4 . Light pollution is a significant but overlooked driver of the rapid decline of insect populations, according to the most comprehensive review of the scientific evidence to date.

Artificial light at night can affect every aspect of insects' lives, the researchers said. "We strongly believe artificial light at night — in combination with habitat loss, chemical pollution, invasive species, and climate change — is driving insect declines,” the scientists concluded after assessing more than 150 studies.

Insect population collapses have been reported around the world, and the first global scientific review published in February, said widespread declines threatened to cause a "catastrophic collapse of nature's ecosystems".

There are thought to be millions of insect species, most still unknown to science, and about half are active at night. Those active in the day may also be disturbed by light at night when they are at rest.

The most familiar impact of light pollution is moths (飞蛾) flapping around a bulb, mistaking it for the moon. Some insects use the polarisation of light to find the water they need to breed, as light waves line up after reflecting from a smooth surface. But artificial light can scupper (使泡汤) this. Insects are important prey (猎物) for many species, but light pollution can tip the balance in favour of the predator if it traps insects around lights. Such increases in predation risk were likely to cause the rapid extinction of affected species, the researchers said.

The researchers said most human-caused threats to insects have analogues in nature, such as climate change and invasive species. But light pollution is particularly hard for insects to deal with.

However, unlike other drivers of decline, light pollution is relatively easy to prevent. Simply turning off lights that are not needed is the most obvious action, he said, while making lights motion-activated also cuts light pollution. Shading lights so only the area needed is lit up is important. It is the same with avoiding blue-white lights, which interfere with daily rhythms. LED lights also offer hope as they can be easily tuned to avoid harmful colours and flicker rates.

A new bill has been     1     (official） passed in the Philippines that requires students to plant 10 trees each before graduation. According to the details     2     (outline) in the bill, the rule applies to all students who are to graduate from primary school, high school, and college. Trees can be planted in     3     forests, reserves, urban areas, abandoned mining sites, or in communities.

Over the past decades, the Philippines     4    （lose） more than 30% of its forest cover due to     5    (legal) logging （伐木），but the new bill means that the younger generation can help to address the problem. Under the new rule, 175 million new trees could be planted by students each year. If only 10% of them survive,     6     means that 525 billion trees can grow up over the course of one generation.

In fact, this isn't the only positive rule     7    concerns the younger generation. One school in India made its students     8    (pay) their school fees by collecting, bringing to school, and recycling plastic waste that was lying     9     the town. This helped raise     10     （aware） of plastic waste in Asian countries. It also allowed more students to seek education and even helped the students to earn some money so they wouldn't have to rely on child labour for a living.

PM stands for particulate (微粒的)matter: the term for a mixture of solid particles(粒子) and liquid droplets in the air. Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen by our eyes. Others are so small that they can only     1     (discover) with a microscope.

These particles come in many sizes and     2     (shape) and can be made up of many different chemicals. Some come directly from a source, such as fields or fires. Most particles form     3    the atmosphere as a result of complex reactions of chemicals,     4     are pollutants from power plants, industries and automobiles.

Particulate matter     5    (contain) microscopic particles that are so small that they can be breathed in and make one     6     (serious) ill. Some particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter can get deep into your lungs     7     some may even get into your bloodstream. Of these, particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, also known as PM2.5, create the     8     (great) risk to health.

Fortunately, every day the Air Quality Index (AQI) tells you how clean or     9     (pollute) your outdoor air is, along with associated health effects that may be of concern. The AQI translates air quality data into numbers and colors that help you understand when     10     (take) action to protect your health.

Mountain climbers around the world dream     1     going up Qomolangma, the highest mountain in the world.     2     many people who have climbed the mountain have left waste material that is harming the environment.

A team of Americans is planning the largest clean-up effort ever on Qomolangma. They will make the     3    (risk) trip of all time up the mountain next month.

The team of eight Americans     4    (guide) by more than twenty Sherpas of Nepal (尼泊尔夏尔巴人). Their goal is     5    (remove) all the rubbish they see. They will spend two months cleaning up the mountain by gathering all kinds of rubbish, among     6     disposable products are a major concern. So the clean-up team will take along     7    (new) developed equipment to collect and treat disposable products. They are expected to remove at least three     8    (ton) of rubbish in large bags.

Team leader Robert Hoffman is making his     9    (four) trip up the mountain. He says he hopes to bring Qomolangma to the condition it was in before the first climb     10    (complete) successfully fifty years ago.

9 . Last night’s meteor(流星) shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers. According to Gabe Rothsclild, Emerald Valley’s mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the city’s lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.

“My family was so frustrated,” admitted town resident Duane Cosby, “We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”

Astronomers—scientists who study stars and planets—have been complaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.

There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association. “100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.”

Countless more animals casualties result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase person’s chances of getting cancer.

Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of high pollution. For years, Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.

10 . Angela never liked seeing plastic waste washed up on the shore near her home. She had been_______ to call on her community to clean it up, to change the _______, so she tried to set up an organization called Washed Ashore: Art to Save the Sea. Her_______ proved quite a success.

Here's how it _______.Volunteers help clean up 300 miles of shoreline. Then, _______ only plastics from the beach cleanup, Angela and many other volunteers create sculptures of sea _______·She explains, "I mean to create sculptures that make people take a look and _______: 'How can there be this much waste on the beach?' _______ these sculptures will make people consider what they have _______ in their daily life and realize how so much plastic ends up in the oceans." So far, about 10,000 ________volunteers have collected 21 tons of waste and helped create more than 70 works of art. Four traveling ________ have demonstrated the art works in 18 places of the country. One of the sculptures, Turtle Ocean, received a ________ honor. It was admitted into the National Museum.

The Washed Ashore team is now working on sculpture of a dolphin, with ________ for more sculptures.“Until we ________ plastic on the beach, the work will continue. These sculptures are a(n)________for clean oceans. ” Angela says seriously.