it that far north, which is quite far north of what we knew as its natural range,” said study co-author Mikkel Pedersen.
The mix of temperate (温带) and Arctic trees and animals suggested a previously unknown type of ecosystem that has no modern equivalent — one that could act as a genetic road map for how different species might adapt to a warmer climate, the researchers found.
Love Dalen, a professor at the Centre for Palaeogenetics at Stockholm University, said the finding “pushed the envelope” for the field of ancient DNA. “Also, the findings that several temperate species (such as relatives of spruce and mastodon) lived at such high latitudes are exceptionally interesting,” he added.
Further study of environmental DNA from this time period could help scientists understand how various organisms might adapt to climate change. “It’s a climate that we expect to face on Earth due to global warming and it gives us some idea of how nature will respond to increasing temperatures,” he explained.
1. What can we know about environmental DNA from the passage?A.It makes it easier to understand individual species. |
B.It is a collection of DNA from all kinds of living things. |
C.It includes DNA of mammals living 2 million years ago. |
D.It was first discovered in sediment from northern Greenland. |
A.By looking at the data of mastodon. |
B.By detecting DNA samples at the site. |
C.By analyzing fossils and pollen records. |
D.By comparing the newly-found DNA with existing ones. |
A.broke the limit | B.laid a foundation |
C.raised a new question | D.attracted wide attention |
A.Northern Greenland faces species extinction |
B.Oldest DNA reveals a solution to global warming |
C.Northern Greenland faces increasing temperatures |
D.Oldest DNA reveals a 2 million-year-old ecosystem |
A. labour B. manner C. highlighting D. circumstances E. updated F. characterised G. integrated H. admirable I. accommodate J. overseeing K. flexible |
The house of the future? A sun-filled, shape-shifting, shed-share paradise
What will homes be like 10 years from now? Judging by the winners of the Home of 2030 competition, sharing will be key.
Shared home-working spaces, communal garden sheds and houses built using apps—these are just some of the ideas in the winning proposals for the government’s Home of 2030 competition to develop prototype “homes fit for the future”,
“You can’t get much more
Her team’s scheme imagines a terraced (排房的) housing type made from two standard components, a base unit and a loft, joined with “connector” pieces, taking into account multiple configurations (布局) over time as family
Built off-site to demanding Passivhaus standards, with a twin wall timber frame, the homes would be
As is so often the case with blue-sky (纯理论的) ideas competitions, the ambitions of the Home of 2030 winning teams are
7 . If you followed the 2016 Rio Olympic Games, you may have noticed that several athletes, including US swimmer Michael Phelps, had circular bruises on their bodies. These bruises were the results of “cupping therapy”, a traditional Chinese medical practice that has been around for more than 2,000 years.
Cupping therapy involves attaching circular cups to the skin using suction(吸力). The suction is created either by heating the cup inside or by using a handheld pump. This suction pulls the skin upward into the cup. Sometimes it can leave dark red bruises, other times there is no mark at all.
Many athletes say that they have benefited from the therapy. Phelps used the therapy in the fall of 2014 and has used it about twice a week since, reported ABC News. Another US swimmer, Dana Vollmer, also believes that “it really helps with blood flow, and helps pull swelling out of different areas.”
However, some have said that the supposed health effects result from people feeling that the treatment works, rather than any physical effects of the treatment.
To figure out whether cupping therapy has any physical effects, last year researchers from Germany carried out a test in which a sham(假装的) treatment was provided.
In the study, the same type of cups was used in the real treatment and the sham treatment. But in the sham treatment, the cups had a hole at the top so that they couldn’t create the proper suction.
The tested patients, who suffered from a disorder(疾病) that causes a lot of pain, were told that they would receive either a traditional cupping or “soft cupping”. But they were not informed that the so-called “soft cupping” was a sham treatment.
It turned out that most patients correctly guessed which kind of cupping they had received. In both groups, patients also experienced about the same reductions in pain. The results suggest the effects of cupping therapy might come fro factors that are not necessarily part of the treatment itself, the researchers told the Live Science website.
The question of whether cupping therapy works still needs to be answered. But because the treatment is relatively safe and it could be helpful for some people, “the therapy can be used as a part of a comprehensive treatment program involving other exercises, nutritional choices and lifestyle interventions(干预)”, Dr Brent Bauer, director of the US’ Mayo Clinic Complementary and Integrative Medicine Program, told Live Science.
1. Which of the following statements is TRUE about cupping therapy?A.It leaves bruises every time. | B.Heating is crucial to cupping therapy. |
C.The key to cupping therapy is suction. | D.It has been widely used in Western countries. |
A.prove the health effects of cupping therapy |
B.see whether cupping therapy has a physical effect |
C.compare traditional cupping and the soft cupping |
D.compare cupping therapy’s effects on different groups of people |
A.Different types of cups were used for different cupping therapies. |
B.Patients knew which kind of cupping treatment they would receive before the treatment. |
C.The real treatment and the sham treatment were almost equally effective for patients. |
D.The results show the effects of cupping therapy result from people’s belief in the treatment |
A.easy and convenient to carry out |
B.newly invented and untraditional |
C.requiring a long period of time to take effect |
D.including everything that is important and necessary |