注意:词数80左右。
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2 . A new study shows that the household consumers (家庭消费者) are focusing more on reducing their energy costs by using technologically advanced home appliances. The lighting control held the largest share in the smart home market in 2016. The increase in the adoption (采用) rate of intelligent lighting controls by households worldwide has fuelled the growth of the smart home market. These have the ability to reduce electricity consumption because they adjust (调节) the artificial light according to the surroundings.
Four years ago, I was in a discussion about Nest Thermostat (恒温器), sharing my view that if a house is built properly, it doesn't need a smart thermostat. It probably wouldn't do much good there because with careful placement of high-quality windows, you seldom need to heat or cool it at all. Since then, other studies have shown that in a leaky old house, smart thermostats can be very effective and save energy.
But is smart lighting saving energy? A smart lighting system might turn off or adjust the brightness of a bulb (灯泡), but an LED bulb already uses very little electricity, say 7 watts per bulb. But when you make it smart, it is always connected, consuming a bit of power to talk to the controller or bridge; one guy with a meter tested it at 0.4 watts per hour, or 9.6 watts in a day. It means that if you have a pile of smart bulbs and devices, you are consuming a fair bit of electricity.
Except for smart thermostats in leaky houses, none in the smart market saves energy. Asking Siri, voice control on any of Apple devices, to turn off the lights is fun, but we would be better off in terms of energy and exercise if we got up and reached for a light switch. Rather than saving energy, the smart home is wasting it.
1. What does the underlined word “fuelled” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.Controlled. |
B.Promoted. |
C.Predicted. |
D.Detected. |
A.They are well-designed. |
B.They are energy-efficient. |
C.They are not very useful. |
D.They are not always automatic. |
A.LED bulbs are very bright. |
B.LED bulbs are of little value. |
C.Smart lighting has developed quickly. |
D.Smart lighting does little to save electricity. |
A.To use Siri for fun. |
B.To improve smart lighting. |
C.To give up smart thermostats completely. |
D.To turn to the traditional way of turning off lights. |
1. “手机成瘾”的原因;
2. “手机成瘾”的影响;
3. “拒为手机成瘾者”的建议。
参考词汇:手机成瘾mobile phone addiction
低头族(特指在社交中忽略他人而只专注手机或其他电子设备的人)phubber
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4 . This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles. They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.
Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash.
“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability (责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars,” Merat says. “You know — no driver.”
Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.
Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.
That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.
1. What does the phrase “death valley” in paragraph 2 refer to?A.A place where cars often break down. | B.A case where passing a law is impossible. |
C.An area where no driving is permitted. | D.A situation where drivers’ role is not clear. |
A.stop people from breaking traffic rules | B.help promote fully automatic driving |
C.protect drivers of all ages and races | D.prevent serious property damage |
A.Singapore | B.the UK | C.the US | D.Germany |
A.Autonomous driving: Whose liability? | B.Fully automatic cars: A new breakthrough |
C.Autonomous vehicles: Driver removed! | D.Driverless cars: Root of road accidents |
5 . During the holidays, you may be heading into the British countryside for a walk. However, the countryside scene may not be what you think. On the country roads you might see dog poo (粪便) left by irresponsible owners, or much rubbish. Most people getting to the countryside are well-behaved but there’re exceptions. Some even allow their dogs to run off the leash (拴狗的绳子).
On my coastal farm in Essex I’m lucky that there’re many regular walkers who act as my unofficial farm neighbourhood watch. They tell me if they find someone hasn’t picked up their dog’s poo or if they have come across rubbish. Unluckily, it’s difficult to catch people in the act. How often have you actually seen someone leaving their dog’s poo on the ground?
However, we have the Countryside Code (规章): rules to make sure that we respect and enjoy the countryside. A lot of the code seems common sense: respect others, take your litter home, and keep dogs under control. Yet some farmers have suffered as a result of dog owners believing that their pet won’t run towards sheep and cows, frightening them. The results of ignoring the code’s principles aren’t taken seriously enough. What’s clear to some people might not be clear to others, especially if you live in a city and have little understanding of farming practices. Not everyone might know that dogs could worry farm animals. Therefore, public education needs great improvement. In the past there were television advertisements but perhaps online posts would be more useful today.
The countryside is for us all, and we have a shared responsibility to make sure that it looks good and works well. This means supporting those who work and own the land to keep it as best as they can. Breaking the code really affects those who run our countryside. We need to respect this far more if we are all to enjoy it.
1. What do some people who go to the countryside in the holidays do according to the author?A.They generally fail to respect the land. | B.They may pollute the local environment. |
C.They want to take part in farming work. | D.They don’t really enjoy countryside views. |
A.farm owner | B.government official |
C.neighborhood watch | D.visitor in the countryside |
A.The code is thought to be too strict. | B.There’s no education about the rules. |
C.Farmers hardly communicate with visitors. | D.They have little knowledge related to farming. |
A.Show support for land owners. | B.Stress the importance of the farms. |
C.Call for good behavior in the countryside. | D.Picture a perfect view of the countryside. |
6 . A hospitality college in Bali, Indonesia, has begun accepting coconuts (椰子) as tuition payment as students face economic hardship as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.
When students at the Venus One Tourism Academy pay their fees with coconuts, the college will use them to harvest virgin coconut oil, UPI reported.
Alternatively, students can pay using leaves from moringa (辣木) and gotu kola plants (积雪草), which can be converted into herbal soap and sold to raise money for the academy, Food & Wine added.
The program has been running since March, after the college received a permit to allow it to operate on this basis, according to The Bali Sun.
Venus One Tourism Academy’s director, Wayan Pasek Adi Putra, told local news outlet Balipuspa News: “Initially, the tuition payment scheme was paid in installments three times, with the first installment at 50%, the second 20%, and the third 30%. Because of this Covid pandemic, we have adapted a flexible policy. We produce virgin coconut oil, so students can pay their tuition by bringing coconuts.”
He added: “We have to educate them to optimize the natural resources in their surroundings. When the pandemic is over, they will enter the world of hospitality with different skills.”
Bali is a major international tourist destination but in August, the Balinese government closed the island to non-Indonesian visitors until 2021, BBC News reported.
1. Why did the hospitality college accept coconuts as tuition payment?A.Because people there like eating coconuts. |
B.Because some students face financial trouble as a result of corona virus pandemic. |
C.Because the college want to harvest virgin coconut oil. |
D.Because coconuts are expensive. |
A.They can be processed into herbal soap to raise money. |
B.They can attract more visitors to Bali. |
C.They can be used to treat coronavirus. |
D.They can help to educate students. |
A.The students must pay off their tuition fee at a time initially. |
B.The college began accepting coconuts as tuition payment in August. |
C.No foreign tourists can visit Bali in September 2020. |
D.Many people in Indonesia died in coronavirus pandemic. |
A.New tourist destination. | B.A new strain of coronavirus. |
C.A new way of tuition payment. | D.A new discovery of coconuts |
7 . Think of London and you will probably remember the bright red double-decker buses. Think of Thailand’s capital city, Bangkok, and the noisy tuk-tuks may come to mind. Think of San Francisco and you might see the city’s cable cars.
Imagining what these cities would look like without those is difficult. They are symbols of these cities that make them different. However, these city symbols are not always so well loved by their city leaders. City leaders want what is best for their city, which often means the most modern transport.
In Bangkok, city leaders have banned (禁止) tuk-tuks because they consider them noisy and polluting. However, the ban has largely been unsuccessful as it has not changed Thai people’s love for the cheap tuk-tuks over taxis.
In London the city’s first ever mayor (市长) removed the red double-decker buses, which he thought were old fashioned.His plan worked, but Londoners were unhappy to lose the nice old buses they believed represented the best of their city. They made their unhappiness felt when the mayor came up for re-election. Most Londoners voted for his competitor, who promised to bring the bus back.
As for San Francisco, several cable cars are still in use but mainly as tourist attractions. They are too slow to be used for anything other than scenic trips.
City transport symbols may have a place in their city people’s hearts, but it seems they are increasingly out of step with the modern world. As Londoners have proved, their continued life depends on people’s willingness to fight for their survival.
1. Which proves the old city transport symbols are not loved by city leaders?A.Only a few cable cars are still in use in San Francisco. |
B.Bangkok city leaders tried to remove the cheap tuk-tuks. |
C.The mayor who sold double-decker buses lost the re-election. |
D.The new mayor will bring back improved double-decker buses. |
A.Modern cities should remove old city transport symbols. |
B.The writer thinks highly of the old city transport symbols. |
C.Old city transport symbols face the problem of survival. |
D.Tourist cities will lose their attraction without the symbols. |
A.To introduce some city transport symbols. |
B.To explain why some cities are popular. |
C.To talk about modern transport in some cities. |
D.To attract more tourists to visit some cities. |
A.the new mayor loves it |
B.Londoners fought for it |
C.it is an improved transport |
D.it is popular with tourists |
8 . Between 30 and 40 percent of food produced for humans never gets eaten in the USA, ending up in landfills (垃圾填埋场), where it breaks down and produces greenhouse gases. Now, Elena Belavina, a professor from Cornell University, has an interesting solution. He says that opening more grocery (食品杂货) stores could reduce (减少) food waste greatly.
People of most US cities don’t have enough choices when it comes to grocery shopping, which means that people will overbuy when visiting a store. They buy more than what they can really eat, which means food goes to waste. However, when there are more stores in a neighborhood, people will shop daily or many times a week, buying just what they need, which means less food goes to waste.
For example, Belavina found that in Chicago, adding just three or four markets within a 10-square-kilometer area reduced food waste by 6 percent to 9 percent. Europe (and much of the rest of the world) is famously good at this, with stores meeting shoppers’ different needs, such as bread, cheese, meat and produce.
Belavina’s research did find that increasing the number of grocery stores would lead to more food waste by sellers, but this is less than food waste produced by customers. “We at home throw away 10 times more food than the grocery stores,” she said. This is why focusing on solutions to reducing life rubbish will have a greater help than focusing on sellers. Belavina suggests that when adding more stores isn’t workable, people should explore other shopping methods such as online orders. “Any service that makes it easier and allows you to shop more often is helpful. To reduce food waste, what people need to do is bring fewer groceries home.”
1. What will people do when there are more shops around?A.They will eat more healthily. |
B.They will shop more often. |
C.They will eat more food. |
D.They will buy too much. |
A.To compare it with other US cities. |
B.To show it has the similar problem. |
C.To point out its importance in the US. |
D.To prove Belavina’s solution is workable. |
A.We should try to avoid shopping online. |
B.We should shop at stores near our home. |
C.We should shop in small shops more often. |
D.We should increase the ways of shopping. |
A.The reasons for food waste. |
B.The change of shopping methods. |
C.The advantage of more shops around. |
D.The importance of self-control in shopping. |
Tiger Parents Do No Good to Kids’ Development
Digging through kids’ school bags, looking up all the assignments, sitting beside them going through each item, and finally
Making mistakes is
It is by no means parents’ duty to go through the kids’ assignments.
10 . We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
“Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication,” says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”
In a 2021 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; he other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral(外围的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says.
1. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?A.Showing good manners. |
B.Relating to other people. |
C.Focusing on a topic. |
D.Making business deals. |
A.It improves family relationships. |
B.It raises people’s confidence. |
C.It matters as much as a formal talk. |
D.It makes people feel good. |
A.Conversation Counts |
B.Ways of Making Small Talk |
C.Benefits of Small Talk |
D.Uncomfortable Silence |
A.Addiction to smartphones. |
B.Inappropriate behaviours in public places. |
C.Absence of communication between strangers. |
D.Impatience with slow service. |