1 . 第三部分：阅读理解（共20小题；
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
In their book Time to Eat the Dog: The Real Guide to Sustainable Living, Robert and Brenda Vale say keeping a medium sized dog has the same ecological impact as driving 10,000 km a year in a 4.6 liter Land Cruiser.
“We’re not actually saying it is time to eat the dog. We’ re just saying that we need to think about and know the ecological impact of some of the things we do and that we take for granted.”
Constructing and driving the jeep for a year requires 0.41 hectares of land, while growing and manufacturing a dog’s food takes about 0.84 hectares — or 1.1 hectares in the case of a large dog such as a German shepherd.
Convincing flesh eating cats and dogs to go vegetarian for the sake of the planet is a non starter, the Vales say. Instead they recommend keeping “greener”, smaller, and more sustainable pets, such as goldfish, chickens or rabbits.
The book’s playful title, and serious suggestion that pet animals may be usefully “recycled”, by being eaten by their owners or turned into pet food when they die, may not appeal to animal fans.
Annoying as the idea may be, the question is valid given the planet’s growing population and limited resources, Robert Vale said.
“Issues about sustainability are increasingly becoming things that are going to require us to make choices which are as difficult as eating your dog. It’s not just about changing your light bulbs or taking a cloth bag to the supermarket,” he said.
“It’s about much more challenging and difficult issues,” he added. “Once you see where cats and dogs fit in your overall balance of things, you might decide to have the cat but not also to have the two cars and the three bathrooms and be a meat eater yourself.”
1. The authors gave their book the playful title to________.

A．make it amusing	B．create a vivid image
C．show　writing skills	D．arouse people’ s concern

2. In Paragraph 3 the writer mainly wants to tell us________.

A．the amount of consumed land	B．the neglected ecological impact
C．some familiar examples	D．some actual figures

3. What does “sustainability” mean according to the passage?

A．Going vegetarian.	B．Raising cats and dogs.
C．Using a cloth bag.	D．Keeping a greener life.

4. Who may not like the idea of “recycling” pet animals?

A．Manufacturers.

B．Drivers.

C．Animal fans.

D．The authorities.

5. What the authors think of living a sustainable life?

A．Challenging.

B．Inspiring.

C．Inviting.

D．Touching.

2 . In a partnership with the 5 Gyres Institute, Trash Free Maryland took to the Chesapeake Bay in November to study the presence of micropiastics in the water. Setting out from Deale, Md., the research team collected seven samples by dragging a trawl (拖网) for an hour at a time. The trawl was fitted with a cone-shaped (锥形的) net, whose holes measure 330 microns (微米) wide, about the width of two to three strands of human hair. Water flows through the main opening and the fine mesh (网眼) of net ensures anything suspended in the water is trapped behind.

In seven samples, the net picked up algae (海藻) trash, foam and plastic. According to the 5 Gyres Institute representative, the first sample collected contained almost 10 times the amount of plastic than would be collected in a typical ocean sample. The plastic found in the Chesapeake Bay samples included bits of bags, sheeting, fishing line and microbeads, which are small plastic scrubbers found in face wash, toothpaste and cleaning products. Microbeads in particular are a major source of microplastics pollution worldwide. They are small enough to bypass water treatment systems’ filters (过滤器) and end up in waterways. Scientists warn that chemicals and toxins (毒素) absorbed by microbeads and other microplastics could be passed on to organisms who mistake them for food and eat them, and could then be passed up higher and higher on the food chain, eventually reaching humans.

1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?

A．The description of the trawl.

B．The basic data of the water samples.

C．The process of collecting water samples.

D．The introduction of Trash Free Maryland.

2. What does the underlined word “They” in the last paragraph refer to?

A．Bits of bags.	B．Chemicals.
C．Microbeads.	D．Micropiastics.

3. How does the author prove plastics pollution can be harmful to people’s health?

A．By analyzing the data.	B．By making comparisons.
C．By giving some examples.	D．By referring to scientists views.

4. What’s the author’s purpose in writing this passage?

A．To explain some new scientific terms to people.

B．To let people learn more about plastics pollution.

C．To urge governments to make environmental laws.

D．To tell people some new findings in scientific research.

3 . My husband and I wanted desperately the instant transformation from typical consumers to eco-conscious people．We switched our light bulbs to CFL(compact fluorescent light)bulbs to conserve energy．We went about the house turning off lights and unplugging appliances that weren’t in use．But the rate of global warming exceeded our snail’s pace conversion to greenhood．So I pressed onward．

I decided to put veganism(素食主义)at the top of our agenda．Vegans refuse any animal flesh or commercial goods made from any animal byproducts such as milk or fats．All the family applauded this option except for my husband．Some kind of animal needed to sacrifice its dear life for his meal or it wash’t dinner．I cooked up a storm，struggling to prepare nutritious meals dominated by not-so-obvious vegan dishes like bean burritos and high-fiber vegetable stir-fry．It took a few days before he realized that he hadn’t been eating any meat．

“I feel like eating beef．”he announced．So that night，I took full advantage of a zucchini (一种南瓜)，cut it into chunky(粗大的)pieces and cooked them．Then I covered them with spices．My beef-starved husband had some and a curious look crossed his face．

“Where’s the beef?”

“Living peacefully somewhere on an open plain where it belongs．”

“I knew it”he murmured．“You’ve surely made great contributions to the boom in cattle.”His taste buds were developed completely around the flavor of every kind of animal：cattle，pigs，deer，lamb，chickens and ducks．Converting him was like feeding grass to a lion．

I’m all for preserving our planet，but what good would it do to save the earth for tomorrow’s generation if today’s died of starvation? The next day，we went out for burgers．I was very careful to place the paper bag into our recycling bin．

1. Which of the following best explains“exceeded”underlined in Paragraph 1?

A．Defeated．	B．Absorbed．
C．Bound．	D．Distributed．

2. What do we know about the author’s husband from Paragraph 2?

A．He supported the meat-free diet．	B．He was a preserver of animals．
C．He was regarded as a meat Lover．	D．He played a dominant role in cooking．

3. What do we know about the author?

A．She had a good sense of humor．	B．She successfully transformed her husband．
C．She advocated raising more cattle．	D．She had a perfect recipe for cooking meals．

4. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．Hunger or Anger?	B．Discrimination or Appreciation?
C．Vegetables or Marbles?	D．Greens or Lions?

4 . 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。

2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。

It is important to deal with the rubbish in cities. Many citizens who unaware of the importance of protecting the environment throw away their rubbish in a way unfriendly to the environment. Rubbish must be treated properly. Thus, it may cause a lot of problems. It may result in the air and water is polluted. When people breathe and drink which has been polluted, we will get ill.

To our happiness, our city has begun to pay attention to the problems. As far as I know, some rubbish is sorted and sent to different factory. Rubbish, such as glass and old newspapers, are recycled. Some harmful rubbish is sent to the certain place and buried. Waste air is cleaned before it goes into the air. Waste water is treated before it is poured into rivers. To protect the environment, the government has passed laws to prevent people from throwing rubbish everywhere, made our city much cleaner than before. As individuals, we should do our part to fight against illegal actions at anytime we find them.

5 . Not only does the use of plastic water bottles hurt your wallet, it also increases pollution and wastes energy and water. Only 23% of all plastic in America ends up in a recycling bin, meaning over $ 1 billion worth of plastic is treated as rubbish a year. Recently, Skipping Rocks Lab has invented a kind of water bottle called Ooho.

It is a convenient, clear water bottle that can either be drunken or eaten. To drink it, you can either peel off the membrane (薄膜) or tear a hole in the membrane with your teeth to pour the water into your mouth. To eat it, you simply put the whole bottle in your mouth. One problem the scientists have run into is how to ship large amounts of Ooho bubbles(水泡) without arriving with a very wet truck. However, they have attempted to package units of individual bubbles together inside a larger and thicker membrane. It is targeting large outdoor events, such as marathons, music festivals, and sporting events, where tons of plastic bottles are used, and frequently left behind as litter. And too much plastic is sure to do harm to the environment, which could account for their purpose of such a new invention.

The team has been working for the past two years to develop the technology and materials needed to produce Ooho; they have recently applied a patent for their new advancements. The price for an individual bubble or a unit of bubbles has not been set yet, but they cost about two cents to create a unit, which is cheaper than plastic bottles. It has appeared at events in London, San Francisco, Boston, at conferences, festivals, and so on.

Ooho is catching many people’s attention and has raised over $ 1 million and gained 1,000 investors in only three days. It is mostly being sold at events at the moment to keep the consumer’s interest while the production machine is getting up and running. It is quickly making a rise,so keep an eye out this year for these bottles of the future.

1. How is most plastic dealt with in America?

A．It’s sold.	B．It’s recycled.
C．It’s buried.	D．It’s wasted.

2. Why did the team invent Ooho?

A．To make a profit for a company.	B．To protect the environtnent.
C．To make people eat as they drink.	D．To reduce the cost of plastic bottle.

3. What can we infer about Ooho from the text?

A．It is easy and safe to ship it in large amounts.

B．It has become popular since it began to be sold.

C．It might be sold at a lower price than plastic bottles.

D．It cost the team a lot of money to develop the technology.

4. What does the author really want to say in the last paragraph?

A．Ooho is to be a success in the future.

B．Ooho is being supported by smart people.

C．Ooho is taking the place of plastic bottles now.

D．Ooho is being produced to attract more investors.

6 . Food blogs, celebrities, and nutritionists all advocate the benefits of eating organic (有机的) fruits and vegetables. But a new study published in Science Advances paints a more complex picture. While organic produce is likely slightly healthier to eat and, in some ways, more sustainable to grow, there are also downsides.

Organic fruits and vegetables typically cost more than conventional ones. To get a certificate as organic, farmers must meet specific criteria, including growing produce without the use of genetic engineering and chemical inputs. Without these methods, the growing process typically requires more labor, time, and money, a cost that is passed down to consumers.

It’s true that in many ways, organic is more sustainable than conventional farming. But when it comes to environmental concerns such as greenhouse gas output and water loss, the comparison gets complex. Organic farms produce less greenhouse gas output per acre. However, because they are barred from using genetic engineering, pesticides (杀虫剂), and other methods that increase efficiency (效率), organic farms also produce an estimated 19% to 25% less yield than conventional farms. While there isn’t a whole lot research on the topic, the few studies that do exist suggest green gas output and water loss might actually be higher on organic farms, on a per unit basis, says study author Verena Seurfert.

In addition, while organic produce is likely more nutritious than conventional fruit and vegetables, there’s not a lot of evidence to support the claim that these often slight differences influence consumer health. The same is true for pesticide remainder. In developed countries, where pesticide use is tightly regulated, there’s no scientific consensus on how these often slight differences influence human health.

Still, Seurfert stresses that if you can afford to eat organic, you should do so. Organic farms provide safer work environments for workers, plus they support great biodiversity. The real takeaway from her study is not that organic is bad but that the practice needs more studies to increase yield without lowering sustainability.

But if you can’t afford to buy organic produce, don’t stress too much, particularly from a nutritional perspective.

1. What does the underlined word “downsides” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean?

A．Dangers.

B．Drawbacks.

C．Benefits.

D．Differences.

2. Which key factor makes it hard to compare organic farming and conventional farming when it comes to environmental concerns?

A．The yield.

B．The price.

C．The water loss.

D．The labor.

3. Which of the following will the author most probably agree with?

A．Farmers, work environment should be improved.

B．Organic produce should be made more efficiently.

C．It isn’t wise for consumers to buy organic products.

D．Pesticide remainder does no harm to people’s health.

4. In the author’s opinion, why should we support organic produce?

A．It’s environmentally friendly.	B．It’s more nutritious.
C．It helps keep the variety of plants.	D．It’s safer for consumers.

7 . The health of millions could be at risk because supplies of medicinal plants are being used up. These plants are used to make traditional medicine, including drugs to fight cancer. “The loss of medicinal plants is a quiet disaster,” says Sara Oldfield, secretary general of the NGO Botanic Gardens Conservation International.

Most people worldwide rely on herbal (药草制的) medicines which are got mostly from wild plants. But some 15,000 of the 50,000 medicinal species are under threat of dying out, according to report from the international conservation group Plantlife. Shortages have been reported in China, India, Kenya, Nepal, Tanzania and Uganda.

Over-harvesting does the most harm, though pollution and competition from invasive species (入侵物种) and habitat destruction all contribute. Businessmen generally harvest medicinal plants, not caring about sustainability (可持续性),” the Plantlife report says, “damage is serious partly because they have no idea about it, but it is mainly because such collection is unorganized”. Medicinal trees at risk include the Himalayan yew (紫衫) and the African cherry, which are used to treat some cancers.

The solution, says the report’s author, Alan Hamilton, is to encourage local people to protect these plants. Ten projects studied by Plantlife in India, Pakistan, China, Nepal, Uganda and Kenya showed this method can succeed. In Uganda, the project has kept a sustainable supply of low-cost cancer treatments, and in China a public-run medicinal plant project has been created for the first time.”

“Improving health, earning an income and keeping cultural traditions are important in encouraging people to protect medicinal plants,” says Hamilton, “You have to pay attention to what people are interested in.”

Ghillean Prance, the former director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in London, agrees that medicinal plants are in need of protection. “Not nearly enough is being done,” he told New Scientist. “We are destroying the very plants that are of most use to us.”

1. From the first two paragraphs, we can learn that ________.

A．millions of people are threatened with cancer

B．most countries see a shortage of herbal medicines

C．about two thirds of medicinal species will disappear

D．a number of medicinal species are in danger of extinction

2. The major factor that causes the decreasing of supplies of medicinal plants is ________.

A．over-harvesting	B．habitat destruction
C．pollution	D．invasive species

3. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refers to ________.

A．pollution	B．other species’ invasion
C．sustainability	D．over-harvesting

4. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．Protecting medicinal plants has a long way to go.

B．Local people don’t know how to protect medicinal plants.

C．Ghillean Prance is optimistic about medicinal plants’ future.

D．China has made great progress in protecting medicinal plants.

8 . A smartphone program is helping scientists learn about changes taking place in nature. More than 100,000 citizen-scientists around the world are taking pictures of many kinds of plants and animals using a program called iNaturalist. The program gives researchers much information about where plants and animals live, and how a growing human population is changing plant and animal life.

In Arlington, Virginia, naturalists are making a record of the plants and animals that live in the heavily populated area.

Alonso Abugattas is the local government’s natural resources manager. He works to protect and improve Arlington’s natural spaces. The group is using the iNaturalist smartphone program to record its observations. Then iNaturalist users throughout the world can look at the images and try to help recognize them. The program records where and when the picture was taken. This lets experts like Abugattas and others create maps that show where plants and animals are living, and how that changes because of development and climate change. That is important in Arlington and around the world.

Scott Loarie is co-director of iNaturalist. He said species are dying at a faster speed than ever, and the mix of life on Earth is threatened. “And we’ve only begun to understand exactly how those ecosystems contribute to our food system, or human health—all these things that we depend on.”

Loarie says iNaturalist lets citizen-scientists help professional (专业的) scientists gather data of the wild plants and animals in the world. More than 100,000 iNaturalist observers on all seven continents have made more than four-and-a-half million observations. The information has been used in studies of other animals.

Alonso Abugattas says the group in Arlington recorded more than 450 kinds of animals and plants. “If you just open up your eyes to the natural world, you’d be amazed at what’s out there.”

1. Which of the following is the function of the iNaturalist smartphone program?

A．Creating maps to show climate change.

B．Reminding experts to make out the photos.

C．Marking the time and places of the photos.

D．Writing down the names of species in the photos.

2. What did Scott Loarie want to tell us?

A．The goal of iNaturalist.

B．The regret for dying species.

C．The importance of scientists.

D．The value of species to humans.

3. What do we know about the iNaturalist smartphone program?

A．It calls on people in the world to change nature.

B．It directly helps professional scientists to gather data.

C．It gets wildlife information and data from all over the world.

D．It lets professional scientists pay attention to humans’ behaviors.

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A．Two Heads Are Better Than One

B．A Cheap Way to Study Plants and Animals

C．Measures Are Being Taken to Protect Plants and Animals

D．Naturalists Use a Smartphone Programme to Take Photos of Wildlife

9 . The Lifecycle of a T-shirt

We all probably have a lot of T-shirts, but do you ever stop and think about the influence of a T-shirt on the planet? You’d probably be surprised to learn what's involved in the lifecycle of just one T-shirt.

There are 5 major stages: material, production, shipping, use and disposal   The material stage involves farming, irrigating, fertilizing, harvesting and ginning（轧花）. While cotton is a natural fiber (纤维）and not as harmful to the environment as manmade fibers, it still takes a toll in the material and production stages. Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water, and the use of pesticides (杀虫剂）is widespread across the globe, especially in cotton farming. Studies have shown that farmers spend around $4.1 billion on pesticides annually, of which 25% was spent on cotton crops in the US.

Once the cotton is grown and harvested, so begins the production stage: spinning, knitting（编织）, bleaching, dyeing, cutting, sewing, etc.——these processes also use a great deal of water and energy. Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants and can eventually pollute groundwater.

After the T-shirt is produced, it enters the transportation stage. This often involves overseas shipping. Take a look in your closet. Chances are that most of your cotton garments (衣服）are made in China or India. Garments can be shipped via plane, ship or truck…，all of which spill CO₂ into the atmosphere. Calculations show that CO₂ emissions from light trucks alone amount to 1.15 pounds per mile.

Once the T-shirt reaches the retail market, it is purchased. This stage may seem like the least environmentally damaging part. But consider the number of times you’ve washed and dried your favorite T-shirt. Washing machines are certainly becoming more efficient. However, the average American household does 400 loads of laundry per year, using about 40 gallons of water per load. Such excessive water use is combined with the large amount of energy used by dryers.

The final stage of life is disposal. This releases harmful emissions, or involves a landfill where cotton takes years to break down. Current US records show that an estimated 15% of clothes and shoes are recycled, which means that consumers send a shocking 85% of these materials to landfills.

We all need new clothes every once in a while, but let’s all try to keep in mind what goes into the production of clothing... It has a real impact on the planet.

There are a lot of things you can do to help reduce your impact. Reuse and recycle clothes. If they’re too worn out to wear, cut them up and use them as cleaning rags. Donate them to charity or another organization that recycles textiles. When possible, make an effort to buy organic cotton. Turn down the thermostat(恒温器) on your washer, and line dry your clothes when the weather will allow it.

1. The underlined phrase “takes a toll” probably means “      ”

A．wastes water	B．takes a lot of time
C．uses energy	D．has a bad effect

2. We can learn from the passage that in the US, .

A．pesticides in cotton farming cost over 4 billion dollars every year

B．C02 emissions of land transport amount to 1.15 pounds per mile

C．about 15% of the clothes and shoes are made of materials that are recycled

D．about 16, 000 gallons of water is used annually by an average family on laundry

3. What can be inferred from this passage?

A．The production process may affect water safety.

B．The clothing cost is relatively low in China and India.

C．Cotton clothes are buried because they are hard to break down.

D．The use stage is the least environmentally harmful of the five stages.

4. What is the purpose of this article?

A．To encourage people to donate clothes to charity.

B．To promote eco-friendly actions related to clothes.

C．To persuade people to purchase more organic cotton.

D．To introduce the five stages in the lifecycle of clothing.

10 . She looked up at me sadly, her pain unbearable obvious. I _______her as she swam silently around the small pool, surrounded by people she didn’t know. The top left corner of her yellow shell was _______, and her flippers(鳍状肢)were filled with cuts and scars. Then she swam slowly to others.

I couldn’t help but think that these_______ creatures looked as though they were war heroes wounded in battle, but they weren’t. They were just a group of innocent sea turtles that had been injured by _______ humans.

Earlier that day, our group of forty high school students had learned that those endangered sea turtles were being _______all the time_______water pollution, litter, and careless boaters and fishermen. We were taught how to _______ the deaths and injuries of this species and to encourage others to conserve our ocean life and environment.

I had always been conscious of the damage our environment was suffering_______I had never truly been given the opportunity to _______the devastating(毁灭性的)effects of environmental destruction until I observed that ____________. Seeing a picture or movie of these animals cannot truly capture the____________ on their faces. Now that I have witnessed the____________caused by the pollution and people’s carelessness. I try to encourage my peers to ____________ their daily habits to ____________the environment by recycling, conserving water and energy, or ____________ time and money to help save endangered animals. I stress to them that we need to start saving our environment now ____________it’s too late. We must fight for those creatures that cannot____________for themselves because we have only one world to live in and one____________ to save it. Now I will always be that person ____________that ice cream wrapper flying crazily in the wind just because I hate the thought of even one piece of____________on the ground.

1.

A．recognized

B．introduced

C．watched

D．satisfied

2.

A．strange

B．missing

C．shining

D．complex

3.

A．troublesome

B．rare

C．ugly

D．unfortunate

4.

A．skillful

B．stubborn

C．intelligent

D．careless

5.

A．studied

B．discovered

C．killed

D．displayed

6.

A．because of

B．in case of

C．in spite of

D．apart from

7.

A．report

B．lessen

C．escape

D．prove

8.

A．so

B．but

C．or

D．and

9.

A．see

B．predict

C．prevent

D．experience

10.

A．boater

B．fisherman

C．visitor

D．turtle

11.

A．pain

B．dirt

C．mask

D．sign

12.

A．worry

B．harm

C．anger

D．shame

13.

A．mention

B．form

C．change

D．check

14.

A．describe

B．witness

C．investigate

D．benefit

15.

A．donating

B．sharing

C．ignoring

D．recording

16.

A．unless

B．before

C．while

D．though

17.

A．wait

B．search

C．care

D．fight

18.

A．need

B．place

C．chance

D．promise

19.

A．running after

B．looking after

C．naming after

D．getting after

20.

A．food

B．coin

C．litter

D．metal