5 . Composite image of Europe and North Africa at night, 2016. Credit： NASA Earth NPP Observatory images by Joshua Stevens, using Suomi VIIRS data from Miguel Roman, is oftenNASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Artificial light seen as a sign of progress: the march of civilization shines a light in the dark； it takes back the night； it illuminates. But a chorus of scientists and advocates argues that unnaturally bright nights are bad not just for astronomers but also for nocturnal (夜间活动的)animals and even for human health.

Now research shows the night is getting even brighter. From 2012 to 2016 the earth's artificially lit area expanded by an estimated 2. 2 percent a year (map), according to a study published last November in Science Advances. Even that increase may understate the problem, however. The measurement excludes light from most of the energy-efficient LED lamps that have been replacing sodium-vapor technology in cities all over the world, says lead study author Christopher Kyba, a postdoctoral researcher at the German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam.

The new data came from a NASA satellite instrument called the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). It can measure long-wavelengths of light, such as those produced by traditional yellow-and-orange sodium-vapor street lamps. But VIIRS cannot see the shortwavelength blue light produced by white LEDs. This light has been shown to disrupt human sleep cycles and nocturnal animals^, behavior.

Credit: Mapping Specialists ； Source: Artificially Lit Surface of Earth at Night Increasing in Radiance and Extent," by Christopher C. M. Kyba et al. , in Science Advances, Vol. 3, No. 11, Article No. E1701528 ； November 22, 2017.

The team believes the ongoing switch to LEDs caused already bright countries such as Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the U. S. to register as having stable levels of illumination in the VIIRS data. In contrast, most nations in South America, Africa and Asia brightened, suggesting increases in the use of traditional lighting. Australia actually appeared to lose lit area一but the researchers say that is because wildfires skewed the data.

"The fact that VIIRS finds an increase (in many countries) , despite its blindness in the part of the spectrum that increased more, is very sad," says FabioFalchi, a researcher at Italy's Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute, who did not participate in the study. In 2016 Falchi, along with Kyba and several other members of his research team, published a global atlas of artificial lighting that showed one third of the world's population currently lives under skies too bright to see the Milky Way at night.

The data also cast doubt on the idea that the LED lighting revolution will lead to energy cost savings. Between 2012 and 2016 the median nation pumped out 15 percent more long- wavelength light as its GDP increased by 13 percent. And overall, countries^, total light production correlated with their GDP. In other words, Kyba says, "we buy as much light as we are willing to spend money on."

1. Which is not true about the spread of lit areas?

A．Lit area expanded by an estimated 2. 2 percent a year.

B．Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress.

C．The increase in GDP is due to the increase in light.

D．It is bad for noctumal animals and even for human health.

2. Which of the following about VIIRS is NOT true according to the passage?

A．It is a kind of NASA satellite device.

B．It can record and analyzed long-wavelength light.

C．The blue light generated by white LEDs can disrupt human sleep cycles.

D．VIIRS has found an increase of traditional lighting in lots of nations.

3. According to the article, what we can know about the LEDs?

A．Artificial LED lights at nights are harmful to people's health.

B．It is a sign of civilization in modern society.

C．The blue light disrupts human and animals" life cycles.

D．Artificially lit surface of Earth increasing because of LEDs.

4. The author writes this article to     .

A．show the VIIRS data from NASA

B．demonstrate the significance of VIIRS for its measurement of wavelengths

C．reveal the relationship between wavelength light and GDP

D．arouse peoples awareness of light pollution

6 . Hardware in general, and smartphones in particular, have become a huge environmental and health problem in the Global South' s landfill sites(垃圾填埋场).

Electronic waste(e-waste) currently takes up 5 percent of all global waste, and it is set to increase rapidly as more of us own more than one smartphone, laptop and power bank. They end up in places like Agbogbloshie on the outskirts of Ghana's capital, Accra.It is the biggest e-waste dump in the world, where 10,000 informal workers walk through tons of abandoned goods as part of an informal recycling process.They risk their health searching for the precious metals that are found in abandoned smartphones.

But Agbogbloshie should not exist. The Basel Convention, a 1989 treaty aims to prevent developed nations from unauthorized dumping of e-waste in less developed countries. The E-waste industry, however, circumvents the regulations by exporting e-waste labelled as “secondhand goods” to poor countries like Ghana, knowing full well that it is heading for a landfill site.

A recent report found Agbogbloshie contained some of the most dangerous chemicals.This is not surprising: smartphones contain chemicals like mercury(水银), lead and even   arsenic (砷 ) Reportedly, one egg from a free-range chicken in Agbogbloshie contained a certain chemical which can cause cancer and damage the immune system at a level that's about 220 times greater than a limit set by the European Food Safety Authority(EFSA), Most worryingly, these poisonous chemicals are free to pollute the broader soil and water system. This should concern us all, since some of Ghana's top exports are cocoa and nuts.

Some governments have started to take responsibility for their consumers' waste.For example, Germany has started a project that includes a sustainable recycling system at Agbogbloshie, along with a health clinic for workers.However, governments cannot solve the problem alone, as there is am almost limitless consumer demand for hardware, especially when governments’ green policies are focused on issues like climate change.

Only the manufacturers can fix this.A more economically sustainable and politically possible solution is through encouraging hardware manufacturers to make the repair, reuse and recycling of hardware profitable, or at least cost-neutral.

1. What can we infer from paragraph2?

A．Electronic products need improving urgently.

B．Electronic waste is too complex to get fully recycled.

C．Electronic waste requires more landfill sites across Ghana.

D．Electronic pollution is a burning question in Agbogbloshie.

2. What does the underlined word"circumvents" in paragraph 3 mean?

A．Tightens

B．Abolishes

C．Avoids

D．Follows

3. What should be the biggest concern according to the text?

A．The violation of EFSA’s standard

B．The lack of diversity in Ghana s exports.

C．The damage to chickens immune system

D．The threat of polluted food around the world

4. What does the author think is the best solution to the e-waste problem?

A．Manufacturers' developing a sustainable hardware economy.

B．Governments' adjusting their green policies about e-waste.

C．Reducing customers' demands for electronic products.

D．Letting governments take on the main responsibility.

7 . James Sulikowski, from the Shark and Fish Conservation Lab at the School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences at Arizona State University, was one of the scientists who captured the seven foot porbeagle (鼠鲨) shark in the Atlantic.

In a Facebook post, the lab said the shark had been growing for years with a plastic strap around its gills. “Photos ... show the female shark’s head was slowly being sliced off by the unyielding strap,” it said. “The piece of circular plastic had become lodged around her neck when she was younger. As she grew, it began to cut through her skin into her muscle, if we had not removed it, she surely would have died.”

In a message to Newsweek, Sulikowski said the strap was probably one that would normally go around a bait box. “The box went overboard, and the porbeagle shark, when younger, ate the fish in the box,” he said. “While doing so, [the] strap got wrapped around the sharks head. As the shark grew, the strap dug into the shark’s flesh. If we didn’t remove it, the shark would have surely died.”

The photos of the shark being strangled follow the discovery of a dead minke whale that had been killed by a piece of fishing line. The male minke whale was found on a beach in Dennis, Massachusetts. The fishing line had become “wrapped around its head and through its mouth, creating a bridle,” the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) said in a Facebook post.

The IFAW said the initial autopsy (验尸) suggests the whale died from injuries caused by the entanglement. It also said there were signs of possible infection. “The entanglement likely contributed to the cause of death, though additional lab results are pending.”

The problem of plastic pollution in the ocean is getting worse. It is thought there is currently over 150 million metric tons of plastic in the world’s oceans, and more and more is entering every year. A report published earlier this year estimated the amount of plastic entering the ocean every year will have doubled by 2040, amounting to 600 million metric tons.

More than one million seabirds and 100,000 marine animals are killed every year by plastic waste. “Plastic in all forms are an issue,” Sulikowski said. “We need more research to understand the extent of the long term effects of this type of pollution.”

1. What do you know about the shark?

A．Her head was sliced off.

B．The strap cut through her skin when she was younger.

C．She was in more danger as she grew.

D．Scientists had not removed the strap.

2. According to the initial autopsy, the cause of the whale’s death is ______.

A．the entanglement.	B．a piece of fishing line.
C．infection.	D．not decided.

3. What can you infer from the text?

A．The present amount of plastic in the ocean is about 300 million tons.

B．The next 20 years will see an increase of 450 million tons of plastic in the ocean.

C．More than 150 million metric tons of plastic is going into ocean every year.

D．About 300 million tons of plastic is going into ocean every year.

4. What can be the best title of the text?

A．Scientists saved a shark whose head was being sliced off.

B．The death of a whale and a shark worried IFAW.

C．Plastic pollution is threatening certain animals’ lives.

D．Plastic pollution is getting worse and worse.

8 . Coffee chains create a lot of waste, from disposable take-away cups to the used grounds that are sent to landfills. Starbucks has started to try recyclable alternatives to the disposable cups. But the used coffee is often unnoted.

The world drinks around 2 billion cups of coffee a day, producing 6 million tons of used grounds every year. When they go to landfills, the grounds release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.

UK Bio-bean has found a way to turn that waste into a valuable resource. At Bio-bean, used coffee grounds are processed to remove paper cups or plastic bags, and then passed through a dryer and a further screening process. They are finally processed into the fuel. Coffee Log.

"Coffee is highly calorific and lends itself to being a really fantastic fuel," says May. director of Bio-bean. "They burn about 20% hotter and 20% longer than wood logs do."

While these fuels release greenhouse gases when burned, if they replace other carbon-based fuels. Bio-bean estimates that the recycling process reduces emissions （排放）by 80% compared with sending the grounds to landfills.

Founded in 2013 Bio-bean grew rapidly,   launching coffee collection services across the UK and building the world's first coffee recycling factory only two years later. In 2016 they launched their first product,   Coffee Log, and are now ready to launch their first natural flavouring ingredient into the food and drink industry.

“We've really managed to succeed with our innovation because we've managed to get to scale. What started as a good idea is today the UK's largest recycler of coffee grounds. We are turning 7,000 tons of those grounds per year into the fuel," says George May. "Despite being delayed by the COVID-19, we plan to expand our operation into northwestern Europe within the next five years."

1. What do the first two paragraphs suggest?

A．It’s necessary to limit coffee consumption.

B．Drinking coffee is popular around the world.

C．Measures should be taken to recycle coffee waste.

D．Coffee grounds are the main cause of global warming.

2. What is the Bio-bean's Coffee Log?

A．A solid fuel.	B．A natural food.
C．A cup of hot coffee.	D．A tree trunk.

3. What do we know about Bio-bean?

A．It is a high-tech company with a long history.

B．It is a promising recycler of coffee grounds.

C．It is started to produce coffee and fuels.

D．It's developing faster than Starbucks.

4. What does the underlined phrase "get to scale" in the last paragraph mean?

A．Give accurate measurement.	B．Cover a wide range.
C．Do mass production.	D．Classify different grades.

9 . The artificial lighting which lines the world’s coastlines could be having a significant impact on species that rely on the moon and stars to find food, new research suggests.

Creatures such as the sand hopper(沙蚤) orientate(确定方位)their nightly migrations based on the moon’s position and brightness of the natural night sky. However, a study by Bangor University and the University of Plymouth shows the presence of artificial light originating from cities several kilometres away (also known as artificial sky glow) disrupts the lunar compass they use when covering long distances.

In some cases, this can lead to animals travelling towards the sea and away from food, while in others it reduces the chance of them venturing out for food at all. Writing in Current Biology, researchers say this could pose a distinct threat not just to the health of sand hopper populations but also the wider ecosystem, since they play an important role in breaking down and recycling algae washed up on coastlines.

Dr. Thomas Davies, Lecturer in Marine Conservation at the University of Plymouth (UK), said, “Artificial sky glow is the most geographically widespread form of light pollution. Surveys have shown it can currently be detected above 23% of the world’s coasts nightly, and with coastal human populations set to at least double by 2060, its effects are only going to increase. Our results show it is already having obvious impacts on biological processes that are guided by celestial(天上的)light signals.”

Through the study, researchers find increasing evidence that light pollution from coastal cities can influence marine species inhabiting nearby beaches, rocky shores and even the seafloor. These results highlight how pervasive(遍布的)city lighting could be in shaping the ecology of coastlines kilometres distant from their nearest urban centres. They also highlight the potential for artificial sky glow to impact other species that undergo migrations using the moon as a compass.

“While our understanding of the impacts of street lights on nature has improved dramatically, artificial sky glow has been largely overlooked. More work is urgently needed to fully understand the extent to which it is shaping the natural environment.” Dr. Thomas Davies added.

1. Which of the following could best replace “disrupts” in paragraph 2?

A．disturbs

B．makes

C．unites

D．replaces

2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?

A．The ways of creatures hunting food.

B．The causes of animals migrating at night.

C．The results of ecosystems being destroyed.

D．The influence of artificial light on creatures.

3. What have researchers found about light pollution?

A．It is the main pollution in cities.

B．It shapes the ecology of the ocean.

C．It has a great influence on surroundings.

D．It affects the migrations of sea creatures.

4. What does Dr. Thomas Davies think of the study of artificial sky glow?

A．It is useless.	B．It is essential.
C．It is doubtful.	D．It is challenging.

10 . 请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填一个单词。

Cutting global warming pollution would not only make the planet healthier, it would make people healthier too, new research suggests.

Reducing carbon dioxide emissions could save millions of lives, mostly by reducing preventable deaths from heart and lung diseases, according to studies released Wednesday and published in a special issue of The Lancet British medical journal.

“Relying on fossil fuels leads to unhealthy lifestyles, increasing our chances of getting sick and in some cases takes years from our lives,” US Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius said in a telecast briefing from her home state of Kansas. “As greenhouse gas emissions go down, so do deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. This is not a small effect.”

“Instead of looking at the health ills caused by future global warming, as past studies have done, this research looks at the immediate benefits of doing something about the problem,” said Linda Birnbaum, director of the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.

Some possible benefits seemed highly speculative, the researchers confirmed, based on people driving less and walking and cycling more. Other proposals studied were more concrete and achievable, such as eliminating cook stoves that burn dung, charcoal and other polluting fuels in the developing world.

“And cutting carbon dioxide emissions also makes the air cleaner, reducing lung damage for millions of people,” doctors said.

“Here are ways you can attack major health problems at the same time as dealing with climate change,” said lead author Dr. Paul Wilkinson, an environmental epidemiologist at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Wilkinson said the individual studies came up with numbers of premature deaths prevented or extra years of life added for certain locales.

For example, switching to low-polluting cars in London and Delhi, India, would save 160 lost years of life in London and nearly 1,700 in Delhi for every million residents, one study found. But if people also drove less and walked or biked more, those extra saved years would soar to more than 7, 300 years in London and 12,500 years in Delhi because of less heart disease.

Title: 1.    1    global warming pollution
2	1. It could save millions of lives. 2. Get the    3     benefits of doing something about global warming pollution. 3. It makes the air cleaner, reducing lung    4     for millions of people. 4. It helps less heart disease.
Reasons	1. Relying on fossil fuels causes unhealthy    5    , increasing our chances for getting sick and in some cases takes our lives away in    6    . 2. It causes    7    change.
Ways/ Measures	1. Driving less and    8    and cycling more. 2. Eliminating cook stoves burning dung,    9    and other polluting fuels. 3.    10    to low-polluting cars.