1 . When making choices, people assume that they pick what they like. However, research suggests that we like something strictly because we have chosen it. In other words, we dislike things we don’t choose. And this phenomenon has existed since we were babies.
In an experiment, US researchers brought several 10 to 20-month-old babies into a lab and gave them two same bright and colorful soft blocks to play with. They set each block far apart, so the babies had to crawl to one or the other—a random choice. After the baby chose one of the toys, the researchers took it away and came back with a new option. The babies could then pick either the toy they didn’t play with before, or a brand-new toy.
It turned out that the babies reliably chose to play with the new toy rather than the one they had not chosen.
In follow-up experiments, when researchers instead helped choose which toy the baby would play with, the phenomenon disappeared. “As if they were saying, ‘Hmm, I didn’t choose that object last time, because I guess I didn’t like it very much” said Lisa Feigenson, co-author of the study.
This is a very important phenomenon in life, Feigenson noted. Adults will less like the thing they didn’t choose, even if they had no real preference in the first place. It looks like babies do just the same.
It shows that the act of making choices changes how we feel about our options. The random choices might become our preferences. “They are really not choosing based on whether they are novel or what they prefer,” said Alex Silver, co-author of the study.
This new finding explains why adults build unconscious preference when they make choices between the same things. Justifying(证明有道理) choice is somehow fundamental to the human experience. “I chose this, so I must like it. I didn’t choose this other thing, so it cannot be so good. Adults make these inferences unconsciously,” Feigenson said.
Such tendency makes sense to us as we live in a consumer culture and must make so many choices every day, between everything from toothpaste brands to styles of jeans.
Next, researchers will look at whether too many choices could be a problem for babies as they certainly are for adults.
1. What is the purpose of the experiments?| A．To test whether people choose what they like. |
| B．To see why babies prefer new toys to old ones. |
| C．To explain how babies and adults make choices differently. |
| D．To study if too many choices could create problems for people. |
| A．Babies prefer bright and colorful toys. |
| B．Babies’ preference largely affects their choices. |
| C．Babies prefer adults to help them make choices. |
| D．Babies’ previous random choices affect their preference. |
| A．It entirely changes our styles to choose. |
| B．It helps us make wise decisions in a consumer culture. |
| C．It promotes the relationship between adults and babies. |
| D．It helps us understand our unconscious preference for choices. |
| A．Babies like what they choose | B．Random choices matter |
| C．Too many choices puzzle the adults | D．Preference affects the choice |
错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号∧，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线＼划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线 __，并在该词下面写出修改的词。
注意：1.每处错误及修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分
Many young boys and girls had the habit of smoking, though they are middle school students. As we all know, smoking does harm of human beings. More and more people have realized that how serious this problem is. But they are never boring with it. Some people think smoking is a kind of fashion, and other think smoking can refresh himself. In fact, smoking causes many illness. The most serious illness causing by smoking is lung cancer. Meanwhile, smoking is waste of money. What's worse, careless smokers may cause danger fires.
3 . When it comes to elite universities like Cambridge and Harvard, students often worry that they are not clever enough to get in. But the truth may not be as simple as that.
According to The Guardian, most applicants to top schools have equally perfect test scores.
When James Keeler, the admissions tutor at Selwyn College, UK, went through a pile of essays for medical school candidates, one of them caught his eyes. “He's been volunteering with St John Ambulance, and also training to be a special policeman.
"Unfortunately, most essays fail to highlight what's unique about each applicant. Students are often obsessed with maintaining a faultless image of themselves and are afraid to show who they really are. They write an essay, and then it gets passed through the English teacher and the parents and the aunt and uncle and the guidance counselor.
| A．We are eager to meet straight A students |
| B．By the time it gets to us, it's just so wonderful that it's hard to really get a sense of that person |
| C．We want them to be as individual as possible |
| D．In terms of extracurricular activities, universities are also looking for "distinguishing excellence" |
| E．Students get rejected largely because they "failed to shine" as a person |
| F．No single student will be admitted unless they are academically top "A" |
| G．That's something I've never seen before |
4 . Children moving from primary to secondary school are ill-quipped to deal with the impact of social media. which is playing an increasingly important role in their lives and exposing them to significant emotional risk, according to a report by the Office of the Children's Commissioner for England.
The report shows that many children in Grade 7-the first year of secondary school, when almost all students will have a phone and be active on social media feel under pressure to be constantly connected.
They worry about their online image, particularly when they start to follow celebrities on Instagram and other platforms. They are also concerned about "sharenting"-when parents post pictures of them on social media without their permission and worry that their parents won't listen if they ask them to take pictures down.
The report, which was created with data from focus group interviews with8- to12-year-olds, says that though most social media sites have an official limit of 13, an estimated 75 percent of 10-to 12-year-olds have a social media account.
Some children are almost addicted to "likes", the report says. Aaron, an 11-year-old in Grade 7, told researchers," If I got 150 likes, I'd be like, that's pretty cool, and it means they like you." Some children described feeling inferior to those they follow on social media. Aimee, also 11, said, "You might compare yourself because you're not very pretty compared to them."
Anne Longfield from Children's Commissioner for England is calling on parents and teachers to do more to prepare children for the emotional impact of social media as they get older. She wants to see the introduction of compulsory digital literacy and online resilience（适应力）lessons for students in Grades 6 and 7.
"It is also clear that social media companies are still not doing enough to stop under-13s using their platforms in the first place," Longfield said.
"Just because a child who has learned the safety messages at primary school does not mean they are prepared for all the challenges that social media will present," Longfield said.
"It means a bigger role for schools in making sure children are prepared for emotional demands of social media. And it means social media companies need to take more responsibility," Longfield said.
1. What is the report mainly about?| A．An increasing number of 7-year-old are being exposed to social media. |
| B．Social media occupies too much time for secondary school freshmen. |
| C．Many secondary school freshmen suffer from social media-related stress. |
| D．The use of social networking is causing relationship problems for teenagers. |
| A．How they are seen on social media sites. |
| B．How they can keep away from social media. |
| C．Their parents monitoring their use of social media. |
| D．Their parents banning them to post pictures on social media. |
| A．Some 10- to 12-yarold children tend to copy the celebrities they follow. |
| B．Some 10- to 12yerold children wish to be recognized by others. |
| C．Some 10- to 12yearold children ignore the number of likes they get. |
| D．Some 10- to 12-year-old children feel inferior to their followers. |
| A．Parents should monitor how their children use social media. |
| B．Social media companies should set an official age limit of 13. |
| C．Social media companies should create special sites for children under 13. |
| D．Schools should help equip students for the challenges of social media. |
5 . There is a lot of “fake(假的) news” on the Internet. A new study shows that many young people in the United States have a hard time telling “real” from “fake” news. Fake news is exactly what it sounds like. It’s an article that may look just like any other news article, except that it’s not true, Unfortunately, many people can’t tell the differences
Young people, especially are likely to be fooled by fake news, according to a study done by the Stanford History Education Group (SHEG). The study asked 7.804 students in the United States to judge articles on Facebook. Twitter, blogs, and readers’ comments on websites. They tested students in three age levels: middle school, high school and university.
According to Stanford University’s website, “Students in middle school were asked to explain why they might not believe an article about money that was written by a bank manager. The researchers found that many students did not think of who writes the article as the key reason for being suspicious about the article. And they didn’t have much interest in the writers.”
Other students were asked to look at articles on a website, and try to make it clear whether the articles were news stories or advertisements. Even when the words “sponsored(赞助的) content” were on the article, some students said they believed it was a “real” news article.
The study also found that university students decided whether to believe a website on the basis of is look. They would think the website was good and they were more likely to believe the articles on it if it looked attractive, especially the ones with beautiful pictures.
The study was led by Stanford Professor Sam Wineburg. On the Stanford website he said, “My Team will use the research to help teachers beer teach students about how to recognize fake news” So you can spare some time from your busy teaching to go through my next article about his following research.
1. What does the underlined word “suspicious” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?| A．Curious. | B．Excited. |
| C．Doubtful. | D．Angry. |
| A．Some people liked to fool students with fake news. |
| B．The writers’ names could affect students’ judgment about news. |
| C．Students could tell the difference between news and advertisements. |
| D．Students would prefer to trust the articles from the nice-looking websites. |
| A．Workers. | B．Teachers. |
| C．Doctors. | D．Researchers. |
| A．Real or Fake News? | B．A Study on the Internet |
| C．Who is Easy to be Fooled? | D．The Trouble of Young People |
6 . The law says women should have the chance of doing the same jobs as men and earn the same as them. The reality is very different. Women lose because, 25 years after the Equal Pay Act, many of them still get paid less than men. They lose because they do lower-paid jobs which men just won’t consider. And they lose because they are the ones who interrupt a career to have children. All this is reported in an independent study ordered by the Government’s women’s unit. The biggest problem isn’t equal pay in workplaces such as factories. It is the sort of work women do.
Make a list of low-paid-jobs, then consider who does them. Try nurses, secretaries, cleaners, clerks, teachers in primary schools, dinner ladies and child- care helpers. Not a lot of men among that group, are there? Yet some of those jobs are really important. Surely no one would deny that about nurses and teachers, for a start. So why do we reward the people who do them so poorly? There can be only one answer- because they are women. This is not going to be put right overnight. But the government, which employs a lot of them, and other bosses have to make a start.
It is disgraceful that we have gone into the 21st century still treating women like second-class citizens.
1. Women should have the chance of doing the same jobs and getting the same pay as men ________.| A．after 25 years |
| B．according to the law |
| C．as a result of those important jobs |
| D．because women are as strong as men |
| A．that women interrupt a career to have children |
| B．what sort of work women do |
| C．because they are women |
| D．what unfair pay women get in workplaces |
| A．wonderful | B．grateful |
| C．shameful | D．hopeful |
| A．Work to give women a fair pay deal | B．The equal pay act |
| C．The sort of work women do | D．The biggest problem about women |
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Dear editor,
I'm written to tell you about the discussion we've had about that entrance fees should be charged for parks. There are two different opinions about a question.
60% of the students were against the idea of entrance fees. They believe a public park should be freely. People need a place to rest and enjoy them. Charging entrance fees will keep some people away. And it will become unnecessary build gates and walls, which will be harmful to the appearance of a city.
However, 40% of the students think that fees should be charged because of money is needed to pay gardeners and other worker and to buy plants and young trees. They suggest, therefore, fees shouldn't be charged too high.
Yours,
Tom
8 . Nowadays organic food has become a fashion. Organic food sales reached a record of $ 45.2 billion in 2017, making it one of the fastest-growing parts of American agriculture. Some people may buy organic food for these reasons like resource cycling and biodiversity, but most people may choose organic food because they think it's healthier. While a small number of studies have shown relationships between eating organic food and reducing risks of being ill, no studies, up to now, have answered the question whether eating organic food can improve health.
According to the United States Department of Agriculture(USDA), organic food does not suggest anything about health. In 20155 Miles McEvoy, then chief of the National Organic Program for the USDA, refused to admit any health benefits of organic food, saying the question has nothing to do with the National Organic Program. Instead, the USDA thinks that organic refers to a production method that increases cycling of resources keeps ecological balance, and protects biodiversity.
I'm an environmental health scientist who has spent over 20 years studying pesticides that do harm to human beings. Several years ago, I was part of the study on whether an organic diet can reduce pesticide exposure. This study focused on a group of pesticides which have always been harmful to children's brain development. We found that children who ate traditional diets had nine times higher exposure to these pesticides than children who ate organic diets.
Last month, I published a small study that suggested a path forward to answering the question whether eating organic food actually improves health. My study got a lot of attention. While the results were novel, they didn't answer the big question. As I told The New York Times in 2003, “What does this really mean for the safety of my kids? But we don't know. Nobody does. It was true then, and it's still true now.”
1. Why do most people prefer to buy organic food?| A．For its health benefits. | B．For biodiversity. |
| C．For its delicious taste. | D．For resource cycling. |
| A．It can improve people's health. | B．It is produced in an environment-friendly way. |
| C．It can reduce risks of being ill. | D．It has nothing to do with the National Organic Program. |
| A．Pesticides don't harm children's brain. | B．Traditional diets benefit people's health. |
| C．Organic diets can reduce pesticide exposure. | D．The results are meaningful to children's safety. |
| A．What Is Organic Food? | B．Is Organic Food Healthier? |
| C．How Should We Avoid Pesticides? | D．What Are the Benefits of Organic Food? |
9 . The analysis in The Lancet looks at obesity (肥胖) trend in over 200 countries. In the UK, one in every 10 young people aged 5 to 19, is obese. Obese children are likely to become obese adults, posting them at risk of serious health problems, say experts. Researchers believe wide availability of cheap, fattening food is one of the main drivers.
Although child obesity rates appear to be stable in many high-income European countries, including the UK, they are increasing at an alarming rate in many other parts of the world. The largest increase in the number of obese children has been in East Asia. China and India have seen rates “balloon” in recent years. Polynesia and Micronesia have the highest rate of all — around half of the young population in these countries is overweight or obese.
The researchers say that if current world trends continue, “obese” will soon be more common than “underweight”. “We have not become more weak-willed, lazy or greedy. The reality is that the world around us is changing. ”
Dr Fiona Bull from the World Health Organization suggested tough measures to prevent “calorie-rich, nutrient-poor food” and encourage more physical activity. “But so far, just over 20 countries around the world have introduced a tax on sugary drinks,” she said.
Dr Alison Tedstone, chief nutritionist (营养学家) at Public Health England, said, “Our sugar reduction programme and the government’s sugar tax are world-leading, but this is just the I beginning of a long journey to meet the challenge of a generation. The evidence is clear that just telling people what to do won't work. While education and information are important, deeper actions are needed to help us lower calorie consumption and achieve healthier diets.”
1. What mainly contributes to child obesity according to the researchers?| A．Children are driven to consume cheap diets. |
| B．Children don't take enough physical exercise. |
| C．Children become more weak-willed and greedy. |
| D．Children can reach cheap and fattening food more easily. |
| A．Slow. | B．Alarming. | C．Steady. | D．Ballooning. |
| A．It is perfect. | B．It needs to be promoted further. |
| C．It is not effective enough. | D．It should be made to be less tougher. |
| A．England is the first to tax sugary drinks. |
| B．Solving the problem of child obesity is a hard nut. |
| C．Education plays a small role in controlling child obesity. |
| D．People should be told about the danger of being overweight. |
10 . Have Chinese audiences on average spent more time watching entertainment content online in this uncommon year when the battle against COVD-19 is still being fought? In the latest annual report released by Tencent Video, one of the largest streaming sites in China, the answer is yes.
An average consumer has spent 133.9 minutes each day watching TV dramas, a 10 percent increase compared to last year, according to the report. Interestingly, TV romantic dramas account for 36 percent of all 131 television series newly streamed on the site this year, topping all genres. In the overseas market, Chinese dramas are seeing a rise in popularity, stimulated by hit costume dramas like Three Lives Three Worlds. The report shows that subscribers of WeTV, the overseas version of Tencent Video that is available in more than 110 countries and regions, have risen 175 percent over last year.
Shows with strong female roles are more popular, exemplified by the hit series Nothing but Thirty, the report said. It also found that a quality trailer played a vital role in drawing audiences, as about 90 percent of consumers pick their choices among the options from trailers.
Through Nov 30, a total of 15 online films have earned more than 10 million yuan, driving the annual box office receipts on Tencent Video to nearly 500 million yuan this year. While TV series are almost “dominated” by female audiences, men were favored online movies more. Nearly 70 percent of online film viewers are men, whose favorite themes center on fantasy, comedy and adventure.
1. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?| A．The cost of making TV dramas. | B．The characteristics of TV dramas. |
| C．The popularity of TV dramas. | D．The overseas version of some TV dramas. |
| A．Because it shows the content of a drama. | B．Because most audiences choose drama depend on it. |
| C．Because it costs a large amount of money. | D．Because it includes the introduction of the characters. |
| A．Children. | B．The old. | C．Female. | D．Male. |
| A．The drama popular with Chinese | B．High-quality film |
| C．Chinese female roles in TV dramas | D．Chinese dramas gain more popularity nowadays |
