2 . The world has a plastic problem—and it is increasing.    1     But in the meantime, here are five things you can do to reduce plastic waste now.

1.Replace plastic bags. People use a lot of plastic bags worldwide every year.About 10 percent are used in the United States alone. That’s almost one bag per American per day.    2     In 1993, Denmark was the first country to place a tax(税) on plastic bags.Today, other countries either make customers pay for plastic bags or have banned them completely.

2.Skip the straw(吸管)．Today, around 8.3 billion plastic straws pollute the world’s beaches.    3    In 2018, Seattle became the first major U．S.city to ban plastic straws, and many other cities are set to follow its example.

3.Use limited plastic bottles. Buy a reusable bottle and fill it with any type of beverage(饮料)you like.    4    Globally, however, consumers still buy nearly a million plastic bottles every minute.

4.Avoid plastic packaging materials.Don’t buy fruit or vegetables in plastic packaging.In the United Kingdom, leaders are calling for supermarkets to have plastic­free areas.They also want to tax plastic take­out containers.

5.Recycle. We can’t recycle all plastic items, but it is possible to recycle most bottles and milk or juice cartons.Today, Norway recycles 97 percent of its plastic bottle.How?    5    

A．Likewise, the average Dane(丹麦人) uses four plastic bags per day.

B．In contrast, the average Dane uses four single­use bags per year.

C．So when you order a drink, say no to the straw, or bring your own reusable one.

D．However, there are still loads of people ignoring the seriousness of it.

E．Scientists are working to find a long­term solution by making plastic more biodegradable (可降解的)．

F．Some cities, like Bundanoon in Australia and San Francisco in the U．S., have completely or partially banned bottled water.

G．Machines at most supermarkets take the bottles and give a refund (退款) of up to 2.5 kroner (32 cents) per bottle.

4 . 语篇填空

My aim in life is     1     (protect) the environment for future generations. I want to become     2     environmental consultant after graduation. Many people think that pollution cannot     3     (stop) if we want the country to develop. But that is not true. We can cut back on     4     (danger) and dirty waste from factories. Although a factory produces a large quantity of goods, it does not mean that it has to pump a lot of pollution into the environment. I also want to teach people to buy products     5     have been recycled. This is much     6     (good) for the environment, because it means we do not need to cut down many trees.Companies and businesses can still operate,     7     the Earth will not have to suffer.

There is no     8     (debate) that we also have a problem with population. The number of people in the world keeps growing, and we    9     (produce) more rubbish and using up more raw materials. What if they run out? I am confident that if we are all willing     10     (work) together, we can overcome these challenges and keep the Earth clean and healthy.

5 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. restrict       B. down       C. nonrenewable       D. energy-consuming   E. taxing F. reusable     G. elsewhere     H. transport          I. intaking        J. purchase   K. trash-can

Standing in line at the grocery store last week, I watched the woman in front of me buy a tube of toothpaste. As the clerk placed her     1    in a plastic bag, I couldn’t help wondering how long it would take for that bag to end up in the trash. Then I noticed the big purse the woman was carrying and wondered why she had needed a plastic bag at all.

People have come to rely on plastic bags as everything from shopping bags for groceries to     2    bags. Although plastic bags can be recycled, only about one percent of those used in the United States are. Instead, after helping people     3    items from one place to another, most are thrown away. They end up in landfills, where it can take a plastic bag up to a thousand years to decay. Some bags end up     4    in the environment, sticking to trees and fences, blocking rivers and oceans, or floating along city sidewalks.

Plastic bags harm the environment in several ways. First, they break     5     into particles that pollute our soil and water. Because most plastic bags are made of polyethylene, a product derived from crude oil(原油)or natural gas, they waste     6    resources. Plastic bags can also harm animals. Scientists estimate that more than one million sea animals, including whales, seabirds, and turtles, die each year from     7    or becoming stranded in plastic.

People all over the world are starting to recognize the problems associated with plastic bags. Countries such as China, South Africa, Switzerland, and Uganda are taking action and banning the bags. Other nations, including Italy and Ireland, have been trying to     8    the use of plastic bags by     9    them. In the United States more and more communities are ridding themselves of plastic bags. Now more and more people are also purchasing inexpensive,     10    bags and using them whenever they shop. If we all take this simple step, we can be a part of a “green” revolution.

8 . Directions: Write an English composition in at least 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
很多人认为目前我们正在面临“一次性文化”(throw-away culture)的冲击。我们习惯使用各种一次性用品，原因是它们方便、卫生，但是后果也是非常严重的——这些用品会破坏水源、污染土地和空气。假如你是李华，请写一封信给世界自然保护联盟，谈谈你对一次性用品的看法，包括以下内容：
●你是否有使用一次性用品的习惯以及理由;
●具体说明如何面对一次性用品造成的环境问题。
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9 . The national movement to get rid of plastic bags has been gaining steam — with over 240 cities and counties passing laws that ban (明令禁止) or tax them since 2007 in the US. But these bans may be hurting the environment more than helping it.

University of Sydney economist Rebecca Taylor and her colleagues compared cities with the bans with those without them about the use of bags. For six months, they spent weekends in grocery stores recording the types of bags people carried out.

Taylor found these bag bans did what they were supposed to: People in the cities with the bans used fewer plastic bags. But people who used to reuse their shopping bags for other purposes, like picking up dog waste, still needed bags. “What I found was that sales of garbage bags actually grew sharply after plastic grocery bags were banned,” she says.

Garbage bags are thick and use more plastic than typical shopping bags. “About 30 percent of the plastic that was reduced by the ban comes back in the form of thicker garbage bags,” Taylor says. On top of that, cities that banned plastic bags saw a surge in the use of paper bags, which she thinks resulted in about 80 million pounds of extra paper garbage per year.

A bunch of studies find that paper bags are actually worse for the environment. They require cutting down and processing trees, which needs lots of water, toxic chemicals and fuel. While paper is biodegradable and avoids some of the problems of plastic, Taylor says, the huge increase of paper means banning plastic shopping bags increases greenhouse gas emissions.

The Danish government recently did a study that took into consideration environmental impacts beyond simply greenhouse gas emissions, including the use of water, damage to ecosystems and air pollution. These factors make cloth bags even worse. They estimate you would have to use an organic cotton bag 20,000 times more than a plastic grocery bag to make using it better for the environment.

1. What is the result of banning plastic grocery bags?

A．Plastic bags are no longer needed.

B．People begin to reuse their plastic bags.

C．The amount of garbage is even greater.

D．Most of the reduced plastic returns in the form of garbage bags.

2. What does the underlined word “surge” in paragraph 4 mean?

A．Sharp increase.

B．Slow development.

C．Tight control.

D．Sharp decrease.

3. Why are paper and cloth bags worse for the environment?

A．They are much thicker than plastic bags.

B．They are not as biodegradable as plastic bags.

C．They can’t be reused as many times as plastic bags.

D．They need more natural resources and hurt the environment more than plastic bags.

4. What is the main idea of the passage?

A．Banning plastic may do more harm than good.

B．Banning plastic has great influence on people’s life.

C．Banning plastic increases the use of paper and cloth bags.

D．Banning plastic bags is gaining popularity worldwide.

10 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Light pollution     1    (define) by the Lighting Research Center as the adverse consequence of outdoor lighting such as street lights. Too much man-made light at night disturbs     2    (nature) cycles, and also prevents the     3     (observe) of stars and planets at night. But its effects     4     the environment go beyond that.

By     5     (study) some trees, researchers found out that trees that were more     6     (expose) to artificial lighting at night budded (发芽) up to 7.5 days earlier than those at the normal night-time setting. And they found out that light had a more significant effect than temperatures     7     the buds came out. The early budding may cause problems for insects, which feed on     8     (leaf), and the birds which feed on them in turn.   

Migratory birds (候鸟) are also     9    (negative) affected by light pollution. The glare might confuse them and make them lose     10     (they) flying sense. The phenomenon might explain why some birds accidentally knock on buildings.