The Legend (传说) of Kung Fu
According to a legend, in the fifth century, an Indian master taught some monks at the Shaolin Temple a series of exercises, or forms, inspired by the movement of animals. These forms became the basis of the style of fighting known as Kung Fu. Over 16 centuries, the monks have used Kung Fu for self-defense and in war. With it, they have won many battles against their enemies.
In Dengfeng today, ten kilometers from the Shaolin Temple, there are over 60 martial arts (武术) schools with more than 50,000 students. Students come to the schools for a variety of reasons. Some hope to become movie stars. Others come to learn skills that will ensure good jobs in the military or police force. A few are sent by their parents to learn self-control and hard work.
Master Hu Zhengsheng teaches at a small school in Dengfeng. Recently, he was offered an important role in a Kung Fu movie. It could have been good publicity for his school. However, he did not accept. He doesn't agree with how Kung Fu is often shown in movies. He feels they show too much violence.
Unlike many large schools, which teach acrobatics (特技) and kickboxing, Hu teaches his students traditional Kung Fu forms. He teaches them the way his master — a Shaolin legend taught him. But attracting new students to this style of Kung Fu has become a problem. Hu is afraid his art will soon die out. He has to remind his students that Kung Fu was designed for fighting, not to entertain.
Hu’s students have little. They sleep in unheated rooms and train outside no matter what the temperature. They hit trees with their bare hands and take turns sitting on each other’s shoulders to build leg strength. Why such hardship? To master Kung Fu, they must learn respect, and how to “eat bitterness”, a Mandarin (普通话) expression meaning “to endure suffering”. The life of a Shaolin master, Hu teaches, is not easy or attractive.
Master Hu is in a difficult position. For old traditions to survive, the young must learn. Gradually, he had begun offering a few courses in kickboxing and the acrobatic Kung Fu forms, hoping to attract new students. Then, maybe, he’ll be able to convince them to learn Shaolin Kung Fu the traditional way.
1. What is true about Kung Fu?A.It’s over 17 centuries old. |
B.It was traditionally used for fighting. |
C.It was introduced to China from Thailand. |
D.It was originally designed to entertain people. |
A.To show why Hu teaches acrobatics and kickboxing. |
B.To convince people that they can be rich and famous. |
C.To explain the challenges traditional Kung Fu schools face. |
D.To show how Hu’s ideas about Kung Fu are different from other teachers. |
A.stop the suffering | B.make someone suffer |
C.survive the suffering | D.make the suffering worse |
A.He is a Kung Fu student learning kickboxing. |
B.He is a Kung Fu master preserving old traditions. |
C.He is the man who introduced Kung Fu to China. |
D.He is a famous actor in an exciting Kung Fu movie. |
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【推荐1】When you think of Chinese food in the US, fried rice, or General Tso’s chicken may first come to mind. But a new museum exhibition in New York City is trying to expand visitors’ palates (味蕾). It features stories of famous cooks like Martin Yan and home cooks whose food represents 18 different regional cooking styles of China.
“I think it’s unfair to just classify Chinese cooking as one,” says Kian Lam Kho, an organizer of “Sour, Sweet, Bitter, Spicy: Stories of Chinese Food and Identity in America” at the Museum of Chinese in America. “Even with the same dish or same cuisine, every family has a different variation.” That’s why the organizers say if you want to taste the full range of Chinese cuisine in the US, you’ll need to go beyond restaurants and into home kitchens, which can play a central role in many immigrants’ lives.
“The kitchen itself is kind of a comfort when you come to a new country. That’s the one place where you set up as your home base, and you cook things that you remember from your past,” explains Audra Ang, another organizer.
One of the home cooks showcased in the exhibition is Ni Biying, 80, of Manhattan. She worked as a live-in babysitter for years before she could finally afford to rent a home with her own kitchen. These days, you can usually find her moving around her one-bedroom apartment as a sweet smell of vinegar and rice wine floats from her stove. For Ni, a small dinner for friends and family means preparing almost a dozen different dishes. She learned some of her techniques from her father, who made most of her family’s meals when she was a child. “I still miss the beef with stir-fried celery my father used to cook,” she says. And it’s the kind of comfort food that defines Chinese food for Ni.
1. What is the new museum exhibition mainly about?A.Cuisine of different countries. | B.Exploration of famous restaurants. |
C.History of Chinese immigration. | D.Stories of Chinese food and cooks. |
A.It provides a wealthy life. | B.It brings a sense of belonging. |
C.It helps them to accept new cultures. | D.It enables them to forget the past. |
A.She worked in a Chinese restaurant. |
B.She made most meals as a child. |
C.She learned cooking from her father. |
D.She lives with a big family. |
A.Cuisine Gains New Variations |
B.Home Cooking Brings More to the Table |
C.Immigrants Seek Their Fortune in the US |
D.Chinese Restaurant Tells Immigrant Tales |
【推荐2】Your action can speak louder than your words. It is important to know another language and how to communicate without words when you are in another country. Before saying anything, people communicate with each other by using gestures. However, many gestures have different meanings, or no meaning at all, in different parts of the world.
In the United States, nodding your head up and down means “yes”, while in some parts of Greece and Turkey, it means “no”. In the southeast of Asia, it is a polite way of saying “I heard you”.
Today in the USA, when someone puts his thumb up, it means “Everything is all right.” However, in Greece it is bad manners to do so. Also putting your clasped hands up above your head means “I am the winner.” It is the sign which players often make. In Russia it is the sign of friendship.
In the USA, holding your hand up with the thumb and index finger in a circle, and the other three straight means “Everything is OK.” In France, it means “You are worth nothing.”
It is also important to make eye communication. If you look down when talking to an American, he or she may feel that you are shy, or you are trying to hide something.
Besides these, you should also know there are some topics that can not be talked about, such as age, weight and marriage. You can talk about the weather, work, sports, food, where one lives and news of the day.
1. What does the sentence “Your action can speak louder than your words” in paragraph 1 mean?A.What you do is better than what you say. |
B.You try your best to be polite. |
C.You are better understood by your gestures than through your words. |
D.What you say is better than what you do. |
A.Greece. | B.the USA. | C.England. | D.China. |
A.Putting your clasped hands up above the head means friendship in Greece. |
B.You can express “You are worth nothing” by putting your thumb up in France. |
C.Making eye communication is not important in a talk. |
D.Weather, sports, food and work are the topics that can be talked. |
【推荐3】In the home country, a common language gives you the ability to communicate easily with the people around you; and you learn something about your country’s history, people’s habits, likes and dislikes, customs and traditions. This understanding influences your own behavior, and what you expect of others.
Living abroad, it doesn’t take long to realize that many things don’t “work” the same, especially when moving from “the West” to “the East”. Besides a different language, each country has its own social system and laws and ways of solving problems. You will find some of them strange and alien. Sometimes you may feel uncomfortable because you realize that things are not the same as you think they are supposed to be. This is what has become known as “Culture Shock”.
Living in an environment with an unfamiliar(不熟悉的) culture can cause stress, anxiety or worse-mental or physical illness in some cases. Culture shock is the shock of experiencing an unknown or new culture. Cross-culture Adjustment is the period of anxiety, great pain and confusion suffered when entering a new culture. It can have effects on a person’s emotions and behavior. You should learn to accept and try to be used to different situations. One thing is certain: it is far easier to accept the new order of things than to try to change it.
Most Asian people can bear foreigners and accept their strange habits and behavior, not only because it might be to their benefit but out of natural politeness and restraint(克制) in front of others. Westerners should not make use of this. They must try to accept and obey local rules and rules of behavior.
1. What lesson can we draw from the text?A.A friend in need is a friend indeed. |
B.Where there is a will, there is a way. |
C.When in Rome, do as the Romans do. |
D.Good friends do not add up what they do for each other. |
A.Different. | B.Easy. | C.Difficult. | D.Empty. |
A.Entertainment. | B.Science. | C.Culture. | D.Lifestyle. |
【推荐1】“ But man is not made for defeat”, he said. “A man can be destroyed but not defeated.” I am sorry that I killed the fish though,he thought. Now the bad time is coming and I do not even have the harpoon.The dentuso is cruel and able and strong and intelligent.But I was more intelligent than he was.Perhaps not,he thought.Perhaps I was only better armed.
“Don’t think, old man.” he said aloud. “Sail on this course and take it when it comes.”
But I must think ,he thought. Because it is all I have left. That and baseball.I wonder how the great DiMaggio would have liked the way I hit him in the brain?It was no great thing,he thought.Any man could do it. But do you think my hands were as great a handicap(残疾人)as the bone spurs (骨刺) ? I cannot know. I never had anything wrong with my heel except the time the sting ray (魔鬼鱼) stung(蜇) it when I stepped on him when swimming and paralyzed the lower leg and made the unbearable pain.
“Think about something cheerful, old man,” he said. “Every minute now you are closer to home.You sail lighter for the loss of forty pounds.”
He knew quite well the pattern of what could happen when he reached the inner part of the current(洋流). But there was nothing to be done now.
“Yes, there is” he said aloud. “I can lash my knife to the butt of one of the oars(桨).”
So he did that with the tiller (舵柄) under his arm and the sheet of the sail under his foot.
“Now,”he said. “I am still an old man.But I am not unarmed.”
The breeze was fresh now and he sailed on well.He watched only the forward part of the fish and some of his hope returned.
1. What is implied by the sentence “A man can be destroyed but not defeated.” in Paragraph 1?A.A man can be physically damaged but mentally strong. |
B.A man can be mentally damaged but physically strong. |
C.A man can’t be both physically and mentally damaged. |
D.A man is born to be destroyed but not defeated. |
A.Contented. | B.At a loss. |
C.Unsatisfied. | D.Delighted. |
A.He lashed his knife to the butt of one of the oars with the tiller under his arm and the sheet of the sail under his foot. |
B.He complained about everything that he had met and did nothing about the sailing course. |
C.Although he was not well armed,he still didn't lose heart. |
D.He never lost heart when considering the possible difficulties. |
A.A storybook. | B.A magazine. |
C.A science report. | D.A novel. |
【推荐2】Cristina Mittermeier is a marine (海洋的) biologist and multi-award-winning photographer who has devoted her life to ocean conservation. Recognised as being one of the world’s most influential conservation photographers, Cristina has travelled to 132 countries to communicate the urgent need to protect wild places.
She began her career as a marine biologist, but soon realised that she could better protect the oceans and the planet through her camera. “Science is important to understand what is happening to our planet, but it fails to convey the emotions that make us care. Photography allows us to humanise stories and create something meaningful, and I had an urgent need to share the difficult situation of the planet. I love creating photographs that engage people in conversations and makes them stop and think.”Cristina said.
Making a successful career as a photographer has not been an easy journey. Cristina worked hard at teaching herself the basics of photography and then she went back to school to learn more. “I studied the work of people I admire, and I tried to be creative in the way I expressed the purpose of my photography. I didn’t just want to take pictures; I wanted to make images of such power and purpose that they would inspire others to give meaning to their life’s work and move people to action.”
She founded the International League of Conservation Photographers (ILCP) in 2014, and today she is the co-founder and president of Only One Collective, which includes Sea Legacy, a story telling studio that creates powerful visual content to move people from unconcern to action. Having a big following isn’t enough when it comes to reaching a large audience. Motivating people and making them to act voluntarily is an interesting challenge, but actions need to be informed by science.
1. Why did Cristina preferred becoming a conservation photographer?A.Photography contributes to her dream. | B.She loves photographing. |
C.Science fails to interest her. | D.She is keen on traveling. |
A.The photographs to inspire people. | B.The efforts to be a photographer. |
C.The reasons for being a photographer. | D.The measures to protect the planet. |
A.Her goal is to reach a large audience. | B.Her studio attracts few followers. |
C.Her job is challenging and far-reaching. | D.Her career still involves science. |
A.To demonstrate Cristina’s two identities. |
B.To discuss the ways of protecting the oceans. |
C.To illustrate Cristina’s role in ocean conservation. |
D.To reveal Cristina’s determination as a pholographer. |
【推荐3】Like any other child growing up, Nicole LaMont was an outgoing, adventurous and free-spirited child with the dream of becoming a scientist. “My childhood was filled with imagination of adventure and curiosity, ”Nicole said. She experienced a normal childhood, but when she was 12 years old, a terrible illness led her to lose her hearing in both ears.
“My world was turned upside down,” said Nicole. “I went from being a talkative, joyous child to being quiet and depressed. ”However, she came to realize she had to fight when it was determined that her hearing would not return. With her family’s help, Nicole began to learn American Sign Language(ASL).
A year later, she received an operation where she was implanted (植入) a hearing device, which brought back some light to her life and she also learned how to adapt to the new life. It wasn’t until she attended Gallaudet, a school for the deaf, that she fully devoted herself to ASL and the deaf community. “Becoming fluent in ASL and having total communication allowed me to feel a sense of acceptance again,” said Nicole. “I found my confidence and ‘visual (视觉的) voice’ in the performing arts.”
It was then that she made her first request, demanding subtitles (字幕) for movie theatres in Alabama. After much struggle, Nicole’s efforts proved successful, and today nearly all movie theatres in Montgomery and Birmingham offer subtitles for the deaf. After graduating from Gallaudet University, Nicole continued to use her new found “visual voice” through taking part in several activities, becoming Miss Black Deaf D.C. “By doing this, I want to show that deaf people can achieve much. It’s very important to educate and support hearing families that struggle with making the best decisions for their deaf children’s education.” said Nicole.
1. Which of the following best describes Nicole’s childhood?A.Fruitful. | B.Colorful | C.Lonely | D.Poor. |
A.A sense of belonging. | B.A hearing device. |
C.A chance of going to college. | D.A totally new treatment. |
A.Nicole called on all US cinemas to offer subtitles. |
B.Nicole was going to donate her invention-visual voice. |
C.Nicole was determined to train more deaf kids to go to school. |
D.Nicole hoped to promote deaf education in hearing families. |
A.More Self-Control, More Success |
B.Keep Going, and You Can Make It |
C.Illness Makes One More Confident |
D.He Who Laughs Last Laughs Longest |
【推荐1】Although it has been revealed in recent years that plants are capable of seeing, hearing and smelling, they are still usually thought of as silent. But now, for the first time, they have been recorded making ultrasonic (超声的) cries when stressed, which researchers say could open up a new field of precision agriculture where farmers listen for water-starved crops.
Itzhak Khait and his colleagues at Tel Aviv University in Israel found that tomato and tobacco plants made cries at frequencies humans cannot hear when stressed by a lack of water or when their stem it cut.
Microphones placed 10 centimetres from the plants picked up sounds in the ultrasonic range of 20 to 100 kilohertz, which the team says insects and some mammals would be capable of hearing and responding to from as far as 5 metres away. A moth may decide against laying eggs on a plant that sounds water-stressed, the researchers suggest. Plants could even hear that other plants are short of water and react accordingly, they speculate (推断).
On average, drought-stressed tomato plants made 35 sounds an hour, while tobacco plants made 11. When plant stems were cut, tomato plants made an average of 25 sounds in the following hour, and tobacco plants 15. Unstressed plants produced fewer than one sound per hour, on average.
It is even possible to distinguish between the sounds to know what the stress is. The researchers trained a machine-learning model to recognize between the plants’ sounds and the wind, rain and other noises of the greenhouse, correctly identifying in most cases whether the stress was caused by dryness or a cut, based on the sound’s intensity and frequency. Water-hungry tobacco appears to make louder sounds than cut tobacco, for example.
Enabling farmers to listen for water-stressed plants could “open a new direction in the field of precision agriculture”, the researchers suggest. They add that such an ability will be increasingly important as climate change exposes more areas to drought.
“The suggestion that the sounds that drought-stressed plants make could be used in precision agriculture seems feasible (可行的) if it is not too costly to set up the recording in a field situation,” says Anne Visscher at the royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in the UK.
She warns that the results can’t yet be broadened out to other stresses, such as salt or temperature, because these may not lead to sounds. In addition, there have been no experiments to show whether moths or any other animal can hear and respond to the sounds the plants make, so that idea remains based on guesses for now, she says.
1. The experiment by researchers at Tel Aviv University shows that________.A.tomato plants cry more often than tobacco when hurt |
B.plant sounds can be heard by plants quite far away |
C.humans can hear water-hungry plants crying |
D.moths like laying eggs on stressed plant |
A.Disappointed | B.Cautious. | C.Appreciative. | D.Optimistic. |
A.harvest crops in time | B.reduce greenhouse effects |
C.diagnose plant condition faster | D.detect and remove insects easily |
A.Plants get stressed Just Like Us. |
B.Sounds of Plants Detected Far Away. |
C.Cries of plants break Farmers’Hearts |
D.Plants scream in the presence of stress |
【推荐2】Myth: If you cut your hair, it will grow long faster.
Truth: That’s not true. “Your hair isn’t like a lawn or a rosebush, where cutting can stimulate fresh growth,” says Phillip Kingsley. The length of your hair is genetically determined. When it reaches a certain length, it stops growing. When you clear up the dead split ends. This make your hair look healthier, but not necessarily longer.
Myth: If you skip meals, you lose weight fast.
Truth: There’s no truth in this advice. Not only will you not lose weight by starving yourself, but according to Carol Ann Rinzler, this may actually cause you to gain weight. Rinzler reasons that missing a meal causes your metabolism(新陈代谢) to slow down so that you burn food more slowly. This only makes you feel hungrier and by the time you finally do reach the table you will probably eat more food. Strange as it may seem, studies show that eating several small meals and snacks throughout the day is a healthier way to lose pounds.
Myth: If you swallow gum,it will stay inside your stomach for seven years.
Truth: Actually, it takes just a few days for gum to make its exit---not seven years, says Nei Izenberg, M. D., editor of Kids Health organization. But because gum is made of the same thing as rubber, it cannot be fully digested in your stomach--- so if you gum up the works on a regular basis, you might find yourself in a sticky situation.
Myth: The best way to stop a nosebleed is to lift your head back.
Truth: Now that’s bad advice. Bloody noses are caused by broken blood vessels, so while lifting your head back might stop the fluid from rushing out of your nose, it won’t stop the bleeding; you’ll just end up swallowing lots of blood. Your best bet “Rest quietly. Don’t poke or pick, and the blood will naturally clot (凝结) within a minute or two,” suggests Dr. Izenberg.
1. The length of your hair is determined by ________.A.cutting it often | B.your gene |
C.the food you eat | D.clearing up the dead split ends |
A.help you lose weight fast. | B.help you lose weight slowly |
C.cause you to become fatter | D.make you burn food more quickly |
A.A large sum of money. | B.An impossible action. |
C.High expectation. | D.A wise solution. |
A.Gum cannot be fully digested in the stomach. |
B.Gum can stay inside your stomach for seven years if you swallow it. |
C.Gum can leave your stomach after you swallow it a few days later. |
D.If you often swallow gum, you might find yourself in a sticky situation. |
【推荐3】National Geographic Exhibit "Titanic: The Untold Story"
The National Geographic Museum is always an interesting and educational place to visit. The admission isn't free but is definitely worthwhile for unique exhibits like this. We'll be taking a self-guided tour hut there may also he museum staff on hand.
About the exhibition
On this exhibition, you will be surprised to find that the sunken Titanic was discovered by Robert Ballard, who was then carrying out a top secret Cold War mission(任务). In 1985,Ballard’s mission was to dive to depths of 9,800 feet using a camera system called Argo to find and document the exploded remains of the submarine (潜艇) Scorpion. The objective of the mission was to gain evidence to determine what led to her loss. After concluding his successful investigations,Ballard used the final 12 days of his expedition to discover the remains of Titanic.
The exhibition — originally exhibited at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum — shows the history of the discovery from an entirely new angle. Not only are visitors exposed to the historical events that led to the ship’s finding, but they can hear the fascinating stories of some of the passengers on board the ship. In addition to items borrowed from families of the survivors that have not been reunited since the night the ship sank in 1912, the exhibition contains those from the rich collections of the National Archives and the 20th Century Fox Archives. There are also movie sets and clothes worn by actors from the 1997 movie Titanic.
Price
Regular:$15
Seniors/Students/Military : $ 12
Children 5—12 ( free under 5 ) : $ 10
1. Why did Ballard carry out the 1985 mission?A.To determine the place of Titanic. |
B.To save passengers during the Cold War. |
C.To help find the reason for Scorpion s loss. |
D.To experiment with a new camera system. |
A.The survivors of Titanic. |
B.The original design of Titanic. |
C.The movie about the ship Titanic. |
D.The possessions of the survivors. |
A.$24. | B.$30. | C.$34. | D.$40. |
【推荐1】Jakarta, Indonesia (AP)—When a garbage collector came to Ghina Ghaliya’s house in the Indonesian capital and asked if she had an old mobile phone that his children could use to access the Internet, it sparked (引发) an idea for a broader campaign to help students stuck at home by COVID-19.
“He said it does not matter if it is an ugly one, as long as his children can use it for learning from home,” said Ghaliya, a journalist at a national newspaper.
Shortly after COVID-19 hit Indonesia, Ghaliya and 11 other journalists in Jakarta organized a group to provide food and money for people in need. They stared hearing from parents who wanted their children to be able to study online but lacked a way to access the Internet.
Ghaliya and the other journalists decided to shift(转移)their focus to providing mobile phones for underprivileged students, many of whom were still not allowed to do face-to-face learning when the new school year started in July.
They announced their campaign through social media and the response was strong, with some people donating(捐赠)second-hand units and others giving cash. So far, nearly 300 phones have been distributed to Indonesian students around Jakarta as well as to remote regions like Papua, the country’s most eastern province.
Khaissyah Levi, 16, is a high school student in Depok, who attends online classes in the morning. His father Deny Sayuti had been lending his mobile phone to him for his studies, but that meant Sayuti could only do his work as a motorcycle taxi driver for part of the day, missing out on peak times like the morning rush hour.
Sayuti worte to Ghaliya’s group in August, and his family received a mobile phone a month later. Sayuti believes that his son can now do better with his online studies. “Now I see him more comfortable, and he can directly reach out to his friends and teacher,” Sayuti said.
1. Why did the garbage collector ask Ghaliya for a mobile phone?A.To play online games. | B.To send a text message. |
C.To call police for help. | D.To help his son study online. |
A.Dependent. | B.Desperate. |
C.Unfortunate. | D.Unhealthy. |
A.People reacted coldly to Ghaliya’s campaign. |
B.Papua is a less developed district in Indonesia. |
C.Ghaliya’s group advertised a mobile phone brand. |
D.Social media was not accepted by the Indonesians. |
A.He depends on it for online learning. |
B.It helps him much in making a living. |
C.He contacts his son at school with it. |
D.It guides him when traveling abroad. |
【推荐2】A huge 42 percent of marriages in the UK end in divorce, the highest rate in Europe. What is happening in the UK to cause such a phenomenon? Many consider the family to be the basic building block of society. If marriages and families are falling apart, is the UK society also falling apart? Is the UK’s cultural identity breaking down? The UK of today is one of the most multicultural countries on earth. There are exotic sights and sounds on the street comers of every British city. British cuisine is now one of the most diverse (多样的) around. Everyone speaks with a different accent.
Is such diversity (多样性) a good thing? Well, it makes the UK a very exciting place to live in. There are new ideas everywhere. There is great freedom to be who you want to be, and most people will not criticize you for who you are. Yet such freedom seems to come at a cost. Some British people regard ethnic minorities (少数民族) as coming to the UK to steal jobs. When the economy does badly, this feeling increases as unemployment rates rise. So it could be argued that the breakdown of marriages in the UK is income part because of the pressures put upon families by wider problems in British society. Many people become stressed when those problems arise, and that can then make their family life unhappy as well.
Another possible reason for the high divorce rate might be that marriage no longer has the same value or meaning for British people as it once did. Church attendance in the UK has been falling for the last 50 years, suggesting fewer people consider marriage a holy thing. Since 1991, there has been a drop of 50 percent in people getting married in church rather than a register office.
Then there is the financial side. In the past, married couples paid lower government taxes than single people. That tax incentive (激励) policy, which used to reduce a couple’s tax by up to 500 in a year, has now disappeared, making the cost to keep a marriage higher.
However, the 42 percent UK divorce rate isn’t the highest rate in the past forty years! Meanwhile, some measures are being taken to strengthen marriage in the UK by the government.
1. According to the text all the following account for the high divorce rate except ______.A.Social problems. | B.Desire for freedom. |
C.Change of values. | D.Financial pressures. |
A.Cultural diversity has brought people freedom to criticize others. |
B.The rising of the divorce rate indicates the society is falling apart. |
C.The tax incentive policy once contributed to steady families to some degree. |
D.More British people would get married in the church rather than in a register office. |
A.Pessimistic. | B.Unconcerned. | C.Doubtful. | D.Optimistic. |
【推荐3】Why humans make and appreciate music is an evolutionary (进化的) mystery. Recently David Schruth and his colleagues have a new explanation. They say the roots of human music can date back to the branches of trees more than 50 million years ago, when the first primates (灵长类) appeared. Early primates moved around forest by leaping (跳跃) from branch to branch, a very dangerous way to travel that relies on hand and eye working together and control over muscles.
Schruth argues that a primate that calls in a musical way is advertising that it has fine control over its vocal (声音的) muscles. This might have convinced other primates that the caller also had fine control over its body. His another research shows the species that leap the most tend to have more complicated calls, which the team jokingly named as ‘protomusical’.
Hagen, a worldwide famous scientist in this field, commented on the research: “Some people would not include what we see in primates and songbirds as music. But I do see a continuity between human music and primate vocalizations”.
Hagen doesn’t think human music has a single, simple explanation. He argues that human ancestors originally used music-like vocalizations in two ways: groups vocalized together to send
a signal of strength and unity to scare outsiders away, and mothers used vocalisations to communicate with babies. Also another idea: humans used music to strengthen social bonds.
All these ideas might be compatible, says Hagen. Protomusic could have evolved in primates both to attract companions and for territorial signaling. Later, as early humans began cooperating in large numbers, protomusic might have been repurposed so it could attract rather than frighten outsiders, while also strengthening social bonds within groups.
1. What is Schruth’s finding?A.Primates have the most complex calls. |
B.Human ancestors leap around trees skillfully. |
C.Frequent movements sharpen early human calls. |
D.Complicated vocalizations result from more leaps. |
A.Negative. | B.Skeptical. | C.Supportive. | D.Cautious. |
A.Clever. | B.Reasonable. | C.Misleading. | D.Contradictory. |
A.Repurposed functions of music |
B.Arguments on primates’ evolution |
C.Origins of music linked to leaping |
D.Discoveries about the human origins |