2 . Pollution

Pollution happens when the environment is dirtied, by waste, chemicals, and other harmful substances(物质).Pollution is a problem all over the world. But it is especially bad in large cities with a lot of industries and cars.    1    

Wildfires, volcanoes, and industrial chemicals cause some air pollution. But most air pollution comes from burning fossil fuels (矿物燃料）These include coal, oil and natural gas. The burning of fossil fuels may release harmful gases. Air pollution may cause such diseases cancer and asthma. It also leads to polluted rain that can harm living things    2     Finally, air pollution damages the ozone layer(臭氧层)which is important because it protects Earth against harmful rays from the sun.

Causes of water pollution are easy to see. People dump(倾倒) garbage and dirty water into river, lakes and oceans. Factories or cities sometimes release poisonous chemicals, and other wastes into water. These chemicals may make the groundwater unfit to drink.    3    

Littering, or throwing garbage on the ground, is a form of land pollution. Litter can destroy the habitats of plants and animals. The buildup of dangerous chemicals in the ground is another form of land pollution. The chemicals may come from farms or factories.    4     They may even harm people who eat the polluted plants and animals.

Many governments, environmental groups, and ordinary people are working to control pollution. Governments have passed laws to keep people from releasing dangerous chemicals into the environment     5     Instead they are getting power from the sun, wind, water, and other energy sources to produce less pollution. Many communities use recycling to reduce pollution.

A．Farmers use chemical to help crops grow.

B．This type of pollution may be seen in big cities.

C．They also can harm fish and other forms of life.

D．These chemicals can spread to plants and animals.

E．In addition, air pollution may be a cause of global warming.

F．There are three main forms of pollution: air, water, and land.

G．Some companies and people are trying to use fewer fossil fuels.

3 . Space is where our future is — trips to the Moon, Mars and beyond. Most people would think that apart from comets (彗星) and stars, there is little else out there.     1     Scientists are now concerned that if we don’t clean it up, we may all be in great danger.

The first piece of space junk was created in the year of 1964, when the American satellite Vanguard I stopped operating.     2     However, since it kept orbiting around the Earth without any results, scientists became increasingly comfortable abandoning things that no longer served any useful purpose in space.

    3     The junk varies from tiny pieces of paint chipped off rockets to cameras, huge fuel tanks, and even odd items like the million-dollar tool kit that astronaut Heidemarie Stefanyshyn Piper lost during a spacewalk.

The major problem with the space trash is that it may hit working satellites and damage travelling spaceship. In addition to this, many pieces of junk may crash with each other and break into pieces which fall back to the Earth.     4     Ground stations have been built to monitor larger pieces of space trash to prevent them from crashing into working satellites or space shuttles.     5     They will stop littering in space and to clean up the trash already there.

A．Future plans include a cooperative effort among many nations.

B．The junk floats slowly around the Earth.

C．However, since our space journey started, we have left much trash (垃圾) in space.

D．It is said that there are now over 500,000 pieces of man-made trash orbiting the Earth at speeds of up to 17, 500 miles per hour.

E．It lost its connection with the ground centre.

F．To avoid this, scientists have invented several ways for clearing the sky.

G．It hasn’t result in any serious problems up to now.

4 . 12月12日这天，天气晴朗，你和同学们参加了“拯救地球”的活动。请你写一篇英文日记，要点包括：
1.这次活动的目的；
2.你们在活动中做了什么；
3.这次活动的意义。
注意：词数100左右。
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5 . If you really want to go green, here’s good news: eating green foods is good for you. The very foods with a high carbon dioxide cost — dairy products, processed snacks — also tend to be filled with fat and calories. A green diet would be mostly vegetables and fruits, wholegrains, fish and lean meats like chicken — a diet that’s eco- and waistline-friendly. Eating green foods can be healthier and beneficial to the climate.

It may be hard to believe that a meal at McDonalds produces more carbon dioxide than that your trip to a faraway place produces. More than 37% of the world’s land is used for agriculture, much of which was once forested. Deforestation (砍伐森林) is a major source of carbon dioxide. The fertilizer (肥料) and machinery needed on a modern farm also have a large carbon footprint, as does the network of ships and trucks that brings the food from the farm to your plate.

The most efficient way to reduce the carbon footprint of your menu is to eat less meat, especially beef. Raising cattle takes a lot more energy than growing the equivalent (相等的) amount of grains, fruits or vegetables. What’s more, the majority of cattle in the U.S. are fed on grains and the fertilizer used to grow grains creates separate environmental problems.

Focus on eating food lower on the food chain, with more plants and fruits and less meat and fewer dairy products. It’s simple. We can change today what goes into our bodies for the health of our planet and ourselves.

1. According to the passage, eating green foods will ______.

A．protect the animals from being killed

B．promote the development of agriculture

C．help us lose weight and keep self-confidence

D．be good for our health and make a change of the climate

2. What will not lead to carbon dioxide in the agriculture?

A．Deforestation.	B．Grains.
C．Machinery.	D．Fertilizer.

3. In the author’s opinion, the most efficient way to reduce carbon dioxide is to ______.

A．eat more vegetables than meat

B．stop raising cattle

C．plant more grains

D．use less fertilizer

4. What is the passage mainly about?

A．The benefits of eating green foods.

B．How to reduce carbon dioxide.

C．The change of our menu.

D．The ways of keeping healthy.

6 . We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.

As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.

So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.

1. What does the author think of new devices?

A．They are environment-friendly.	B．They are no better than the old.
C．They cost more to use at home.	D．They go out of style quickly.

2. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?

A．To reduce the cost of minerals.

B．To test the life cycle of a product.

C．To update consumers on new technology.

D．To find out electricity consumption of the devices.

3. Which of the following uses the least energy?

A．The box-set TV.	B．The tablet.
C．The LCD TV.	D．The desktop computer.

4. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?

A．Stop using them.	B．Take them apart.
C．Upgrade them.	D．Recycle them.