1 . 假设你是育才中学学生李华，针对学校有学生不珍惜粮食的情况，给你校英文报投稿，倡议大家节约粮食。要点包括；
1.为何不要浪费粮食；
2.你觉得可行的一些措施；
3.号召同学们节约粮食。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可适当增加细节以使行文连贯；
Dear fellow students,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

2 . Since apps like Uber and Lyft came on the scene, ridesharing services have dramatically changed the way people get around. A new study out of Columbia University reveals a downside of these services. It turns out that ridesharing trips cause an increase in the number of accidents involving motorists and pedestrians at pick-up and drop-off locations.

Previous studies on the relationship between ridesharing services and vehicle crashes compare cities where ridesharing services are available with cities where they are not, and this makes results somewhat ambiguous. In this study researchers analyze individual trips to make the picture a little clearer.

Researchers analyzed data from 372 million ridesharing trips in New York City between 2017 and 2018. Whenever a crash occurred in the city, they calculated the number of ridesharing trips that began or ended in the area at the time of the accident. They compared this with the number of trips that took place in the same location one week before and one week after the crash. Researchers did the same calculations for regular taxi rides as part of their analyses. Also, separate analyses were performed based on the type of people injured in the crash: pedestrians, motorists or cyclists.

The results of the analyses show that the rise in ridesharing trips is associated with an increase in the number of accidents involving pedestrians and motorists, but not cyclists. Furthermore, they did not find this same association between taxi trips and accidents.

“Ridesharing is changing the way we move around cities.” says first author Christopher Morrison. “It is becoming clear that the technology reduces alcohol-related crashes, but these benefits do not seem to extend to the overall number of crashes. These findings help explain why that might be---- because the reductions in alcohol-related crashes are offset (抵消) by increases in other types of crashes.”

Researchers hope that cities and ridesharing services will use the results of this study to take measures that might reduce the number of crashes. “In crowded areas with large numbers of rideshare pick-ups and drop-offs, cities could consider building taxi-rank style infrastructure (基础设施) to protect pedestrians and prevent crashes, ”concludes Morrison.

1. What do we know about previous studies on ridesharing services?

A．Their analysis is hardly reliable.

B．Their findings are rather ridiculous.

C．Their research method is out-of-date.

D．Their research sample is not wide enough.

2. What does the survey tell us?

A．The increase in ridesharing trips can lead to an increase in accidents between cyclists and pedestrians.

B．When there is a high number of ridesharing trips, there is usually an increase in the number of accidents.

C．Ridesharing is changing the way we move around cities.

D．Cyclists are always safe.

3. What fact does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 5 refer to?

A．Ridesharing reduces alcohol-related crashes.

B．Ridesharing doesn’t increase accidents involving cyclists.

C．Various types of crashes increase with ridesharing services.

D．Overall crashes don’t decrease along with alcohol-related crashes.

4. What does Morrison suggest in the last paragraph?

A．Improving infrastructure to expand taxi services.

B．Banning ridesharing services in crowded places.

C．Constructing some stops for ridesharing vehicles.

D．Reducing the number of pick-ups and drop-offs.

3 . After the season for giving, it is the one for throwing away. Each year in late December and early January a massive amount of plastic packaging is discarded (丢弃) worldwide. In Britain alone households generate 30% more waste, an extra 3m tonnes, in the month over Christmas. Most is destined for landfill. Lithuania will do less damage than many, though. The country now recycles at a record level. Almost three- quarters (74%) of plastic packaging waste was recycled there in 2017, the highest proportion in Europe.

Much of Lithuania' s success is due to a deposit refund scheme (方案). Customers pay €0.10 extra when buying drinks containers. After use, these can be fed into reverse vending machines (反向自动售货机) installed in shops, which spit the deposit back out. The machines’ contents are sent directly to recycling centers. By the end of 2017, 92% of all bottles and cans sold in Lithuania were being returned. The overall plastic packaging recycling rate increased by almost 20%.

The Lithuanian government says the scheme has fueled a potential love for recycling in its citizens. Nearly 90% of Lithuanians have used the machines at least once. However, Lithuanians do not generally describe themselves as eco-fighters. A 2017 survey by the European Commission found they were less likely than most other Europeans to regard environmental issues as “very important”.

The eagerness of Lithuanian recyclers may stem not from a love of the Earth but from a low net worth(资本净值). A tenth of the population live on less than €245 a month. In big cities it is common to see people scooping recyclable items out of bins to take to the machines.

Less litter and money for people who need it seems like a win-win. But it might not in fact be best for the environment in the long run. In Germany ----where a similar, widely used refund deposit scheme has been in place since 2003 --- the earnings from keeping the deposits from unreturned bottles seem to have discouraged producers from switching to more sustainable packaging.

1. What might most Lithuanian customers do under the deposit refund scheme?

A．They send their drinks containers directly to recycling centers.

B．They spend more on drinks than other European customers.

C．They return their used drinks containers.

D．They use vending machines to buy drinks.

2. What did the 2017 survey find out?

A．Lithuania beat many countries in plastic recycling.

B．Lithuanians were less aware of environmental conservation.

C．Lithuanians made much money from recycling.

D．Lithuania had an unequal income distribution.

3. What is the author’s attitude to the deposit refund scheme?

A．Positive.	B．Unfavorable.
C．Ambiguous.	D．Uninterested.

4. What does the text mainly focus on?

A．How and why Lithuanians recycle their trash.

B．How waste turns into treasure in Lithuania

C．Who are recycling plastic bottles in Lithuania

D．Where Lithuanians throw away their plastic packaging

4 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

A pair of researchers found that when you appeal to wealthy people for donations, it will offer them a sense of control.

The study consisted of writing and then sending letters to 12,000 Ivy League alumni who earn at least $100,000       1     (annual). The researchers wrote two versions of their letter, both of       2     were asking for a donation to help with community       3     (activity). But the words were different. One letter    4    (write) in such a way as to give the reader a feeling of control ---- “Sometimes, one person needs to come forward and take individual action.” The other was in a more general sense --- “Sometimes, a community needs to come forward to support a common goal.”

The researchers then compared how much individuals donated. They found that those who had received the letters       5    (give) them more control were more generous --- they gave on average $432. Those       6    (send) the more general letter to, on       7    other hand, gave on average just $270. The difference came to an average of 1.5 times as much.

The researchers suggested that the difference simply consisted in giving prospective donors(预期捐赠者) a feeling of more control over       8     the donated money would be spent. They further suggested their findings indicated that in the future, those who will conduct charity events might need organizers       9    (offer) some degree of control to prospective donors. They might find they would get more     10     return.

5 . Could bike share programs lead to greater cycling safety?

In April 2015, Philadelphia introduced a bike share program. By 2019, there were more than 1,300 bikes and 400 pedal-assisted electric bicycles available. People used them for about 50,000 trips a month.

Before the introduction of the bike share program, the rate of bicycle-car accidents had been gradually increasing. By May 2015, the month after the introduction of the program, the rate was twice that of January 2010.

But the researchers, writing in the American Journal of Public Health, found that from that time through the end of 2018, the rate decreased by an average of 13 percent a year, despite the increases over those years in the number of bicycles on city streets, and even though Philadelphia made no major basic construction changes, like adding many protected bike lanes (自行车道).

The lead author, Ghassan B. Hamra, an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, said it appeared that there is safety in numbers: the more bikes on the road, the more car drivers adapt to their presence, and the safer cyclists may be.

“We all know that bike riding is a healthy activity, physically and mentally,” he said, “but there might be concerns that if you introduce a bike share program there will be negative consequences. We saw no evidence of that in Philadelphia.”

1. What has happened to the number of bicycle-car accidents with the introduction of the bike share program?

A．It has increased.	B．It has reduced.
C．It remains the same.	D．It is unknown.

2. What is the result of more bikes on the road?

A．Many protected bike lanes have been added.

B．Car drivers are more used to their presence.

C．More people take up bike riding as a healthy activity.

D．Negative consequences have appeared.

3. What happens between Ghassan B. Hamra and the bike share program in Philadelphia?

A．He is in favor of it.	B．He disapproves of it.
C．He brought it in.	D．He is concerned about it.

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A．Sharing bikes, cutting accidents	B．Problems with sharing bikes
C．Basic construction changes	D．Share program in Philadelphia