Several studies in recent years have suggested that ride-sharing services like Uber can
The new study,
Overall, the researchers reported that ride-sharing trips now result in an estimate 69% more climate pollution on average than the
One of the big reasons they give for this result is that usually ride-sharing vehicles
The study urges services like Uber
2 . Proper questioning has become a lost art. The curious four-year-old asks a lot of questions-incessant streams of “Why?” and “Why not?“ might sound familiar-but as we grow older, our questioning decreases. In a recent survey of more than 200 of our clients, we found that those with children estimated that 70-80% of their kids’ dialogues with others were comprised of questions. But those same clients said that only 15-25% of their own interactions consisted of questions. Why the drop of?
Think back to your time growing up and in school. Chances are you received the most recognition or reward when you got the correct answers. Later in life, that motivator continues. At work, we often reward those who answer questions, not those who ask them. Questioning conventional wisdom can even lead to being distanced, or considered a threat.
Because expectations for decision-making have gone from ”get it done soon“ to ”get it done now“ to ”it should have been done yesterday, “ we tend to jump to conclusions instead of asking more questions. And the unfortunate side effect of not asking enough questions is poor decision-making. That’s why it’s vital that we slow down and take the time to ask more and better questions. At best, we’ll arrive at better conclusions. At worst we’ll avoid a lot of rework later on.
Aside from not speaking up enough, many professionals don’t think about how different types of questions can lead to different outcomes. We should lead a conversation by asking the right kinds of questions, based on the problem we’re trying to solve. In some cases, we’ll want to expand our view of the problem rather than keeping it narrowly focused. In others, we may want to challenge basic assumptions or confirm our understanding in order to feel more confident in our conclusions. Therefore, asking the right kinds of questions is what counts in achieving a goal.
1. What does the underlined word ”incessant“ in paragraph 1 most probably mean?A.Constant. | B.Random. | C.Noisy. | D.Innocent. |
A.One poses a threat to the company if they ask questions. |
B.Those who ask questions don’t necessarily get positive feedback. |
C.One doesn’t have as many opportunities as they did in childhood. |
D.Those who question popular beliefs don’t have interpersonal skills. |
A.Redoing is unavoidable despite thoughtful questions. |
B.Better questions can surely result in desirable outcomes. |
C.Some people think it can’t be too fast to make a decision. |
D.We’ll make reasonable decisions as long as we ask questions. |
A.Proper questions that should be raised. |
B.Important goals that we are to achieve. |
C.Right kinds of answers to the questions. |
D.The reasons for the loss of questioning art. |
要求:
语言准确,行文连贯,层次清晰,书写规范,词数60~80。
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4 . When children do something wrong, parents expect an apology (道歉). Children often try to read their parents’ mind or butter up (奉承) their parents by saying, “I’m sorry.” Even though they did not do anything wrong, they will act in that way because they are scared to make their parents angry. Children always look timid (胆小的) because they have been anxious or nervous about being punished by parents.
When parents force them to apologize, they will lose the opportunity to think by themselves why they should apologize or what was wrong. So, how can we make them understand properly what was wrong?
If parents never give children a chance and say something like, “That’ s not good” or “Say you’re sorry”, children cannot learn to reflect their behavior. So, the first thing that parents should do is listening to their children, asking questions such as what happened, why they did it. Once children have their parents’ attention and feel at ease, they can easily accept their parents’ words.
Children do not have enough skills to tell good or bad things, therefore, it is necessary for parents to teach them what was wrong. When parents explain what was wrong to children, short and simple words should be used as much as possible. Moreover, it would be more effective to tell children what kind of behavior makes parents feel a certain way. For example, it would be good to express mom’s feelings with something like “When you hit me, mommy will get hurt.” “When you call me stupid, I feel sad.”
In this way, children can understand that they hurt mom or they make her sad, therefore, they will become able to apologize naturally. That would be more understandable for children why their behavior was wrong than being scolded by parents something like “Hitting is not good!” “You cannot say stupid to someone else.”
Many people believe that children are too young to understand what parents say, however, children actually can understand parents’ feelings if parents use simple words and speak calmly. Parents should avoid speaking one-sidedly and always try to listen to children. Talking to each other would be the best way.
1. Why do children apologize when they don’t want to?A.To please their parents. |
B.To act like their parents. |
C.To show their politeness. |
D.To show regrets for their mistakes. |
A.Kindness. | B.Patience. | C.Seriousness. | D.Timeliness. |
A.Speak briefly and clearly. |
B.Show what other children do. |
C.Punish their wrong behaviors. |
D.Do the same thing to children. |
A.Leaving them alone. |
B.Giving them a lesson. |
C.Communicating with each other. |
D.Letting children listen to parents. |
5 . Be a Good Tourist
Tourism can be both good and bad. Yes, it brings in money for the local economy and creates lots of jobs for locals, but it may also bring some problems.
Another big problem in some places has been tourists disturbing (打扰) the local people and life.
The number of problems from tourists is endless. The only way to solve the problem of the terrible tourist is to make sure that you are not one!
A.Be the best, kindest, most polite tourist possible. |
B.I have three words for people like this: please stop it. |
C.Another example is Sanlitun, a neighbourhood in Beijing, China. |
D.Walk in large groups without considering others who need to walk by. |
E.Thousands of tourist sites are being destroyed by tourists who “love them to death”. |
F.One growing problem is tourists who want to prove that they have visited a destination. |
G.Some tourists wander around and take pictures of local people without their permission. |
6 . Heritage sites of outstanding and universal value located along the African coast are at threat of rising sea levels, and increased climate change adaptation is urgently needed for the protection of the heritage sites, according to research.
The research, published last week by the University of Cape Town’s African Climate and Development Initiative, indicated that more heritage areas are exposed to flooding compared with erosion. Findings showed that 56 of 284 identified African heritage sites are at risk of a 100-year coastal extreme event. Furthermore, the researchers project the number of exposed sites to more than triple by 2050.
Michalis Vousdoukas, scientific officer at the European Commission and lead author of the report, said the Loss of forts and castles along the coast would have strong consequences not only for the people living in their neighborhood, but also the international community. He said many of the sites are deeply connected with peoples’ identity and tradition, and they are essential for social well-being, safe-guarding traditional knowledge and livelihoods.
The research findings highlight the urgent need for increased climate change adaptation for heritage sites in Africa, including governance and management approaches, site-specific vulnerability assessments, exposure monitoring and protection strategies. The findings also indicated that reducing greenhouse gas emissions would result in a 21 percent reduction of the median exposed area, as well as 25 percent fewer sites that would be highly exposed by the end of the century.
The National Museums of Kenya, a state corporation that manages cultural and natural heritage, is working with communities to conserve sites that are threatened by coastal flooding and erosion. Fatma Twahir, the chief curator (负责人) of heritage site Fort Jesus in Kenya’s coastal Mombasa city, told Kenya News Agency that the National Museums of Kenya has partnered with the cultural protection fund to train curators and communities living near the heritage sites to keep them safe.
1. What does the underlined word “event” refer to in the context?A.the natural disaster | B.the loss of forts and castles |
C.the international support | D.the environment adaptation measures |
A.Those forts and castles are of great economic value in terms of tourism. |
B.The loss of those sites would conceal the identity of the people living nearby. |
C.If the sites got damaged, the whole world would be influenced as well as the local. |
D.The protection of those sites is necessary for the safety of the whole continent. |
A.Monitoring all the heritage sites. |
B.Reducing greenhouse gas emissions. |
C.Assessing the short-term climate change. |
D.Developing new methods of governing their countries. |
7 . Taking a trip to the grocery store with an empty belly is a risky business, as anyone who ever went to the market on an empty stomach and exited with a cart (手推车) full of chips and cookies can prove. We wonder how our brain works when making bigger decisions. A study conducted by researchers from the University of Dundee shows why we may want to have a small bite before making a big decision.
Benjamin Vincent from the University of Dundee’s Psychology department and his co-author Jordan Skyrnka tested 50 people two times: once when they followed their normal eating patterns and once when they did not eat anything during the day. Using three different types of rewards (food, money, and song downloads), the team discovered that when people were hungry they would choose a smaller reward immediately rather than a larger one in the future. In fact, the team noted that when presented with the option of receiving the reward now versus (与……相对) double the award at some point in the future, participants would usually volunteer to wait for 35 days to earn a double bonus, but when they were hungry, they said they would only wait three days.
“We wanted to know whether being in a state of hunger had a specific effect on how you make decisions only relating to food or if it had broader effects, and this research suggests decision-making gets more present-focused when people are hungry,” Vincent said in a story about the study on the university’s website.
In an earlier study of the subject by a team at Cambridge University in England, the researchers noted that serotonin (血清素) plays an important role in the decision-making process. “Since the raw material for making serotonin — an amino acid (氨基酸) called tryptophan — only comes from diet, levels of the chemical decline between meals,” reports a piece in the Telegraph about the study. “This can lead to decision-making resistance and thoughtlessness,” say the team. “Some foods are particularly rich in the amino acid, notably chicken soup and chocolate. Red meat, dairy products, nuts, seeds, bananas, tuna, shellfish, and soy products are also good sources.” Consequently, being in a state of hunger can throw your decision-making off balance. It’s best to grab a snack and refuel before making any important choice.
1. What could a hungry customer do at a grocery store?A.Purchase too many snacks. | B.Eat more food than usual. |
C.Wander longer than before. | D.Buy many small necessities. |
A.Hunger may have no effect on decision-making. |
B.Hunger may cause people to choose an instant prize. |
C.Hungry people prefer future rewards to present ones. |
D.Hungry people are more patient than non-hungry people. |
A.Positive influences. | B.Negative results. |
C.Energetic behaviors. | D.Favorable responses. |
A.How to make a diet plan before a dinner | B.Where to pick up food when shopping |
C.Why not choose snacks when in hunger | D.What to eat before making a big decision |
1. How does the man react to his daughter’s smoking?
A.He does his best to stop her smoking. |
B.He doesn’t care about it at all. |
C.He doesn’t know what to do. |
A.To be in good shape. |
B.To become a model or an actress. |
C.To ask for more attention from her parents. |
A.Smoking advertisements should be banned. |
B.Disciplines related to smoking should be established. |
C.Teenagers should refuse to see the movies about smoking. |
9 . The time a person spends on different smartphone apps is enough to identify them from a larger group in more than one in three cases, say researchers.
Researchers analyzed smartphone data from 780 people. They fed 4,680 days of app usage data into statistical models. Each of these days was paired with one of the 780 users so that the models learned people’s daily app use patterns.
The researchers then tested whether models could identify an individual when provided with only a single day of smartphone activity that was anonymous (匿名的). The models, which were trained on only six days of app usage data per person, could identify the correct person from a day of anonymous data one third of the time.
That might not sound like much, but when the models predict who the data belonged to, it could also provide a list of the most to the least likely candidates. It was possible to view the top 10 most likely individuals that a specific day of data belonged to. Around 75% of the time, the correct user would be among the top 10 most likely individuals.
In practical terms, a law enforcement (执法机构) investigation seeking to identify a criminal’s new phone with these models could reduce a candidate pool of approximately 1,000 phones to 10 phones, with a 25% risk of missing them.
Consequently, the researchers warn that software given access to a smartphone’s standard activity logging could make a reasonable prediction about a user’s identity even when they were logged-out of their account. An identification is possible without monitoring conversations or behaviors within apps themselves.
Therefore, it is important to acknowledge that app usage data alone, which is often collected by a smartphone automatically, can potentially reveal a person’s identity. While providing new opportunities for law enforcement, it also poses risks to privacy if this type of data is misused.
1. What is the purpose of the passage?A.To explain an development. |
B.To present a research finding. |
C.To show a research process. |
D.To confirm an assumption. |
A.By recording app use time. |
B.By comparing different apps. |
C.By studying app usage data. |
D.By changing app use patterns. |
A.Locating criminals. |
B.Tracking usage of apps. |
C.Predicting trends of apps. |
D.Recognizing phone users. |
A.Supportive | B.Cautious. | C.Doubtful. | D.Uninterested. |
10 . Years ago it was popular to speak of a generation gap, a disagreement between young people and their elders. Parents said that children did not show them proper respect and obedience (服从), while children complained that their parents did not understand them at all. What had gone wrong? Why had the generation gap suddenly appeared? Actually the generation gap has been around for a long time. Many people argue that a gap is built into the fabric (结构) of our society.
One important cause of the generation gap is the chance that young people have to choose their own ways of life. In more traditional societies, when children grow up, they are expected to live in the same area as their parents, to marry people that their parents know and agree to, and to continue the family occupation. In our society, young people often travel great distances for their education, move out of the family home at an early age, marry or live with people whom their parents have never met, and choose occupations different from those of their parents.
In our easily changing society, parents often expect their children to do better than they did:to find better jobs, to make more money, and to do all the things that they were unable to do. Often, however, the strong wish that parents have for their children is another cause of the disagreement between them. Often, they discover that they have very little in common with each other.
Finally, the speed at which changes take place in our society is another cause of the gap between the generations. In a traditional culture, elderly people are valued for their wisdom, but in our society the knowledge of a lifetime may become out of date overnight. The young and the old seem to live in two very different worlds, separated by different skills and abilities. No doubt, the generation gap will continue to be a feature for some time to come. Its causes are rooted in the freedom and changes of our society, and in the rapid speed at which society changes.
1. What is the text mainly about?A.The concept of generation gap. | B.The reasons for generation gap. |
C.Ways to reduce generation gap. | D.Attitudes towards generation gap. |
A.They depend on their parents to make a life. |
B.They live with their parents in the same area. |
C.They ask their parents for the best advice. |
D.They have very little in common with their parents. |
A.Parents should be strict with their children. |
B.The generation gap is partly caused by the older generation. |
C.Parents couldn’t do things well themselves. |
D.The young never want to satisfy their parents. |
A.Parents are not strict enough with their children. |
B.The young value the old too much for their wisdom. |
C.Young people don’t have the knowledge of a lifetime. |
D.The society develops too fast. |