Sugar cane cultivation(甘蔗种植) originated in southwest Asia, where Marco Polo reported in his
In the fourteenth century, the island of Cyprus was the location of major sugar farms,
Brown sugar
Pedestrians only
The concept of traffic-free shopping areas goes back a long time. During the Middle Ages, traffic-free shopping areas were built to allow people to shop in comfort and, more importantly, safety. The modern, traffic-free shopping street was born in Europe in the 1960s, when both city populations and car ownership increased rapidly. Dirty exhaust fumes from cars and the risks involved in crossing the road were beginning to make shopping an unpleasant and dangerous experience. Many believed the time was right for experimenting with car-free streets, and shopping areas seemed the best place to start.
At first, there was resistance from shopkeepers. They believed that such a move would be bad for business. They argued that people would avoid streets if they were unable to get to them in their cars. When the first streets in Europe were closed to traffic, there were even noisy demonstrations, as many shopkeepers predicted they would lose customers.
However, research carried out afterwards in several European cities revealed some unexpected statistics. In Munich, Cologne and Hamburg, visitors to shopping areas increased by 50 percent. On Copenhagen’s main shopping street, shopkeepers reported sales increases of 25-40 percent. Shopkeepers in Minneapolis, USA, were so impressed when they learnt this that they even offered to pay for the construction and maintenance costs of their own traffic-free streets.
With the arrival of the traffic-free shopping street, many shops, especially those selling things like clothes, food and smaller luxury items, prospered. Unfortunately, it wasn’t good news for everyone, as shops selling furniture and larger electrical appliances actually saw their sales drop. Many of these were forced to move elsewhere, away from the city centre. Today they are a common feature on the outskirts of towns and cities, often situated in out-of-town retail zones with their own car parks and other local facilities.
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American Mikah Meyer has an unusual goal. He wants to visit all of the more than 400 properties operated by the National Park Service.
He spent January 2017 visiting historic areas in the southeastern United States.
One of his first stops was Fort Sumter,
After years of rising tensions between Northern and Southern states, the two sides clashed in Charleston Harbor on April 12, 1861. That was when the Southern army launched an artillery attack on Fort Sumter. Federal troops surrendered the fort a short time later. Union forces eventually fought
As he stood inside the large walls of Fort Sumter National Monument, Mikah Meyer looked across the water to the port at Charleston. He imagined what the area must have looked like more than a century and half ago. “You’ll see across that bridge, Charleston, South Carolina. It was under siege at one point for 17 months. There were cannons that
During his travels in January, Meyer had a surprise. Barack Obama, in his last few days as president, named a new national park site in Beaufort, just south of Charleston. It is called the Reconstruction Era National Monument. The Reconstruction Era National Monument will help tell the story of post-Civil war America.
The Reconstruction Era
4 . Henry Stanley is perhaps best known for his expedition into Africa to find Dr. David Livingstone, but that’s not the only rescue mission he undertook. In December 1886, Stanley set off into Africa on what would be his last journey: an attempt to find and bring home a German zoologist named Eduard Schnitzer.
Schnitzer had taken the name “Emin Pasha,” in an attempt to be better received by those he was living among. Pasha was cataloging a host of recently-discovered plant and animal lifeforms when fighting broke out in the Sudan. Pasha withdrew to Equatoria, at about the same time the Emin Pasha Relief Committee was formed. In addition to the chief goal of bringing Pasha home, Stanley was also under orders from the King of Belgium to open up some new trade routes in the area.
The roundabout route the Committee ended up taking meant that by the time they finally found Pasha many members of the expedition were dead. Those that did survive were worn, ill, and starving by the time they found Pasha who, in comparison, was well-dressed, clean, and—by some accounts—smoking a three-year-old cigar when they finally found him. He was in need of some support and supplies, but he had neither intent nor desire to leave the area. Arguments arose, causing a firm hatred between Stanley and Pasha.
Stanley finally convinced Pasha to leave with the remains of the expedition, setting off on a demanding trip back through Africa. They finally met up with some German explorers, and made it back to the port town of Bagamoyo in 1889.
During the party they threw to celebrate their return to civilization, Pasha fell off a balcony and broke his skull. Stanley returned to Europe to receive commendations and congratulations, while Pasha slowly recovered from his unwanted rescue.
1. What may be the title of this passage?A.Happiness was balanced by sadness | B.Stanley’s best known expedition |
C.A “successful” rescue mission | D.A legend of Emin Pasha |
A.Hatred among the members led to bloody conflicts. |
B.They were involved in a fighting with the local army. |
C.The Committee was dismissed halfway through the mission. |
D.The route they chose cost them too much time and supplies. |
A.Criticism. | B.Resignation. |
C.Preparation. | D.Credit. |
A.Pasha was in good condition. | B.Pasha ran out of supplies. |
C.Pasha felt delighted at their arrival. | D.Pasha was addicted to tobacco. |
5 . Mr.Selfridge, the Wisconsin-born retailer (零售商) who left school at 14, rose to become a partner in Marshall Field’s, Chicago. Founded in 1852, it was one of the first and most ambitious US department stores. Mr.Selfridge had done well with Marshall Field’s. He liked to say, “The customer is always right,” which made the Chicago store popular. And he is believed to have invented the phrase “Only (so many) Shopping Days until Christmas”.
When he visited London on holiday in 1906 he was surprised to find most of the city’s department stores were no match of their American and Parisian competitors. This led Selfridge to leave the US and establish Selfridges, a department store named after him, at the west end of London’s Oxford Street. In Oxford Street, Selfridge’s design team shaped an ambitious classical palace building with a wall of plate glass windows.
Opened in 1909, Selfridges offered customers a hundred departments along with restaurants, a roof garden,reading and writing rooms, reception areas for foreign visitors, a first aid room and most importantly, a small army of knowledgeable floor-walking assistants who served as guides as well as being thoroughly instructed in the art of making a sale.
Mr.Selfridge did much to make the department store a destination rather than just a big and comprehensively stocked city shop. It became a place to meet and for ladies to lunch. Mr.Selfridge later introduced the department store as a key element of the 20th Century culture, and Chaplin acknowledged the growing trend for shopping in the department store in his film The Floorwalker.
1. What can be learned about Mr.Selfridge from Paragraph 1?A.He was well-educated. | B.He was a modest man. |
C.He was a gifted businessman. | D.He was dishonest. |
A.The broad choice of goods. | B.The large number of departments. |
C.The small group of guards. | D.The well-trained sales guides. |
A.To encourage shoppers to spend more. | B.To introduce the history of Selfridges. |
C.To compare different department stores. | D.To explain how to start a department store. |
6 . At the end of the First World War, in 1918. China was convinced it would be able to reclaim the territories occupied by the Germans in present-day Shandong Province. After all, it had fought along with the Allies. However it was not to be. The warlord government of the day had
In the course of this May Fourth Movement, some 5,000 students from Peking University hit the streets to
The May Fourth Movement was part cultural revolution, part
At the same time, intellectuals untied in the New Culture Movement attempted to make Chinese culture more
The social aspects of May Fourth consisted of attempts to free the Chinese woman, although this was often limited to movements to bring foot-binding to a halt. Nonetheless, in the cities newly
May Fourth is seen as a critical
Even today, May Fourth functions as a point of
A.firmly | B.suddenly | C.immediately | D.secretly |
A.on the other hand | B.for instance | C.on the contrary | D.with no exception |
A.challenge | B.honor | C.withdraw | D.investigate |
A.agree on | B.draw up | C.demonstrate against | D.adhere to |
A.political | B.democratic | C.social | D.revolutionary |
A.contentment | B.dissatisfaction | C.interconnection | D.identification |
A.accessible | B.modernized | C.complex | D.appealing |
A.written | B.non-verbal | C.informal | D.dead |
A.debated | B.parted | C.disagreed | D.identified |
A.effect | B.being | C.power | D.fortune |
A.engaged | B.divorced | C.liberated | D.widowed |
A.burden | B.accelerator | C.message | D.handbrake |
A.superficial | B.unrealistic | C.applicable | D.imperfect |
A.departure | B.difference | C.interest | D.reference |
A.alters | B.denies | C.overstates | D.remains |