1 . Is love really blind? Yes, it is, at least when it comes to ________others, US researchers reported. College students who reported they were in love were less likely to ________other attractive men or women, the team at the University of California Los Angeles and dating Web site eHarmony found.

“Feeling love for your ________partner appears to make everybody else less attractive, and the emotion appears to enable you to push thoughts of that ________other out of your mind,” said Gian Gonzaga of eHarmony, whose study is published in the journal Evolution and Human Behavior.

“It’s almost like ________puts blinders (眼罩)on people,” added Martie Haselton, an associate professor of psychology and communication studies at UCLA.

Gonzaga and Haselton asked 120 undergraduates in committed relationships to ________photographs of attractive members of the opposite sex from an eHarmony Web site. The ________were asked to choose the most attractive photos, and write an essay either about their current lover, or the ________of their choice.

Those who wrote about their lovers were six times less likely to ________that they thought of the attractive others than volunteers who wrote about the people on ________photos.

And later asked to ________the good-looking people in the pictures, the students who wrote about their lovers remembered fewer details about the physical appearance of the attractive ________.

“These people could remember the color of a shirt or whether the photo was taken in New York ________ anything attractive about the person,” Gonzaga said.

“It’s not like their overall ________was hurt; it’s as if they had ________screened out things that would make them think about how attractive the alternative was.”

2 . What is color blindness? Color blindness means that you have trouble seeing red, green, or blue or a(n) ________ of these colors. It’s ________ that a person sees no color at all. Color blindness is also called a color vision problem which can change your life ________. In children, color vision problems can affect learning abilities and reading development. And color vision problems may limit career choices that ________ you to tell colors apart.

What causes color blindness? Most color vision problems are inherited and are ________at birth. In some cases, a person can have a(n) ________ color vision problem. This can be caused by aging, eye problems, injury to the eye and side effects of some medicines.

What are the symptoms? The symptoms of color vision problems   ________: You may be able to see some colors but not others. ________, you may not be able to tell the difference between some reds and greens but can see blue and yellow easily. You may see many colors, so you may not know that you see color differently from others. You may only be able to see a few shades of color, ________ most people can see thousands of colors. In rare cases, some people see only black, white, and gray.

How is color blindness diagnosed? Tests ________ how well you recognize different colors. In one type of test, you look at sets of colored dots and try to find a(n)________ in them, such as a letter or number. The patterns you see help your doctor know which colors you have trouble with. In another type of test, you arrange colored chips in order according to how similar the colors are. People with color vision problems cannot arrange the colored chips correctly.

Because a color vision problem can have a big impact on a person’s life, it is important to detect the problem as early as possible. Most experts ________ eye exams for children between ages 3 and 5. Vision screening is also recommended for all children at least once before entering school, preferably between the ages of 3 and 4.

How can you help a child who has color blindness? Color vision problems may make it harder for children to learn and read, which can   ________ poor schoolwork and low self-esteem. You can help your child these ways. Make sure your child is tested for color vision problems during routine eye tests. Tell your child’s teachers and other school staff about the problem. This may be helpful. Suggest ________ your child where there is no glare   and using a color of chalk that your child can see.

You can also encourage your child to learn to look for cues like brightness or location ________ colors. For example, you can learn the order of the three colored lights on a traffic signal.

3 . Imagine meeting someone for the first time who comes from some distant country but is fluent in your language. There may appear to be no immediate communication _________, so would you adapt the tone of your voice? How about adjusting your body language and facial expressions, _________ on the background of the person in front of you? Would you sit or stand differently and think carefully about your hand gestures?

These are just a handful of the unobvious _________ in behavior that indicate your “cultural intelligence,” or CQ. Now, there is growing evidence that suggests they are well worth learning.

“The top _________of your success in today’s borderless world is not your IQ, not your resume, and not even your expertise (专长),” writes social scientist David Livermore in his book The Cultural Intelligence Difference. “It’s your CQ.”

Much of the research on CQ has been conducted by Soon Ang, a professor of management at the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. Ang _________ an international team of programmers to help solve problems.

These programmers were some of the brightest minds in the business, but Ang soon found that they have difficulty working _________. Often, individual members would appear to agree on a solution, but then carry it out in completely _________ways.

These findings led Ang to team up with British psychologist Christopher Earley. Together, they built a theory of CQ, which they defined as "the ability to function effectively in a variety of cultural _________.”

Typically, CQ is measured by evaluating four key components. The first is “CQ Drive” –the _________ to learn about other cultures. Then, there is “CQ Knowledge,” which is an understanding of some of the general cultural differences. “CQ Strategy,” meanwhile, examines how you __________ those difficult conflicts and learn from them. Finally, “CQ Action” involves your behavioral __________--whether you are able to adapt your behavior like a “cultural chameleon (变色龙).”

Someone with __________ CQ might have a tendency to view everyone else’s behavior through his own cultural lens. If he comes from a more sociable environment, for instance, and notices that his Japanese colleagues are very __________ in a meeting, he may think that they are being unfriendly or bored. A person at the top of the scale, __________, might realize that silence is a sign of respect and that feedback won’t be given unless it is invited.

A high CQ could be crucial in a wide range of careers, from bankers and soldiers to scientists and teachers - anyone, who regularly interacts with people from different backgrounds. Therefore, instead of just caring about your IQ and EQ, perhaps you should put __________ value on enhancing your CQ!

4 . Email is one of the Internet’s oldest apps — from the days before we used the word “app” even — and despite its drawbacks, most of us still use it every day.

Typically, the apps we download in 2020 have been _________for mere days or months. We are used to the pang of regret when really useful software suddenly winks out of existence. How has email remained a(n) _________ for nearly years? Yes, it is helpful that email is based on a(n) _________ communications medium that stretches back to some of the first examples of written language. But that isn’t the full story.

First, email managed to survive massive upheavals in the way we use computers. In the early 1970s, when email was born, it was almost _________ a tool for researchers, university students and engineers. You would send, receive and store your email on a work computer. With the _________ of personal computers in the 1980s and 90s, email became something you kept on your own private machines or disks — almost like storing old letters in a shoebox. Now we have come full circle. Most of us store our personal mail in the cloud, which is _________ like storing it on somebody else’s work computer.

It is extremely rare to see apps make the leap from one platform to another like email did. They tend to _________ in the journey from web to mobile, or from one game system to another.

As well as _________ dramatic tech changes, email dealt with another major hurdles — spam (垃圾邮件). In the 1990s and early 2000s, people’s inboxes were _________ with so much junk that it was impossible to find the stuff you wanted. You had to install another program — a spam filter — just to use your email program. But in the age of cloud mail, anti-spam systems have become so good that it is __________ to see one of those quaint old subject lines touting (标榜) “VI@grs@!” or “pron” to get around word filters.

And yet, __________ its heroic triumph over tech obsolescence and spam, email isn’t exactly alluring (吸引人的). We use it mostly for official __________, automated reminders and shopping receipts, along with the occasional bit of personal news. Though email communication is practically instantaneous, it feels __________. Why email when you could text?

Perhaps that is the point. Email isn’t a brand-new way to __________ nor is it juiced up with memes and not takes. But we are still opening G-mail or Hot-mail every day because it works and everybody has it. Under the hood, email uses protocol (数据传递的协议) that keeps trying to send data, over and over, hoping that it can outlast network problems. It doesn’t give up. And somehow, by trying really earnestly, it has __________ the computers where it has born and the spammers who tried to defeat it.

5 . Who needs sleep?

It’s 2 a.m. The time when you should be in beds, sound asleep. But pull back the curtains and you might be surprised by the number of lights on in your street. Night-time is ________ just for sleeping. It has become the new daytime, offering us the chance to catch up on everything we didn’t manage to finish during what used to be our ________ hours. Now, ________ sleeping, we can check our bank balances by phone, buy groceries, surf the net for cheap flights or go to the gym.       

Such flexibility, ________, has a price. Our bodies are run by circadian rhythms (昼夜节律), a prehistoric internal clock that regulates when we feel sleepy or awake and affects our body temperature and level of alertness. It makes our brains and bodies ________ during the day and allows them to recover through the night. So powerful is this clock that even two weeks on a nightshift without break will not ________ its rhythm, and when scientists keep human volunteers in isolation, without any indication of what time it is in the day, they still show daily cycles of temperature changes, sleep and wakefulness, and hormone release. But, ________ working against our body’s natural rhythm is likely to cause ourselves both physical and psychological damage. Research also shows it may actually ________ our risk of health problems such as stomach diseases.        

Consultant Tom Mackey believes that our normal circadian rhythms are increasingly being completely ________. “More and more of us are being pressured into doing things at odd hours. This is going to have a(n) ________ impact on quality and length of sleep. If people don’t go to bed at a reasonable time, say around   p.m., and have between six and eight hours of sleep, they will be unable to concentrate. You need sleep for rest and ________. If you stuff your mind with information for too long, then everything gets disorganized — you become ________ to manage daytime activities.”        

The circadian rhythms that run the sleep/wake cycle are as old as ________ itself. Our prehistoric ancestors would have needed their biological clock to get them out hunting during the day and probably in bed around nightfall to avoid intruders. Our night vision is not as fast as that of nocturnal (夜间活动的) animals — our natural rhythm was to sleep as the sun went down. The invention of the electric light obviously ________ that. Like most biological systems, circadian rhythms are not made to ________. Our internal clock runs a bit longer than 24 hours, hence its Latin name, circadian, which means “about a day.”

6 . Wranglers（争论者）and Stranglers（扼杀者）

Years ago there was a group of brilliant young men at the University of Wisconsin, who seemed to have amazing creative ______ talent. They were would-be poets, novelists, and essayists. They were extraordinary in their ______ to put the English language to its best use. These promising young men ______ regularly to read and critique（评论）each other's works.

These men were merciless with one another. They ______ the minutest literary expression into a hundred pieces. They were heartless, tough, even mean in their criticism. The sessions became such areas of literary criticism that the ______ of this special club called themselves the “Stranglers”.

In order to ______ , the women of literary talent in the university determined to start a club of their own, one comparable to the Stranglers. They ______ themselves the “Wranglers”. They, too, read the works of one another. But there was one great difference. The criticism was much softer, more ______ , more encouraging. Sometimes, there was almost no criticism at all. Every effort, even the weakest one, was ______ .

Twenty years later an alumnus（男校友；男毕业生）of the university was making an exhaustive（详尽的；彻底的） ______ of his classmates' careers when he ______ a vast difference in the literary accomplishments of the Stranglers as opposed to the Wranglers. Of all the ______ young men in the Stranglers，no one had made a significant literary achievement of any kind. From the Wranglers had come six or more successful ______ , some of national renown（名望；声誉）such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, who wrote The Yearling.

Talent between the two? Probably the same. Level of ______ ? Not much difference. But the Stranglers were strangled, while the Wranglers were determined to give each other a(n)lift. The Stranglers ______ an atmosphere of argument and self-doubt. The Wranglers highlighted the best, not the worst.

7 . Adolescents are generally more likely to lean into risk and uncertainty than children or adults — and that’s a good thing.

Recent research ________ adolescent risk taking helps us understand why we’re more likely to ________ things that feel uncertain or scary during these years, and why these risks are so important to learning and development. It also provides insights into how this desire for exciting experiences can promote healthy versions of risk taking that adults can support.

Adolescence is particularly filled with uncertainty, as young people figure out who they are in the ________ of shifting social landscapes, new responsibilities, and more challenging schoolwork.

Research has shown that adolescents are more willing than adults to enjoy uncertainty and explore situations in which there is a potential for a reward(in whatever form), but the outcome is not assured. This ________ for uncertain outcomes is essential to learning and development during adolescence.

Meanwhile, our brains ________ significant changes during adolescence, adding new connections and strengthening frequently used pathways in response to experience. One of the ways the brain responds to experiences that matter is through dopamine. Dopamine is involved in how the brain processes ________ , but it’s not just a “feel good” chemical. Every time we do something with an uncertain outcome — taking a “risk” — increased dopamine is released. This release   ________ other parts of the brain that the activity or situation is new and deserves attention. This is a kind of amplified learning that’s actively shaping the connections between neural systems in our brains.

Because adolescent brains release more dopamine compared to children or adults, adolescents are more sensitive to the rewards and their reward system is more ________ by risks which tends to make young people more interested in exploring.

Risk taking doesn’t take place in a vacuum. Research has shown that when ________ are in the room, or if adolescents even think they may be observed from another room or online, they are more likely to take risks, and the reward response from risk-taking behavior become stronger. It’s not so much that friends ________ each other to do things risky, but that the rewarding feelings are more ________ when their friends are present.

Adults often ________ peers with more dangerous risk-taking behavior. ________ , peers can also motivate youth to take positive risks, engaging in environmental campaigns, or standing up for the ________ that they are devoted to happen in peer contexts. Adults should know that adolescents can benefit from healthy social opportunities to try new things, without knowing for sure how they will ________ .

8 . During most of human history, people spent much or all of the daytime outside, farming, or hunting. Only fairly recently has this changed, and today many people in the United States spend almost 90 percent of their time _________--a lifestyle change that apparently affects us in unforeseen ways. It _________ that we need sunlight in order to stay healthy.

The bright light from the sun affects our sleep patterns, our internal biological clocks, and our energy level. _________sunlight helps our bodies process food and produce vitamin D3, a substance that is _________ calcium and phosphorous absorption. Sunlight is necessary for the formation of melanin, the pigment that darkens the skin and protects it from excessive light. The light that enters our bodies through our eyes is _________ the production of serotonin, which regulates the constriction (收缩) of blood vessels, and the production of the hormone melatonin, which affects energy levels.

The _________, wavelength, and time of sunlight all govern how it affects us. The intensity of light outdoors on a cloudy day is about 10 times greater than the most intense indoor light, and on a sunny day it is much _________ than that. Most artificial lights have wavelengths that are limited mainly to visible light. _________ sunlight includes light that has both higher and lower wavelengths than visible light does. These wavelengths are crucial to the production of melanin, melatonin, and serotonin. Plus, some research shows that exposure to morning light is needed to _________ sleep patterns.

Doctors have recently recognized Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) as a condition that is __________ sunlight exposure. The symptoms generally include depression, irritability, temporarily __________ eyesight, overeating, lethargy, short attention span, and withdrawal from social activities. The __________ the days are during the winter, the more likely people are to suffer from SAD. Researchers have found that 10 percent of the people in New Hampshire experience its symptoms, __________ only 2 percent of the people in Florida do.

The signs of SAD typically appear in the fall and continue through the beginning of spring. Many people may have these symptoms to some degree, and for some people they are so severe that they__________ the ability to lead productive lives. Get outdoors as much as possible during the winter months and when indoors, to sit near windows or bright lights. __________, the disease may not be combated.

9 . It is widely believed that adolescents engage in risky behaviors because of tolerance for risks by nature, but a study by researchers at New York University, Yale’s School of Medicine, and Fordham University has found this is not the case.

Their findings show adolescents appear to _________ their older peers in the taste for the uncertain. When faced with situations that have highly uncertain outcomes, most _________ groups react with dislike; adolescents, _________, often find these uncertain situations quite tolerable. Rather than having a taste for risk, as is commonly thought, the risky behaviors of adolescents _________ their comfort with the ambiguous (模棱两可的).

These findings, which are reported in the journal the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, point to basic differences between adolescents and adults and offer new _________ of how to communicate about risk to teenagers and pre-teens.

“Our findings show that teenagers enter unsafe situations not because they are _________ to dangerous or risky situations, but, rather, because they aren’t informed enough of the possibility of the consequences of their actions,” explained Agnieszka Tymula, one of the study’ co-authors. “Once they truly _________ a risky situation, they are, if anything, even more unwilling to take risks than adults. The study also offers new possibilities for _________ with this age group—providing adolescents with statistics highlighting the risks of dangerous behaviors or training that allows them to learn about risks in a safe way, which may be effective in _________ them.”

“What we found was that when risks were clearly stated, adolescents __________ them at least as much as, and sometimes more than, adults,” added Ifat Levy, one of the study’s co-authors at the Yale School of Medicine. “Adolescents were, however, much more __________ for ambiguity. __________, this makes a lot of sense: young organisms need to be open to the __________ in order to gain information about their world.”

Studies have previously established that adolescents are more __________ than are their older and younger peers to engage in behaviors that, on rare occasions, lead to terrible consequences. “It is not that adolescents actually choose to engage in risks, but, rather, they are willing to gamble (赌博) when they __________ complete knowledge,” the researchers wrote.

10 . How does a word get into a Merriam-Webster dictionary? This is one of the questions editors are frequently asked. The answer is simple: usage.

Each day most Merriam-Webster editors devote an hour or two to reading a wide collection of_________ material, including books, newspapers, magazines and electronic publications. In our office this activity is called “reading and marking.” The editors read the texts _________ new words, new usages of existing words, different spellings, and inflected forms—_________, anything that might help in deciding if a word belongs in the dictionary, understanding what it means, and _________ typical usage. Any word of interest is marked, _________ surrounding context that offers insight into its form and use.

The marked passages are then input into a computer system and stored both in machine-readable form and on 3"×5" slips of paper to create citations. Each citation has the following elements: the word itself, an example of the word used in context, and bibliographic information about the _________ from which the word and example were taken.

Merriam-Webster’s citation files, which can be _________ the 1880s, now contain 15.7 million examples of words used in context and cover all aspects of the English vocabulary. Citations are also available to editors in a searchable text database — what _________ call a corpus — that includes more than 70 million words drawn from a great variety of sources.

Before a new word can be added to the dictionary, it must have enough citations to show that it is _________ used. But having a lot of citations is not enough. A word may be __________ for entry into a general dictionary if all of its citations come from a single source or if they are all from highly specialized publications that __________ the jargon of experts within a single field.

The number and range of citations needed for a word’s __________ in the dictionary vary. In __________ cases, a word jumps onto the scene and is both instantly popular and likely to last, as was the __________ in the 1980s with AIDS. In such a situation, the editors determine that the word has become firmly established in a relatively short time and should be entered in the dictionary, __________ its citations may not span the wide range of years exhibited by other words.