2 . If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal (夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.

The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequence called light pollution whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. Ill-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels and light rhythms to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life is affected.

In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze (霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We’ve grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night—dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth—is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost.

We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.

Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint, including their nighttime breeding choruses. Humans are no less trapped by light pollution than the frogs. Like most other creatures, we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.

Living in a glare of our making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy—arching overhead.

1. According to the passage, human being ________.

A．are used to living in the daylight	B．prefer to live in the darkness
C．were curious about the midnight world	D．had to stay at home with the light of the moon

2. The writer mentions birds and frogs to ________.

A．show how light pollution affects animals

B．provide examples of animal protection

C．compare the living habits of both species

D．explain why the number of certain species has declined

3. It is implied in the passage that ________.

A．human beings are curious about the outer space

B．human beings should reflect on their position in the universe

C．light pollution does harm to the eyesight of animals

D．light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages

4. What might be the best title for the passage?

A．The Magic Light	B．The Orange Haze
C．The Disappearing Night	D．The Rhythms of Nature

3 . Delhi has been the centre of a succession of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms in India. Numerous ruins scattered throughout the territory offer a constant reminder of the area's history, which makes the city always be a fascinating place for tourists.

With the development of the city and more and more people moving, the city has expanded several times in size. That is why it is called New Delhi. New Delhi, a city with a population of over 20 million people, has its newest problem: never before has this city met with the worst air problem.

Air pollution in Indians capital surged to its worst levels in years, covering the city in a thick smog that has become an annual public-health emergency despite government vows to solve the problem.

Hundreds of flights were diverted, delayed and canceled over the weekend due to poor visibility, schools and offices were closed Monday and officials rushed to take emergency measures to try to reverse the eroding air quality. Millions of antipollution masks were distributed at schools, colleges, hospitals and markets.

New Delhi, is engulfed each year as the weather cools and a thick haze builds up from the pollutants emitted from cars and coal-based power plants, swirling dust from construction sites and roads and smoke from crop stubble burning in neighboring states. Fireworks and firecrackers to celebrate the Hindu festival of Diwali then arrives, leaving Delhi the world's most polluted city.

The city's air quality index, which measures a mix of dangerous pollutants, registered an average score of 494 Sunday. That is the highest 24-hour average since Nov. 6 , 2016 , when it hit 497, according to data measured by the Central Pollution Control Board.

1. Which of the following is NOT true?

A．Diwali is one of the most important festivals in India.

B．The government did little to protect its citizens against the serious pollution.

C．Such a serious air pollution in New Delhi appears on a regular basis.

D．The index of the recent air pollution is not the worst in the history.

2. Who may not complain about the serious air pollution?

A．The parents whose children have to stay at home.

B．The pilots whose planes have been diverted or delayed.

C．The manufacturers who produce antipollution masks.

D．The officials who have to work out of their offices.

3. Which of the following phrases can replace the underlined word in paragraph 5?

A．Sent out.	B．Sent up.
C．Sent in.	D．Sent on.

4. The title of the passage should be .

A．Problems Caused by the Development of New Delhi

B．Dangerous Pollution Envelops New Delhi

C．Antipollution Masks Are in Great Need in New Delhi

D．Farmers in the Neighboring States are to Blame for Burning Crop Stubble

4 . If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal(白天活动的) creatures, which explains what we’ve done to the night: We've engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.

The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences—light pollution. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which washes out the darkness of night and completely changes the light levels and rhythms to which many forms of life, including, ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life is affected.

In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark. We've grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit night—dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth—is wholly beyond our experience.

We've lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being ''captured'' by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms.

Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint, including their nighttime breeding choruses. Humans are no less trapped by light pollution than the frogs. Like most other creatures, we do need darkness. Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as light itself.

Living in a glare of our making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night. In a very real sense, light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy—arching overhead.

1. What is probably the best title of the article?

A．Powerful light.	B．Orange Haze.
C．Calls of Nature.	D．Disappearing Night.

2. What does ''it'' (Paragraph 1) most probably refer to?

A．The sky.

B．The planet.

C．The world.

D．The night.

3. The author speaks of frogs and birds to _________________.

A．show how light pollution influences animals

B．compare the living habits of both species

C．explain why certain species has died out

D．provide examples of animal protection

4. We can infer from the last paragraph that ________________.

A．human beings mustn't explore the night

B．light pollution harms the world’s eyesight

C．man should rethink its position in the universe

D．light pollution has destroyed some world heritages

5 . Three-quarters of a million tourists flock to the primitive, white beaches every year—but this booming industry has come at a price. When foreigners left the government struggling to cope with a stream of rubbish, their answer was to turn one of these islands into a dumping ground. Clouds of sharp, poisonous smoke rising from open fires, piles of rubbish made up of plastic bottles, crisp packets and consumer junk. It’s a far cry from the white sands, crystal-clear waters and gently swaying palm trees that we associate with the Maldives (马尔代夫), the beautiful paradise island holiday destination set in the Indian Ocean.

Of its 200 inhabited islands, which are spread across an area of 35,000 square miles, 99 are dedicated resorts. Three-quarters of a million tourists visit every year — more than double the domestic population. of these, over 100,000 travel from the UK. The capital, Malé, is four times more densely populated than London. Given these facts, it’s hardly surprising that the Maldives on which has a waste disposal problem.

What you are seeing here is a view of the Maldives on which no honeymooners will ever fix eyes. Four miles west of Malé is the country’s dumping ground, Thilafushi — or Rubbish Island as it has simply become known.

The country dumps upwards of 330 tons of rubbish on the island every day. A figure attributed largely to the tourist industry on which the chain of islands relies. Each visitor generates 3.5 kg of waste per day.

Now, the government of the Maldives has banned the dumping of waste on the island, which is too late, due largely to an increase in the number of waste boats “fly-tipping”(非法倾倒) directly into the sea, fed up with waiting seven hours or more to offload their cargo.

1. The government of the Maldives is in troubled faced with ________.

A．how to develop the tourist industry

B．where to set up a dumping ground

C．how to deal with the rubbish left by tourists.

D．where to set up dedicated resorts

2. It is true that ________.

A．the Maldives are still paradise islands with clear waters.

B．the Maldives rely on tourist industry

C．the Maldives are called Rubbish Islands

D．the country dumps about 330 tons of rubbish on the island every month

3. The author’s attitude to the government of the Maldives is ________.

A．positive	B．satisfied
C．forgiving	D．critical

4. The purpose of writing the passage is to ________.

A．inform people of the present situation of the Maldives

B．expose people’s bad behavior on the islands

C．introduce the Maldives to the whole word

D．persuade people out of going to the Maldives