1 . Teachers and parents usually call attention to the pictures when reading storybooks to preschool children. But a new study suggests that calling attention to print – the words and letters on the page may lead to _________readers.

The two-year study_________children aged 3 to 5 who were divided into two groups.The teachers helped each group to read in two different ways. Over three hundred students were considered to be likely to_________reading problems in future life, and they were_________ in a classroom setting. After reviewing the recorded lessons, the researchers found that those students whose teachers most often_________the print showed clearly higher skills in reading, spelling and understanding.

Professor Shayne Piasta, the study's author, says most teachers would find this method_________because it needs only a small change in the way they teach. They already read storybooks in class. The only_________ in the new method would be increased attention to the print.

Ms.Piasta says if adults can_________children in the stories and get them to pay attention to letters and words, it is certain that they will do better at_________recognition.But few parents and teachers do this in a(n)__________way by starting first with letters, then__________moving to words, sentences and paragraphs.__________,they habitually turn to the attractive pictures first, thus misleading the children.

Teachers and parents can point to a letter and outline its shape with a finger. They can point to a word and__________"This is 'dog'". They can discuss the meaning of the print to find how the words are combined to tell the story. And they can talk about the__________of the print, for example, how words are written from left to right. By__________ training in this way, the teachers will definitely raise the students’ ability to read.

2 . Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude, and in a business context, it may also be regarded as a purposeful intention to make “ the other” feel at a disadvantage. So unless you have in mind doing one of those things, it’s better to _______too much eye contact.

Too little,_______, can make you appear uneasy, unprepared, and insincere. In its analysis of patients, _______, for example, one large county hospital found, that 9-out-of-10 letters included mention of poor doctor-patient eye contact, a failure which was generally interpreted as “_______of caring.”

“Just the right” amount of eye contact---the amount that produces a feeling of mutual _______and trustworthiness---will vary with situations, settings, personality types, gender and cultural differences. As a general rule, though, direct eye contact ranging from 30% to 60% of the time during a conversation---more when you are listening, less when you are speaking---should make for a _______ productive atmosphere.

And did you know these other facts about eye contact？

● We reduce eye contact when we are talking about something shameful or _______, when we are sad or depressed，and when we are accessing internal thoughts or emotions.

● We increase eye contact when dealing with people we like, _______ , or who have power over us. In more     _______conversations we naturally look at each other more often and hold that gaze for longer periods of time. In fact, we ________relationships by the amount of eye contact exchanged: the greater the eye contact，the closer the relationship.

● We avoid eye contact in elevators, subways, crowded buses or trains-in elevators we face the door, in the others we stare at our smartphones-because it helps us ________the insecurity of having our personal space invaded.

● The biggest body language myth（错误观念）about liars is that they avoid eye contact. While some liars (most often, children) find it difficult to lie while looking directly at you，many liars actually try to “________” that they are not lying by making too much eye contact and holding it too long.

Eye contact is so powerful a force because it is connected with humans’ earliest ________patterns. Children who could attract and maintain eye contact, and therefore increase attention, had the best chance of being fed and cared for. Today, newborns ________lock eyes with their caregivers, and the power of that infantile eye contact still has its impact on the adult mind. Whether it's shifty-eyed guilt or wide-eyed innocence, we automatically assign enormous ________to the signals we give and get when we look into each other in the eyes.

3 . From using a smiling emoji in messages to saying “cheese” when taking photos, most people believe that a smile is a sign of happiness. ________ some scientists don’t think so.

The ________ between smiles and happiness was recently studied by researchers at Brighton and Sussex Medical School(BSMS) in the UK. Their ________ found that smiling doesn’t necessarily show a person’s gladness. Instead, it usually ________ a tool in social contact.

In the study, 44 people aged between 18 and 35 took part in a quiz. The ________ had to answer nine difficult questions, while their facial expressions were recorded by computers.   The participants were then asked to rate(评估) their own experiences when answering the questions. They were given 12 different emotions to ________, including “bored” and “interested”.

According to Science Daily, people always ________ the experiences that made them smile with “engagement(参与)”, ________ “happiness” or “interested”.

We normally associate a smiling person with cheerfulness. ________, a smile is more likely to be caused by a feeling of ________, reported Indian newspaper The Asian Age.

In order to ________ explain these results, the researchers checked the ________ of the participants answering each question.

According to the journal News Medical, the participants didn’t show any signs of smiling in their images when they were trying their best to find out the right answer.

However, when they were told whether their answer was ________ or not, they smiled. And more ________, they smiled more often when their answers were incorrect. It showed “their enjoyment of this game,” according to Science Daily.

“This ________ could be explained by self-ratings of engagement, rather than by ratings of happiness or frustration,” body language expert Harry Witchel told Science Daily.

4 . A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night. They turn off the lights, pull up the covers and ______ their eyes. Several hours later, they ______ again. Strange, isn’t it?

Sleep puzzles science. Scientists and doctors would rather talk about why one can’t fall asleep. They are not so sure ______ causes sleep.The best conditions for sleep are good health and meal which is______   too big nor too small. No worries and a comfortable place can help you fall asleep______.They don’t think it’s good for two people to sleep in one bed.Strange things happen during sleep. For example, you move often. You would feel ______if you didn’t. You also dream. Parts of your brain are still ______when you dream. Dreaming happens when the ______and imagination parts of your brain are still awake. In your dream, you can see things that happened _______or people you met before and you might even see things that never happen or people you never meet in your real life. Many scientists say ______ have shown that most of us dream in colour. Bad dreams may be caused by a stomachache. Don’t worry if you dream. Some great stories and poems were begun while the writers slept.

5 . Space travel is nothing new. The first spacecraft with a _________ was sent up into space in 1961. Since then, people have not only travelled to space, _________ many of them have also lived there in space station for some time.

The Soviet Union sent the first space station, called Salyut I, into space in 1971. Salyut I was _________ as a place where people could live while they observed space and did experiments. The first group of _________ lived there for 23 days. Shortly, the United States _________ its own space station, called Skylab.

Astronauts _________ and often lived in these space stations for a short time. _________, in the late 1980s the Soviet Union sent the Mir space station, which made it _________ for people to live in space for a longer time.

Mir stayed in space _________ 2001, when it was decided that the space station was too old and no longer __________ to live in.

Living in space stations seems to be __________, but astronauts face many problems. One of them is __________. All the meals on space station are put together on Earth and sent there by space shuttle. Because the food has to last a long time (sometimes up to three months), a lot of it has to be __________ in cans. The space station has a cool room to keep fruit and vegetables __________. Astronauts also eat many other foods such as dried meat.

Without the help of __________, sitting down to eat can be tough. Astronauts sometimes have to fix themselves to the wall while eating. They also have to be very careful to that food does not float away.

6 . The first Olympic Games at Olympia were held in 776 BC. They were held _______ four years from 776 BC to 393 AD. In _______ Greece, games were _______ connected to the worship(崇拜)of the gods and heroes. They were also held as part of religious ceremonies(典礼) to _______ dead heroes. But from the beginning the games at Olympia served to _______ the Greek sense of national unity. So every four years over 1,100 years, thousands of   _______ stopped all wars and _______ to a small sanctuary(圣殿) in northwestern Greece for five days in the late summer for _______ reason-to watch the Olympic Games. During that time, _______ from all over the Greek world competed in a number of athletic __________ and worshipped the gods at Olympic. The athletes competed not for __________ or material benefits, __________ only for the honor of being Olympic visitor. Like our Olympics, __________ athletes were heroes who put their hometowns on the map. However, unlike our Olympics, only free men who spoke Greek could compete, instead of athletes from any country and the games were __________ held at Olympic instead of moving around to different places every time.

The ancient Olympics had a __________ variety（种类) of games. Many of these are the ancestors(原型) of our modern Olympic Games and had rules and playing conditions.

7 . Almost all animals sleep, but do they dream? We certainly can't ask animals if they dream, but we can at least ________ the evidence that they might. There are two ways in which scientists have gone about this seemingly ________ task. One is to look at their physical behaviour during the various stages of the sleep cycle. The second is to see whether their sleeping brains work similarly to our own sleeping brains.

The story of how we ________ how to look into the minds of sleeping animals begins in the 1960s. Back then, reports began to appear in medical journals describing people acting out ________ in their dreams. This was curious, because during so-called REM sleep(rapid eye movement), our muscles are usually paralysed.

Researchers realised that causing a similar state in ________ could allow them to explore how they dream. In 1965, French scientists Michel Jouvet and J F Delorme found that removing a part of the brainstem, called the pons, from a cat's brain ________ it becoming paralysed when in REM. The researchers called the condition "REM without atonia" or REM-A. Instead of lying still, the cats walked around and behaved aggressively. This hinted they were dreaming of ________ from their waking hours.

________ movement is not the only way of looking into dreams, though. Researchers can now ________ look into the electrical and chemical activities of brain cells in animals while they sleep. In 2007, MIT scientists Kenway Louise and Matthew Wilson recorded the activity of neurons in a part of the rat brain called the hippocampus, a structure known to be involved in the formation and encoding of memories. They first recorded the activity of those brain cells while the rats ran in their mazes. Then they looked at the activity of the very same neurons while they slept. Louise and Wilson discovered similar patterns of firing during ________ and during REM. ________ , it was as if the rats were running the maze in their minds while they were sleeping. The results were so clear that the researchers could infer the rats' precise ________ within their mental dream mazes and map them to actual spots within the actual maze.

Does the behaviour of cats in science experiments actually ________ dreaming? Do rats have any subjective awareness that they' re running their mazes in their minds while they nap? We can say with a reasonable amount of ________ that the physiological and behavioural features of dreaming in humans have now been seen in cats, rats, and other animals. Yet what it's actually like to ________ a dream if you' re not human remains a mystery.

8 . “Physicists, fascinated by mathematical beauty, are failing to solve new problems.” High- class physicists no longer care about physical reality-nor should they. “Science is over.”

Those are simplified but not entirely misleading summaries of recent books by Sabine Hassenfelder (Lost in Math) , Richard Dawid (String Theory and the Scientific Method) and John Horgan (The End of Science) , _______. I get asked about these books and their _______ message frequently. For theoretical physicists they are bitter criticism, since they argue that today's physics has gotten itself into a _______.

But they disagree in their descriptions of the problem. Ms. Hassenfelder argues that physicists need to pay more attention to reality, Mr. Dawid that they can safely ignore it. Mr. Horgan, _______, thinks that physicists' time is past and they should do something else instead. What's going on here?

Opinions may differ about the current health of physics, but no reasonable person can _______ that it has been a hugely successful enterprise. Without revolutionary 20th-century breakthroughs in quantum physics (量子物理学) and relativity (相对论) , modern technology -including GPS, nuclear power and much more- would be literally _______.

In the latter part of the 20th century our theoretical understanding reached a very high plateau (稳定期) . The so-called Standard Model of particle physics offers complete and _______ equations (方程) for the behavior of ordinary matter under ordinary conditions (allowing a very generous_______ of the word “ordinary”) .

The theoretical framework of the Standard Model was in place by the 1970s, which predicted and _______ remarkable new discoveries and observations, notably including experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks (夸克) . It is a peak of human achievements.

But this grand success is bittersweet. In earlier times, research that added to or changed the theoretical foundations of physics also had practical uses and benefits. Today, however, discoveries in fundamental physics are ________ to have a significant impact in engineering, chemistry or biology, precisely because we already have well-tested foundations that seem more than adequate for those applications. The physical principles that empower 21 st-century technologies had all been ________ by the 1950s.

When you have reached a high plateau, further improvement gets more difficult. Yet there are still wonderful ________ for new discoveries and technological innovations. We can apply our existing physical knowledge to make innovative and useful things, like computers that make full use of the richness of the quantum world to store and process information more effectively. However, important theoretical questions remain to be answered. ________, we still haven't got a clear picture of what most of the universe, measured by mass, is made of.

My hero Richard Feynman joked that “Einstein was a giant: His head was in the clouds, but his feet were on the ground. Those of us who are not so tall have to choose!”But I think there is no need to be so ________. Really, the plateau we've reached is a good place to be. In fact, physics is especially exciting these days, ________ we're learning how to use our understanding of “ordinary” matter to make machine assistants - computers, sensors and drones - that will amplify and enrich our thoughts, do useful things and explore in all directions.