1 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Do you know zero waste lifestyle? It     1     (establish) by Bea Johnson. She was born in France and moved to California later. Her family used to live the traditional United States lifestyle, with a big house,     2     (fill) refrigerators, and a huge amount of trash each week. Bea Johnson soon realized the fact that there are too many things in our lives that are not the things we need. They finally become garbage and pollute the environment as well.

Bea Johnson was brave enough to take     3     (step) to change this. Since 2008, Bea     4     (manage) to change her family’s life by reducing their waste to a jar of trash every year. This may sound unbelievable,     5     Bea has made it happen.

As the founder of zero waste lifestyle, Bea Johnson started a     6     (globe) movement and continues to inspire the community with her blog. The zero waste lifestyle that Bea pioneered (开创) is worth     7     (try).

Whatever opinions you have     8     the environment, perhaps you will be interested to learn about these changes, which will increase your     9     (happy) without doubt. From now on, follow Bea Johnson’s example and change your former lifestyle. Let’s live the zero waste life together. It is just everyone’s small action     10     makes a great difference to the world.

3 . 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。

Single-use plastic bags are used at most a few times before they     1     (throw) away. It takes them hundreds of years     2     (break) down. Many of these bags end up in the ocean where larger ones can trap sea creatures, such as turtles and dolphins. Over time, the bags fall apart into countless tiny pieces, and fish can     3     (accidental) eat some of them. Now, lots of     4     (country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to stop people using them.

5 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Climate change has caused a rise in sea levels. This has increased the amount of salt in fresh water     1    (use )on coastal farms. As a result, farmers are     2     (gradual) unable to use fields close to the sea.

However, Mare Van Rijsselberghe, a farmer in the Netherlands is now using a     3    (mix)of sea and fresh water     4    (grow)healthy and tasty vegetables.

He teamed up with scientists from the Free University of Amsterdam and divided a farm     5     eight irrigated areas. Separate pipes pumped fresh and sea water, and     6     computer program created water with eight levels of salinity(含盐度).

The water levels and the levels of salinity were controlled by computerised measuring devices called “sensors”. Mr. Van Rijsselberghe said he was able to harvest vegetables from most of the eight test areas. He said the vegetables were smaller than     7     grown in fresh water. But he said they also had more sugar and salt, so they tasted much     8    (good).

He found that potatoes grew better than the other vegetables in the combination of sea and fresh water. Mr. Van Rijsselberghe said four kinds of these potatoes would be sent to Pakistan     9     thousands of hectares of land     10    (damage) by salinization(盐化作用)last year.

6 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（不多于1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix?

In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It was unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. The river was so    1    (pollute) that it actually caught fire and burned. Now years later, this river is one of the most outstanding    2    (example) of environmental cleanup.

But the river wasn’t changed in a few days     3     even a few months. It took years of work     4    (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. Finally, that hard work     5    (pay) off and now the water in the river is cleaner than ever.

Maybe you are faced     6     an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit     7     is driving your family crazy. Possibly you drink too much or don’t know how to control your credit card use. When you face such an     8    (likely) situation, don’t you want a quick fix and something to change immediately?

While there are     9    (amazing) interesting stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just have    10    (patient).

7 . Breathing dirty air can cost someone’s lifespan (寿命) months—even years, a new study finds. Worldwide, air pollution lowers average lifespans by a year. Scientists shared their new findings in Environmental Science & Technology Letters.

Air pollution (污染) has been linked to many health problems. Most earlier studies have looked at how tiny air pollutants affected rates of illness or death. But now an environmental scientist, Joshua Apte, is going even further. He works at the University of Texas, Austin. He together with his team is looking at life expectancy, hoping to make the threat easier to understand.

PM 2.5 is what scientists call tiny particles of pollution in the air. Higher levels of PM2.5 can cause health problems and cut months, if not years, from the average lifespan. This analysis shows pollution affects life expectancy in different parts of the world.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends limiting PM 2.5 to 10 micrograms (微克) per cubic (立方) meter of air. Apte’s group used data to try to find how this low level would help people. But meeting the WHO standard won’t get rid of health damage from dirty air. That’s because even below 10 micrograms per cubic meter pollution still causes huge risks.

Reducing air pollution could increase life expectancy. The scientists also compared how other threats shorten life spans across the globe. These risk factors included smoking and cancer.

These results show that in poor countries, cleaning up dirty air could greatly increase lifespans. It could have as big an effect as cleaning up drinking water, or curing lung cancer. However, in wealthier countries air pollution shortens life expectancy by less than half a year. All forms of cancer, in fact, shorten the average life expectancy by more than 3.5 years. “Knowing this can really help people or policymakers, decide where to spend their money.” says Kirk Smith.

1. Why is Joshua Apte’s team carrying out the study?

A．Know how small air pollutants are.

B．Study many different healthy problems.

C．Study the life expectancy of different people.

D．Let people understand air pollution better.

2. What will happen if one country limits PM 2.5 to 10 micrograms per cube meter?

A．Its air is very clean.

B．It will get a prize from WHO.

C．It still has pollution risks.

D．Its people will live a healthy life.

3. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A．The study will help different countries or people take different policies.

B．Lung cancer is the leading killer in all kinds of cancers.

C．Reducing air pollution can increase all people’s lifespans much.

D．It’s very hard to clean up dirty air in a short time.

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A．Many Factors are Affecting People’s Health

B．Air Pollution is Shortening Lives Worldwide

C．Governments are Trying to Make Lifespan Long

D．The Effect of Cancer is Worse than Dirty Air

8 . Orbital structures are becoming increasingly important for worldwide communications and a new generation of technologies. But scientists are warning that the danger of space debris (碎片) is rapidly increasing. Space debris can include pieces of old rockets, non-operational satellites, lost tools and other items. They are threatening spaceships, satellites and space stations.

In an effort to reduce the amount of debris orbiting the Earth, a group of economists at the University of Colorado at Boulder proposed a yearly fee, or tax, on satellite operators for their use of an orbital path. The group’s study on the subject appeared recently in the publication Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Matthew Smith helped write the study. He said in a statement: “Space is a common resource, but companies aren’t responsible for the cost their satellites impose (迫使) on other operators when they decide whether or not to launch. So we need a policy that lets satellite operators directly cover the costs their launches impose on other operators.”

Akhil Liotta was the lead writer of the study. He said most of the proposed solutions to the problem have been based on using technology to clear away the debris. But, Smith said, removing debris only means that operators will launch more satellites, and an international agreement calling for a yearly fee or tax would push companies to be more mindful about launching further objects into space.

Christopher Burgess, a professor of space law at Northumbria University in Britain, said that imposing a space tax could be tricky. He noted that such a cost could be seen as a restriction on the free use of space, and the effort to place a fee on the use of space could easily be slowed by the many details involved.

1. According to the text, what concerns the scientists at present?

A．The high cost of cleaning up space.	B．The increasing risk of space debris.
C．The safety of communication systems.	D．The practical effects of new technologies.

2. What did some economists suggest to solve the problem mentioned in the text?

A．Strengthening control over space stations.

B．Allowing companies to use space for free.

C．Charging satellite operators orbital use.

D．Using advanced devices to collect space debris.

3. Why does Christopher Burgess think the economists’ idea could be tricky?

A．It would lead to an argument.	B．It would eventually be rejected.
C．It is impossible to carry it out.	D．It is hard to put it into practice.

9 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式.

As one of the most well-known tourist     1     (attraction) in China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the beautiful Li River was polluted. Water in the river suffered greatly as tourists     2     (throw) rubbish into the river. Besides, people on the boats poured the oil from the kitchens into the water. Also chemicals used to increase crop production resulted     3     poor water quality, causing a decrease in the number of fish species.     4     (lucky), local officials were concerned about the issue and began to take steps     5     (address) it. By     6     (construct) waste water treatment facilities and closing or moving polluting enterprises,     7     water quality was improved. Not only were new rules introduced to preserve the river,     8     the local authorities also used the media to spread environmental     9     (aware) and encourage greater use of clean energy. With these measures, China’s waterways are heading towards a clean and     10     (sustain) future.

10 . Indonesia

What Indonesians commonly do is put their trash in their personal garbage area which is usually located at the front of their houses, right at the side of the street. Put trash there, and the garbage collectors with their big garbage trucks will pick it up.

Germany

The country has a quite detailed way of sorting its wast — down to the color of the glass waste and the type of paper that can be put inside the garbage bin. Some common public garbage bins are available in the German apartment/housing area：

1. Blue bin — for paper and cardboard. Greasy(油腻的) pizza box goes to the gray bin! 2. Green and white bin — for glass, different bins for different glass colors! 3. Yellow/orange bin — for plastic and metals. 4. Brown bin — for biodegradable goods. 5. Gray/black bin — everything else that can’t be recycled such as used diaper, animal waste and ashes.

Some items don’t belong in your housing area’s public garbage bins. Items like used batteries, electronics, unused paints, and light bulbs must be returned to special locations so they can be recycled. Other items such as clothes, oversized trash and furniture are advised to be sold or donated.

South Korea

Here are the types of garbage bin provided in South Korea：

Food Waste, anything that could be eaten by animals Recyclable Waste Oversized Waste, mostly electronics and furniture General Waste, anything that doesn’t belong to the other types.

Because the food waste bin is reserved for anything that can be eaten by animals, eggshells, crustacean shells and bones are fairly forbidden from it. You have to separate the bones from your meat waste, put the meat waste in the food waste bin and put the rest of the bones in the general waste bin.

1. How do Indonesians usually deal with their trash?

A．By paying someone to throw it.

B．By throwing it into a public garbage bin.

C．By wrapping it in a plastic bag and throw it away anywhere.

D．By putting it in an appointed place to be collected.

2. What will Germans do if they don’t need furniture any more?

A．Donate it to others.	B．Put it in the blue bin.
C．Return it to special locations.	D．put it outside the room.

3. What kind of waste will be put into the general waste bin in South Korea?

A．Cardboard.

B．Chicken sandwiches.

C．Crustacean shells

D．Second-hand furniture.