1 . You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
1. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?A.Beautifying the city he lives in. | B.Introducing eco-friendly products. |
C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste. | D.Reducing garbage on the beach. |
A.To show the difficulty of their recycling. |
B.To explain why they are useful. |
C.To voice his views on modern art. |
D.To find a substitute for them. |
A.Calming. | B.Disturbing. |
C.Refreshing. | D.Challenging. |
A.Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety |
B.Media Interest in Contemporary Art |
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies |
D.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures |
2 . In the endless sky, the unaided human eye should be able to perceive several thousand stars on a clear, dark night. Unfortunately, growing light pollution has impeded people from the nightly view.
New citizen-science-based research throws alarming light on the problem of “sky glow”-the diffuse illumination (漫射照明) of the night sky that is a form of light pollution. The data came from crowd-sourced observations collected from around the world as part of Globe at Night, a program developed by astronomer Connie Walker.
Light pollution has harmful effects on the practice of astronomy but also on human health and wildlife, since it disturbs the cycle from sunlight to starlight that biological systems have evolved alongside. Furthermore, the loss of visible stars is a great loss of human cultural heritage. Until relatively recently, humans throughout history had an impressive view of the starry night sky, and the effect of this nighty spectacle (壮观) is evident in ancient cultures.
Globe at Night has been gathering data on star visibility since 2006. Anyone can submit observations through the Globe at Night web application. Participants record which one best matches what they can see in the sky without any telescopes or other instruments.
Researchers find that the loss of visible stars indicates an increase in sky brightness of 9.6% per year while roughly 2% is measured by satellites. Existing satellites are not well suited to measuring sky glow as it appears to humans, because they can not detect wavelengths shorter than 500 nanometers (纳米). White LEDs, with shorter wavelengths under 500 nanometers, now are increasingly commonly used in outdoor lighting. But human eyes are more sensitive to these shorter wavelengths at nighttime. Space-based instruments do not measure light from windows, either. But these sources are significant contributors to sky glow us seen from the ground.
“The increase in sky glow over the past decade underlines the importance of redoubling our efforts and developing new strategies to protect dark skies,” said Walker. “The Globe at Night dataset is necessary in our ongoing evaluation of changes in sky glow, and we encourage whoever can to get involved to help protect the starry night sky.”
1. What does the underlined word “impeded” in the first paragraph mean?A.separated. | B.disabled. | C.demanded. | D.protected. |
A.Poorer human health. | B.Fewer wildlife species. |
C.More delicate biological systems. | D.Less nightly culture elements of the sky. |
A.Crowd sourced data are invaluable | B.Shorter wavelengths are hard to detect. |
C.Satellites play a vital role. | D.White LEDs are widely used. |
A.Their consistent efforts pay off. | B.The dataset needs to be updated. |
C.The sky glow has been over-emphasized. | D.More participants are expected to join in. |
On August 24, Japan started releasing wastewater from its Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (福岛第一核电站) into the Pacific Ocean. This has caused anger and fear across the world.
In March 2011, Japan experienced the strongest earthquake in its
The plant was operated by TEPCO (东京电力公司). According to the company, the wastewater is diluted (稀释) before
“They’ll pollute the ocean, the animals within it, and
On the same day, China announced
China was the biggest buyer of Japanese seafood. More than 255,000 users took a poll (民意调查) on Weibo. Up to 97% of them said that they would no longer eat seafood from Japan. “We’re on the same planet,” said one of them. “Nobody can be free from harm. It’s just a matter
E-TRASH
Nowadays, every household produces electronic trash (or e-trash)—an old TV or computer, a printer, or an out-of-date cell phone. But when we throw these everyday items away, not many of us know
In particular, Essick found that a lot of e-trash goes to Ghana. There, he saw
As a result of his journey, Peter Essick thinks it’s important to stop
5 . Chinese consumers have said they will avoid eating Japanese seafood over safety concerns once Japan starts releasing (排放) nuclear wastewater into the Pacific Ocean.
On July 7, the General Administration of Customs released an import (进口) ban on aquatic products from the 10 Japanese cities. It’s indicated that Japan’s plan to release polluted wastewater into the sea was a matter of global concern. The plan caused more Chinese consumers who eat seafood began to worry about their safety, according to the administration.
According to a survey in 2022 by Chinese market consultancy company iiMedia Research, 39.58 percent of participants eat Japanese seafood once every two or three weeks.
“I will not eat seafood imported from Japan anymore,” said a data engineer surnamed Wang in Shanghai. The 42-year-old has been a fan of Japanese food since 2000 and used to eat Japanese food once a month. “If I have other options, I will choose seafood that does not come from the Pacific Ocean,” he added.
Wang Qian, a financial employee in Beijing, said she has been to about 20 Japanese restaurants so far. “Normally, I would not pay attention to where the seafood came from. But now I will try not to choose seafood from Japan,”she said. “Wastewater poses a threat to human health and marine ecology.”
Wang Qian said that Japan should use other methods to solve the problem, rather than releasing nuclear wastewater into the ocean.
An employee of the Japanese restaurant Jiubanwu, in Beijing, who did not want to be named, told China Daily that the restaurant’s fish and shrimp are imported from Russia, France and other countries. “We have not been buying seafood from Japan since April,” she said.
In addition to food safety, some people are worried about using cosmetic (美容的) products made in Japan.
1. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?A.Releasing nuclear wastewater has aroused worldwide concern. |
B.All the seafood which is imported from Japan will be banned. |
C.Chinese consumers will be stricter when choosing seafood to eat. |
D.Japan’s plan to release the wastewater is criticized by Japanese. |
A.She won’t eat Japanese seafood anymore. |
B.She will be more cautious of the source of seafood. |
C.She will be devoted to career of human health and marine ecology. |
D.She is sure that Japan will figure out methods to solve the problem. |
A.China’s specific methods to dealing with nuclear wastewater. |
B.The influence of wastewater on Japanese cosmetic products. |
C.A formal call to Japan for producing safer cosmetic products. |
D.The world’s reply to Japanese nuclear wastewater releasing. |
A.Surprised. | B.Doubtful. | C.Unclear. | D.Critical. |
6 . According to the World Economic Forum(WEF), eight million tons of plastic waste is being poured out into the oceans every year. That's the equivalent (相等物)of an entire garbage truck being dumped every three minutes, and the source of the problem—the world's cities. In Amsterdam, a simple solution has been found that could stop up to 86 percent of plastic waste ever reaching the oceans—a barrier made of bubbles (气泡).
The way the bubble barrier system works is basically that it is a tube placed diagonally (沿对角线地)on the bottom of the waterway. "The tube has a lot of tiny holes," according to Phillip Ehrhorn, Chief Technology Officer in The Great Bubble Barrier, "We pump air through it, and the air bubbles will rise towards the surface. The plastics are brought to the surface with the air bubbles and then, with the natural flow of the river, towards one side of the river." Then the other part of the bubble barrier system collects and removes the waste.
"Ship traffic is a key economic driver;we won't be able to stop that. So, we would have to find a solution which would not affect all the other existing activities and the ecosystem," Phillip added. The bubble barrier does exactly that. While it provides no block to water traffic and sea life can pass through freely, it also catches plastic waste of all sizes.
The Great Bubble Barrier is trying to work together with Amsterdam and local Non-governmental Organizations(NGOs)to evaluate what the bubble barrier system is catching so as to carry out new policies and additional measures on land. In this way, plastics entering the water could be reduced in the first place. "Our next step is a bubble barrier within Europe and we, of course, want to move to Asia because we think we can make a lot of influence there." said Francis Zoet, the founder of The Great Bubble Barrier.
1. What contributes to the invention of the bubble barrier?A.Suggestions from the WEF. | B.Large amounts of sea waste. |
C.Construction of the waterway. | D.Requests from the government. |
A.Creating tiny holes on the tube. | B.Removing the waste in the water. |
C.Sending plastics to the surface. | D.Changing the speed of the river flow. |
A.The waste | B.Ship traffic. | C.Sea life. | D.The bubble. |
A.Plastics entering the water will increase. | B.The city will evaluate the bubble barrier. |
C.The NGOs will move to Europe and Asia | D.The bubble barrier will benefit more places. |
7 . Scientists visiting tiny Henderson Island in the South Pacific recently made an alarming discovery.
Plastic waste in the sea has long been known about, but only now are we discovering the true extent of the problem. Plastic takes hundreds of years to decompose, so all the plastic ever produced still exists somewhere. Around 95% of plastics made are not recycled, and large amounts enter the sea. Currents(洋流) collect this waste in large circular systems called “gyres”.
The problem gets worse as plastic breaks down into very small pieces, or “micro plastic”,
“Sea plastic is a symbol of the negative effects of our lifestyle and technology,” he says. “
A.it goes unnoticed and finds its way to human bodies. |
B.This is eaten by fish and leads to massive species loss. |
C.To work with the currents would help collect the waste. |
D.Our aim should be to create a new lifestyle for this century. |
E.However, there are some young minds working to clean up the sea for future generations. |
F.Although remote and previously untouched by humans, the island was covered in plastic waste. |
G.One of the largest is in the Pacific Ocean, an area now known as the “Great Pacific Garbage Patch”. |
8 . Cotton bags have become a means for brands, retailers and supermarkets to convey a planet-friendly mindset — or, at least, to show that the companies are aware of the overuse of plastic in packaging.
Earth-friendly? Not exactly. It turns out the wholehearted embrace of cotton bags may actually have created a new problem. An organic cotton bag needs to be used 20,000 times to make up for its overall impact of production, according to a 2018 study by the Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark. That is equal to daily use for 54 years — for just one bag. The production of cotton bags is water-intensive, and figuring out how to deal with a bag in an environmentally low-impact way is not nearly as simple as people think, according to Travis Wagner, an environmental science professor at the University of Maine.
In sharp comparison with the frequent use of cotton bags, the disposal (处理) of the bags remains less satisfying. Only 15 percent of the 30 million tons of cotton bags produced every year actually is sent to be recycled. Even when a bag does make it to a treatment facility, most dyes (染料) used to print logos onto them are PVC-based and thus not recyclable; “they’re extremely difficult to disintegrate (分解) chemically,” said Christopher Stanev, the co-founder of Evrnu, a Seattle-based textile recycling firm. Printed patterns have to be cut out of the cloth; Mr. Stanev estimates 10 to 15 percent of the cotton Evrnu receives is wasted this way.
That’s not to say cotton is worse than plastic, or that the two should even be compared. While cotton can use pesticides and has dried up rivers from water consumption, lightweight plastic bags use greenhouse gas-emitting fossil fuels and will fill up the oceans.
Buffy Reid, of the knitwear label & Daughter, stopped production of her cotton bags in April this year. Aesop is converting the composition of its shopping bags to a 60 — 40 blend of recycled and organic cotton. Designer Ally Capellino recently employed a new material, while Hindmarch introduced a new version of her original cotton bag, this time made from recycled water bottles.
In the end, the simplest solution may be the most obvious. “Not every product needs a bag,” Comey says.
1. According to paragraph 2, what can we learn about cotton bags?A.It is easy to recycle cotton bags. |
B.Using cotton bags is earth-friendly. |
C.Producing cotton is water-consuming. |
D.Producing cotton bags poses no harm to the earth. |
A.A large amount of water is wasted. |
B.Printed patterns on cotton bags cannot be recycled. |
C.Dyes used to print logos are easy to break down. |
D.Most cotton bags end up being recycled. |
A.Cotton is worse than plastic. |
B.Plastic is worse than cotton. |
C.Both are favorable to the earth. |
D.Both have disadvantages. |
A.Cotton bags — a new fashion |
B.Not every product needs a bag |
C.Cotton bags — a way to be earth-friendly |
D.Are cotton bags harmless to the environment? |
9 . If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal (夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.
The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences -- called light pollution -- whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. Ill-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels -- and light rhythms -- to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life is affected.
In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze (霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We’ve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night -- dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth -- is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet (磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.
Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint, including their nighttime breeding choruses. Humans are no less trapped by light pollution than the frogs. Like most other creatures, we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.
Living in a glare of our own making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage-the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense, light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way -- the edge of our galaxy -- arching overhead.
1. According to the passage, human beings ________.A.prefer to live in the darkness |
B.are used to living in the day light |
C.were curious about the midnight world |
D.had to stay at home with the light of the moon |
A.provide examples of animal protection |
B.show how light pollution affects animals |
C.compare the living habits of both species |
D.explain why the number of certain species has declined |
A.light pollution does harm to the eyesight of animals |
B.light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages |
C.human beings cannot go to the outer space |
D.human beings should reflect on their position in the universe |
A.The Magic Light | B.The Orange Haze |
C.The Disappearing Night | D.The Rhythms of Nature |
10 . Hardware in general, and smartphones in particular, have become a huge environmental and health problem in the Global South's landfill sites (垃圾填埋场).
Electronic waste( e-waste ) currently takes up 5 percent of all global waste, and it is set to increase rapidly as more of us own more than one smartphone, laptop and power bank. They end up in places like Agbogbloshie on the outskirts of Ghana's capital, Accra. It is the biggest e-waste dump in the world, where 10, 000 informal workers walk through tons of abandoned goods as part of an informal recycling process. They risk their health searching for the precious metals that are found in abandoned smartphones.
But Agbogbloshie should not exist. The Basel Convention, a 1989 treaty, aims to prevent developed nations from unauthorized dumping of e-waste in less developed countries. The e-waste industry, however, circumvents the regulations by exporting e-waste labelled as "secondhand goods" to poor countries like Ghana, knowing full well that it is heading for a landfill site.
A recent report found Agbogbloshie contained some of the most dangerous chemicals. This is not surprising: smartphones contain chemicals like mercury (水银),lead and even arsenic(砷). Reportedly, one egg from a free-range chicken in Agbogbloshie contained a certain chemical which can cause cancer and damage the immune system at a level that's about 220 times greater than a limit set by the European Food Safety Authority(EFSA) . Most worryingly, these poisonous chemicals are free to pollute the broader soil and water system. This should concern us all, since some of Ghana's top exports are cocoa and nuts.
Some governments have started to take responsibility for their consumers' waste. For example, Germany has started a project that includes a sustainable (可持续的)recycling system at Agbogbloshie, along with a health clinic for workers. However, governments cannot solve the problem alone, as there is an almost limitless consumer demand for hardware, especially when governments green policies are focused on issues like climate change.
Only the manufacturers can fix this. A more economically sustainable and politically possible solution is through encouraging hardware manufacturers to make the repair, reuse and recycling of hardware profitable, or at least cost-neutral.
1. What can we infer from Paragraph 2?A.Electronic products need improving urgently. |
B.Electronic waste is too complex to get fully recycled. |
C.Electronic waste requires more landfill sites across Ghana. |
D.Electronic pollution is a burning question in Agbogbloshie. |
A.Tightens. | B.Abolishes. |
C.Gets around. | D.Brings in. |
A.The violation of EFSA's standards. |
B.The lack of diversity in Ghana's exports. |
C.The damage to chicken's immune system. |
D.The threat of polluted food around the world. |
A.Manufacturers' developing a sustainable hardware economy. |
B.Governments' adjusting their green policies about e-waste. |
C.Reducing customers 'demands for electronic products. |
D.Letting governments take on the main responsibility. |