More than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries have sounded the alarm on climate change. In a paper     1    (publish) last week in the journal BioScience, they signed a declaration(声明) stating clearly that planet Earth is facing a climate emergency, saying that if no changes     2    (make) , the world will face untold suffering. The evidence that the scientists collected reveals an undeniable truth     3     human activities have been causing global warming from the fast rise of fossil fuel consumption     4     the increase in greenhouse gas emissions(排放) over the past 40 years.

The scientists also gave some instructions to fight against global warming, proposing six actions to prevent     5    (far) disasters: stabilizing population     6    (grow) by investing into family-planning services and girls’ education, replacing fossil fuels, cutting the emissions of climate pollutants, eating less meat, restoring and protecting     7    (ecosystem) , and building     8     carbon-free economy.

The scientists say the climate crisis is    9    (close) related to human activities, so they call on people     10    (change) their life styles. But these measures are comparatively abstract. Therefore, it is high time for policymakers to figure out more practical measures that can bring down carbon emissions.

3 . In the endless sky, the unaided human eye should be able to perceive several thousand stars on a clear, dark night. Unfortunately, growing light pollution has impeded people from the nightly view.

New citizen-science-based research throws alarming light on the problem of “sky glow”-the diffuse illumination (漫射照明) of the night sky that is a form of light pollution. The data came from crowd-sourced observations collected from around the world as part of Globe at Night, a program developed by astronomer Connie Walker.

Light pollution has harmful effects on the practice of astronomy but also on human health and wildlife, since it disturbs the cycle from sunlight to starlight that biological systems have evolved alongside. Furthermore, the loss of visible stars is a great loss of human cultural heritage. Until relatively recently, humans throughout history had an impressive view of the starry night sky, and the effect of this nighty spectacle (壮观) is evident in ancient cultures.

Globe at Night has been gathering data on star visibility since 2006. Anyone can submit observations through the Globe at Night web application. Participants record which one best matches what they can see in the sky without any telescopes or other instruments.

Researchers find that the loss of visible stars indicates an increase in sky brightness of 9.6% per year while roughly 2% is measured by satellites. Existing satellites are not well suited to measuring sky glow as it appears to humans, because they can not detect wavelengths shorter than 500 nanometers (纳米). White LEDs, with shorter wavelengths under 500 nanometers, now are increasingly commonly used in outdoor lighting. But human eyes are more sensitive to these shorter wavelengths at nighttime. Space-based instruments do not measure light from windows, either. But these sources are significant contributors to sky glow us seen from the ground.

“The increase in sky glow over the past decade underlines the importance of redoubling our efforts and developing new strategies to protect dark skies,” said Walker. “The Globe at Night dataset is necessary in our ongoing evaluation of changes in sky glow, and we encourage whoever can to get involved to help protect the starry night sky.”

4 . The first time ever I realized that plastic was a serious matter for our planet was during a road trip in Western Australia, almost 12 years ago.

We________at a supermarket along the Coral Bay coast to buy some groceries and the lady at the counter told us they didn’t sell any shopping bags in order to prevent plastic in the________and to help preserving the endangered turtles living in that area. After a first reaction of surprise, we________all our shopping in our arms and left.

This was just one of the many experiences I’ve lived that made me more________about my impact and pushed me to adopt different habits to live and________more sustainably.

Our trip to Borneo was another life-changing________that has strengthened my resolution to a zero-waste lifestyle. While traveling in some Asian countries, we came to know that________drinkable water was always a challenge. So we had to travel with our water bottle, and we________to avoid using plastic during our trip.

Besides, we were also________impressed by our stay on Libaran Island. A sustainable turtle conservation________and the community had made big efforts to________ the beaches and creatively re-use plastic for ten years. Despite that, the shore is________daily with tons of plastic coming from the tides.

Facing this global issue________, raised in me a feeling of sadness and anger that soon turned into________: to do as much as possible to reduce plastic in our life. Small changes can________a difference!

Plastic pollution at sea is reaching worrying levels. According to a review of hundreds of academic     1     (study), it will continue to grow even if significant action is taken now to stop such waste from reaching the world’s oceans. The review by Germany’s Alfred Wegener Institute examined almost 2, 600 research papers on the topic     2     (provide) an overview ahead of a United Nations meeting later this month.

As plastic breaks down into smaller pieces, it also enters the marine food chain and     3     (take) in by sea creatures from whales to turtles. What’s worse, some regions already contain dangerous levels of plastic, and others risk becoming     4     (increasing) polluted in the future. Getting that plastic out of the water again     5     (be) nearly impossible, so policymakers should focus on preventing any more of it entering the oceans in     6     first place. Matthew MacLcod, a professor of environmental science at Stockholm University, was involved     7     a separate study not long ago, and also concluded effective measures,     8     are required immediately because of the possible global impacts.

While consumers can help reduce plastic pollution by     9     (change) their behavior, governments have to step up and accept every responsibility for solving the problem. It’s such a serious problem     10     it needs global solutions.

6 . We all have an idea about the common types of environmental problems. However, light pollution may be a new term to many of us. But, the fact is that it does affect mankind, other living forms and the environment as a whole.

What is light pollution? It presents all forms of misused man-made light. The obvious cause of light pollution is the use of outdoor lighting products improperly. It can be office lighting, car headlights, station lights, streetlights and many more.

Light pollution is harmful to both animals and plants. Upon studies, it is found that obvious effects are observed in the behaviour of animals that are active at night. Needless to mention, bright light at night makes it difficult for these animals to hunt, wander and perform their regular activities. Light pollution is directly or indirectly responsible for causing several diseases. Its effects are related to disturbance in the physical rhythm (节奏). It contributes to risks of developing cancerous cells. So, it’s nothing less than a threat to human health.

You have already seen the negative effects of light pollution on animals and human health. Apart from this, the actual cost of misused light is about millions of dollars every year. It also leads to the release of greenhouse gases and global warming. After all, coal or gas is used for producing electricity.

While outdoor lighting and using man-made lighting products are part of our modern lifestyle, some simple ways will surely help in reducing light pollution. For example, while installing (安装) outdoor lighting, make sure that they are pointed downwards. Also, use only the required lighting equipment for both home and offices. Believe it or not, many people living in the urban areas cannot view clear sky and stars at night. Let’s contribute our part in reducing the pollution.

Our school lies at the foot of a mountain with a small river passes by. It used to be a quiet, clean or beautiful place. It is a pity that things have changed since a chemical factory built near our school one year ago. Every one day the factory produces many waste water and some other solid waste things. The terribly pollution is harmful by our health. What's worse, the great noise from the factory had a bad effect on us activities. As a result, our school is no longer that it used to be. Our teachers and students are painful beyond expression.