A comparison of nesting data recorded in the early 1900s with similar data today for more than 200 species of California birds shows that over all they are breeding(繁殖)5 to 12 days earlier than they did 75 to 100 years ago.
Earlier studies found that many but not all birds in California’s mountains are moving north or to higher altitude to find cooler temperatures in the face of global warming.
The shift to earlier breeding that we detected allows birds to nest at similar temperatures as they did a century ago, and helps explain why half the bird species in the mountainous areas of California did not need to shift upward in altitude in response to climate warming over the past century, said Steven Beissinger, a UC Berkeley professor of environmental sciences.
Early spring arrivals have long been noted by the public and reported by scientists, but the assumption has been that the birds are tracking resources, primarily food: with warming temperatures, plants produce leaves and seeds earlier, and insects appear earlier.
The new study spotlights another major reason: by nesting a week earlier, birds produce eggs and young at a temperature about 1 degree Celsius lower than if they nested at the normal time in the same place. This exactly counterbalances the approximately 1 degree Celsius increase in global temperatures over the past century.
“By nesting a week or 10 days earlier, birds are avoiding some of the negative effects of climate warming,”Beissinger said.” the good news is that there may be more flexibility for species to respond to climate change than we thought, and not all species may need to move farther north or to higher altitudes, “he added. “But we don't know yet whether staying in place and shifting schedules earlier is a permanent solution, or only provides temporary relief from the 2 degree Celsius rise in temperatures forecast to occur.”
Birds may find, for example, that the window of good temperatures for breeding becomes shorter, which may limit the opportunity to re-nest if they fail the first time. Larger species that have a longer nesting period might not have an enough time to complete their nests before it starts to become too warm, he said.
1. To fight against the global warming, earlier studies found that _______.A.some birds tried to find cooler places |
B.some birds failed to nest more than ever |
C.some birds began to produce eggs earlier |
D.some birds woke up earlier to catch insects |
A.Early birds catch insects and get tender leaves |
B.Global warming is responsible for earlier springs |
C.Birds are smart in adapting to the climate changes |
D.Birds are likely to have difficulty in breeding ways |
A.Adds to |
B.Reduces to |
C.Makes up for |
D.Goes along with |
A.Birds’ moving north and global warming. |
B.Early breeding of birds and climate changes. |
C.Changes of birds’ life and early spring arrivals |
D.Birds' reaction and early appearance of foods. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】We've known for years that plants can see,hear,smell and communicate with chemicals.Now, reported New Scientist,they have been recorded making sounds when stressed.
In a yet-to-be-published study, Itzhak Khait and his team at Tel Aviv University, in Israel, found that tomato and tobacco plants can make ultrasonic(超声的)noises. The plants "cry out" due to lack of water,or when they are cut. It's just too high-pitched(音调高的)for humans to hear.
Microphones placed 10 centimeters away from the plants picked up sounds in the ultrasonic range of 20 to 100 kilohertz(干赫兹)。Human hearing usually ranges from 20 hertz to 20 kilohertz."These findings can change the way we think about the plant kingdom,”they wrote.
On average,"thirsty"tomato plants made 35 sounds an hour,while tobacco plants made 11. When they were cut,tomato plants made an average of 25 sounds in the following hour,and tobacco plants 15.Unstressed plants produced less than one sound per hour,on average.
Perhaps most interestingly,different types of stress led to different sounds.The researchers trained a machine-learning model to separate the plants' sounds from those of the wind,rain and other noises of the greenhouse.In most cases,it correctly recognized whether the stress was caused by dryness or a cut.Water-hungry tobacco appears to make louder sounds than cut tobacco,for example.Although Khait and his colleagues only looked at tomato and tobacco plants,they think other plants also make sounds when stressed.
If farmers could hear these sounds,said the team,they could give water to the plants that need it most.As climate change causes more droughts,they said this would be important information for farmers. "The sounds that drought-stressed plants make could be used in precision(精准) agriculture, "said Anne Visscher at the Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew,in the UK.
Khait's report also suggests that insects can hear the sounds up to 5 meters away and respond. For example,a moth(蛾子)may decide not to lay eggs on a water-stressed plant.Edward Farmer. at the University of Lausanne,Switzerland,is doubtful.He said that the idea of moths listening to plants is"a little too speculative”。
If plants are screaming(尖叫)for fear of their survival,maybe we should be glad we can't hear them.
1. Paragraph 3 mainly explains_______.A.where humans differ from plants |
B.how the research was carried out |
C.what the findings of the study are |
D.why humans can't hear the cries of plants |
A.All plants make sounds when they feel hungry. |
B.Stressed plants make more sounds than unstressed ones. |
C.Tobacco plants are more afraid of thirsty than being cut. |
D.The more stressed a plant is,the louder sounds it makes. |
A.Surprising. |
B.Uncertain. |
C.Incorrect. |
D.Unique. |
A.Deaf humans |
B.Stressed plants |
C.Silent screams |
D.Precision agriculture |
【推荐2】
pine cone
In the past many studies placed too much emphasis on how animals are trained to learn. But recently more and more studies have focused on how animals equip themselves to learn.
One study started with a school field trip to a pine forest where many pine cones were discovered, stripped (剥壳) to the central core. So the investigation was directed at finding out what was eating the pine seeds and how they managed to get them out of the cones. The culprit proved to be the black rat, and the technique was to bite each cone from base to top, following the growth pattern of the cone.
Urban black rats were found to lack the skill. However, babies of urban mothers cross-fostered by stripper mothers acquired the skill, whereas babies of stripper mothers fostered by an urban mother could not. Clearly the skill had to be learned from the mother. In the case of rats, the youngsters take cones away from the mother when she is still eating them, allowing them to acquire the stripping skill.
Another study, Bird Behaviour, provides a different view of the adaptiveness of social learning. It concerns the seed caching (hiding) behaviour of Clark’s Nutcracker and the Mexican Jay. The former is a specialist, caching about 30,000 seeds in scattered locations that it will recover over the months of winter; the Mexican Jay will also cache food but is much less dependent on this than the Nutcracker. The two species also differ in their social structure: the Nutcracker prefers living alone while, the Jay, in social groups.
The experiment is to discover if a bird can remember where it hid a seed but also if it can remember where it saw another bird hide a seed. The design is funny with a cacher bird hiding food in a room, while watched by a caged observer bird. Two days later, cachers and observers are tested for their discovery rate against estimated random performance (预估随机表现). Both cachers performed above chance. More surprisingly, jay observers were as successful as jay cachers, whereas nutcracker observers did no better than chance. It seems that, whereas the Nutcracker is highly skilled at remembering where it hid its own seeds, the social living Mexican Jay is more adept at remembering, and so making use of, the caches of others.
1. Urban black rats were able to learn to strip when ________.A.living with stripper babies | B.fostered by urban mothers |
C.fed by stripper mothers | D.eating cones by themselves |
A.the Mexican Jay benefits from social living |
B.the Clark’s Nutcraker has better learning skills |
C.Nutcraker observers perform well in remembering |
D.Jay cachers are only good at hiding food |
A.skills are equipped in childhood | B.skills improve by practice |
C.animals study through playing | D.animals learn by examples |
【推荐3】In a paper published recently in the journal Seabird, a RSPB team documented the training, testing and performance of scent dogs(嗅觉犬) .
Scent dogs have regularly been used for conservation for decades. They are particularly effective at detecting birds that breed (繁殖) in holes and are only active aboveground at night.
Many seabirds show these same characteristics and some, including European storm petrels (海燕), are well-known for their strong scent. However, using scent dogs to detect seabirds has not been common practice in the UK.
The storm petrel is the UK’s smallest seabird. They spend most of their time at sea, only coming to land to breed in summer. They come ashore under the cover of darkness and nest underground in holes. Manx shearwaters (大西洋鹱) are similarly ocean-loving, breeding on land in the UK before going to the South American coast for winter.
These two species are threatened in the UK. However, surveying them is difficult due to their behaviours. The RSPB researchers tried to detect them by using their dogs.
Dog A, called Islay, was trained to locate and indicate storm petrel feathers. Dog B, called Dewi, is used to detect Manx shearwater holes. Dewi had learnt to distinguish between occupied and unoccupied holes and lie down to indicate occupied holes.
The study found that, with sufficient training and reward, Islay could find the precise location of the storm petrel and differentiate between storm petrel and shearwaters cents with 100% reliability. However, care was needed to ensure no combination of scents occurred. Similarly, Dewi had a high success rate in finding shearwater nest holes, although he was less successful at locating deep holes, probably because there was less shearwaters cent at the entrance.
Mark Bolton, RSPB principal conservation scientist and lead author of the paper, says, “The recent use of scent dogs to locate the nest holes of storm petrels on the, Isle of May is further evidence of the potential of scent dogs for seabird monitoring and I hope that this study will encourage more conservation practitioners to use scent dogs in their work.”
1. What do we know about the storm petrel?A.It is the smallest bird in the world. |
B.It returns to land during the winter. |
C.It breeds on the South American coast. |
D.It is active at night and has a strong scent. |
A.Distinguish the combination of scents. |
B.Find the precise location of a small seabird. |
C.Tell storm petrel and shearwaters cents apart. |
D.Confirm the entrance to a shearwater nest hole. |
A.It is significant for the Isle of May. |
B.It aids seabird monitoring and conservation. |
C.It improves the detection capacities of dogs. |
D.It delivers ground-breaking insights into seabirds. |
A.Scent dogs helping detect seabirds in holes |
B.Scent dogs serving to find nests for seabirds |
C.Scent dogs first used for guarding endangered animals |
D.Scent dogs revealing scents of several kinds of seabirds |
【推荐1】If you live in a town or city on the edge of a desert or coastline where sand dunes form, you might understand the threat they can have. It’s, sometimes, a piece of cake for them to cover roads, buildings, farms and other man-made developments with their unpredictable movements. Thus, figuring out how they move is important for preventing some natural disasters.
Now scientists have discovered that dunes have been secretly moving in ways we never knew before. There are different explanations on dune interaction, however, Karol Bacik, first author on the new dune study, and his colleagues have found a new one for dune movement. The researchers employed high-speed cameras to observe how dunes separated by distance can act as if they’re connected.
It turns out, currents flowing over sand dunes can carry “information” to other dunes downstream in the form of swirls(旋涡). For instance, as wind or water flows over the top of a dune, it slightly moves. This can generate “swirls” on the back of a downstream dune and push it in a direction opposite the movement of the front dune.
It’s the first time that researchers were able to provide causal explanations for some of these strange, previously unpredictable movements. The team also hopes to get out of the laboratory and into the real world, to see if their models can be applied to dune movements in complex natural systems. They plan to use satellite images over large deserts to track groups of dunes over long periods.
Perhaps they can start to alter the dune marching orders in the near future. Imagine being able to tell a dune field exactly how you want it to move. That’s the idea that this research might one day make possible.
1. We can learn that the purpose of the study is to _________.A.stop the sand dunes from moving around |
B.figure out the track of sand dune movements |
C.prove the interaction of dunes with each other |
D.examine a model of sand dunes in the real world |
A.A study. | B.An interaction. | C.An explanation. | D.A dune. |
A.A sand dune communicates with another only by currents. |
B.Swirls on the back of a dune are the power to move itself. |
C.Some strange dune movements have got causally explained before. |
D.Researchers think it unnecessary to study further on the dune models. |
【推荐2】With no special equipment, no fences and no watering, two abandoned agricultural fields in the UK have been rewilded (重新野化), in large part due to the efforts of jays, which actually “engineered” these new woodlands. Researchers now hope that rewilding projects can take a more natural and hands-off approach and that jays can shed some of their bad reputations.
The two fields, which researchers have called the New Wilderness and the Old Wilderness, had been abandoned in 1996 and 1961 respectively. The former was a bare field, while the latter was grassland—both lay next to ancient woodlands. Researchers had suspected that the fields would gradually return to wilderness, but it was impressive to see just how quickly this happened, and how much of it was owed to birds.
Using aerial data, the researchers monitored the two sites. After just 24 years, the New Wilderness had grown into a young, healthy wood with 132 live trees per hectare, over half of which (57%) were oaks. Meanwhile, the Old Wilderness resembled a mature woodland after 39 years, with 390 trees per hectare.
“This native woodland restoration was approaching the structure (but not the species composition) of long-established woodlands within six decades,” the researchers explained in the study.
Part of this reforestation was done by the wind, and researchers suspect that previous ground disturbance may have aided the woodland establishment—which is good news, as it would suggest that agricultural areas may be reforested faster than anticipated. However, animals—Eurasian jays, thrushes, wood mice, and squirrels—also played an important role in helping the forests take shape. This handful of species provided much of the natural regeneration needed for the forest to develop. Jays, in particular, seem to have done a lot of heavy lifting.
1. What does the underlined word “shed” in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.Be opposed to. |
B.Be ashamed of. |
C.Get used to. |
D.Get rid of. |
A.The scale of the woodlands. |
B.The diversity of the fields. |
C.The rate of the changes. |
D.The frequency of the wilderness. |
A.The woodland restoration was approaching the structure of long-established ones. |
B.Much of the wilderness of the fields was owed to birds. |
C.Previous ground disturbance aided the woodland establishment. |
D.How quickly the fields returned to wilderness over time. |
A.The essential role of humans in the reforestation. |
B.The factors that contribute to the reforestation. |
C.The importance of woodland establishment. |
D.The threats faced by a handful of wild animals. |
【推荐3】Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流). Most do it using satellites and other hightech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way — by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years’ experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.
Ebbesmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes — about 60,000 in total — fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn’t. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents.
The Pacific Northwest is one of the world’s best areas for beachcombing (海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on 1,600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study.
As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.
1. The underlined phrase swap meets in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to________.A.fitting rooms |
B.trading fairs |
C.business talks |
D.group meetings |
A.what caused the shipping accident |
B.when and where the shoes went missing |
C.whether it was all right to use their shoes |
D.how much they lost in the shipping accident |
A.By collecting information from beachcombers. |
B.By studying the shoes found by beachcombers. |
C.By searching the Web for ocean currents models. |
D.By researching ocean currents data in the library. |
A.To call people’s attention to ocean pollution. |
B.To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean. |
C.To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents. |
D.To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach. |
【推荐1】During COVID’s first wave, the streets of New York and other major cities became empty. The sound of cars decreased, but urban citizens heard something new: an abundance of birdsong. During walks outside, they breathed cleaner air. Lockdowns had meant fewer cars on the roads, and the effects were unmissable. Levels of nitrogen dioxide-a by-product of fossil fuels burned in cars and in electricity generation—were 30 percent lower along the road from Washington D. C. to Boston in March 2020 compared with previous years. Summer coming, people sat at outdoor extensions of restaurants built in parking zones and moved around on newly added bike lanes. These incidental adaptations to the pandemic allowed citizens to experience the benefits of moving away from the “car is king“ situation in a way that policies for climate-friendly equipment never could, explains Christian Brand, an environmental scientist with the Transport Studies Unit at the University of Oxford. Now, he says, “they know what’s possible.”
Some fought to keep it that way. Paris has been a leader of this conversion. The French capital already had plans to press down car use and encourage cycling before COVID appeared, but in late spring 2020 some 50 kilometers of pop-up bike lanes, called coronapistes, were added almost overnight. They are now a permanent part of Paris’s cycling network, with more in the works.
These measures, Brand says, came in no small part because of political will. Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo made climate change a focus of her reelection campaign. Besides providing subsidies(补贴)for purchasing and repairing bicycles, she emphasized the health benefits of reducing car emissions. In other cities, like New York, changes were more modest or temporary. Shutdowns may have presented the possibility of safer, healthier streets-but it was often a fleeting(飞逝的)vision.
1. What happened during COVID’s first wave?A.Most people were infected with the virus: |
B.City environment became better. |
C.People drove cars instead of walking outside. |
D.People no longer went to restaurants. |
A.Condition. | B.Competition. |
C.Change. | D.Struggle. |
A.Protecting citizens’ safety. | B.Fighting the pandemic. |
C.Measuring people’s political will. | D.Dealing with climate issues. |
A.The Pandemic Led to Greener Cities Unexpectedly |
B.More and More Bicycles Ended ”Car Is King“ Time |
C.Political Leaders Took Measures to Reduce Pollution |
D.Covid-19 Brought Benefits to People’s Health |
【推荐2】In the more and more competitive service industry, it is no longer enough to promise customer satisfaction. Today, customer “delight” is what companies are trying to achieve in order to keep and increase market share.
It is accepted in the marketing industry, and confirmed by a number of researches, that customers receiving good service will promote business by telling up to 12 other people; those treated badly will tell their tales of woe to up to 20 people. Interestingly, 80 percent of people who feel their complaints are handled fairly will stay loyal.
New lineages for customer care have come when people can obtain goods and services through telephone call centers and the Internet. For example, many companies now have to invest (投资) a lot of money in information technology and staff training in order to cope with the “phone rage (愤怒)” — caused by delays in answering calls ,being cut off in mid-conversation or left waiting for long periods.
“Many people do not like talking to machines,” says Dr. Storey Senior Lecturer in Marketing at City University Business School, “Banks, for example, encourage staff at call centers to use customer data to establish instant and good relationship with them. The aim is to make the customer feel they know you and that you can trust — the sort of comfortable feelings people have during face-to-face chats with their local branch manager.”
Recommended ways of creating customer delight include: under-promising and over-delivering (saying that a repair will be come out within five hours, but getting it done within two ); replacing a faulty product immediately: throwing in a gift voucher (购物礼券) as an unexpected “thank you” to regular customers; and always returning calls, even when they are complaints.
Aiming for customer delight is all very well, but if services do not reach the high level promised, disappointment or worse will be the result. This can be eased by offering an apology and an explanation of why the service did not meet usual standards with empathy (for example, “I know how you must feel”), and possible solutions (replacement, compensation or whatever suggests best meets the case).
Airlines face some of the toughest challenges over customer care. Fierce competition has convinced them that delighting passengers is an important marketing tool, while there is great potential for customer anger over delays caused by weather, unclaimed luggage and technical problems.
For British Airways staff, a winning telephone style is considered vital in handling the large volume of calls about bookings and flight times. They are trained to answer quickly, with their name, job title and a “we are here to help” attitude. The company has invested heavily in information technology to make sure that information is available instantly on screen.
British Airways also says its customer care policies are applied within the company and staff are taught to regard each other as customers requiring the highest standards of service.
Customer care is obviously here to stay and it would be a foolish company that used slogans such as “we do as we please”. On the other hand, the more customers are promised, the greater the risk of disappointment.
1. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that .A.well-treated customers promote business |
B.unsatisfied customers receive better service |
C.Satisfied customers catch more attention |
D.complaining customers are hard to satisfy |
A.customers often use phones to express their anger |
B.customer care becomes more demanding |
C.people still prefer to buy goods online |
D.customers rely on their phones to obtain services |
A.“I’m sorry for the delay.” |
B.“I appreciate your understanding.” |
C.“I know how upset you must be.” |
D.“I know it’s our fault.” |
A.Face-to-face service creates comfortable feelings among customers. |
B.A company should promise less but do more in a competitive market. |
C.Companies that promise more will naturally attract more customers. |
D.Customer delight is more important for airlines than for banks. |
【推荐3】We usually hear the term addiction used when talking about drugs or alcohol. But researchers are finding that certain foods can trigger(引发)the same feelings as drugs. It all comes down to what’s happening in the brain. When we feel a happy rush, it’s due to a flood of the feel-good chemical in our brain. Drugs and alcohol can cause a similar high. So, it turns out, can some popular snack foods.
“We’re designed to find carbohydrates(碳水化合物)and fats reinforcing,” says Ashley Gearhardt. She’s a psychologist. “Evolving(进化)such tastes helped our ancestors overcome famine when we couldn’t find enough to eat and make sure we survive.” she explains. That critical role shaped the brain’s reward system, making us hard-wired to enjoy carbohydrates and fatty foods.
The problem isn’t with all foods containing carbohydrates and fats. Fruit is full of sugar. Oats and other whole grains have lots of carbohydrates. Nuts and meat have fat. But such unprocessed foods eaten in a form that’s similar to how they grew-also contain other nutrients, such as fiber, that slow digestion. That limits how quickly our bodies can absorb the nutrients. Cookies, candy, soda, fries and other highly processed foods lack those additional nutrients. Such foods contain ingredients that have been highly changed from their natural state. They’re full of easy-to-absorb carbohydrates and added fats. What’s more, they often contain ingredients that don’t naturally occur together. “Sugar and fat don’t come together in nature,” Gearhardt says. But highly processed foods often “have unnaturally high levels of both carbohydrates and fat.” When we cat these foods, we get a quick “hit” of carbohydrates and fats that give the brain a boost That makes us want to eat them again and again.
“Pay attention to what you eat,” Gearhardt says. “It’s best to get plenty of nutritious foods for your mind and body. That doesn’t mean you can`t have a donut or pizza now and then. Just be sure you’re aware of what you’re eating.”
1. What directly makes us happy according to paragraph 1?A.Addiction to foods. | B.Snack foods. |
C.Chemical in our brain. | D.Some alcohol. |
A.A lack of food | B.A lot of difficulty. |
C.Enemies | D.Diseases. |
A.Cookies have less carbohydrates and fats. |
B.Unprocessed foods have more carbohydrates and fats. |
C.Humans are born to be tired of carbohydrates and fats. |
D.Processed foods have unnatural carbohydrates and fats. |
A.Be Aware of Unprocessed Food | B.Avoid Unprocessed Food |
C.Eating Habits | D.Shake Food Addiction |
【推荐1】Student loans are based on a simple idea: that a graduate’s future flow of earnings will more than cover the costs of doing a degree. But with unemployment rates in parts of the rich world at post-war highs, that may no longer hold true for many people. The consequences will be felt by everybody.
All over the world student indebtedness is causing problems. In Britain, rising university fees mean that student debt is likely to treble (变成三倍) to £70 billion. But, partly because higher education there is so expensive, the scale of the problem is far greater in America. When the next official estimates of outstanding student debt there are published, it is expected to be close to $1 trillion.
Student-loan systems in America and elsewhere are often badly designed for an extended period of high unemployment. In contrast to the housing crash, the risk from student debt is not of a sudden explosion in losses but of gradual financial suffocation (窒息). The pressure needs to be eased.
One option is to change the bankruptcy laws. In America, Britain and elsewhere, these treat student debt as a special case: unlike other forms of debt, it cannot be wiped out. If student debt is not to bind existing graduates and put off future ones, the rules could be changed so that it is dischargeable (可解除的) in bankruptcy. Yet some worry that graduates would rush to declare bankruptcy, handing losses to taxpayers.
So a second option is preferable. Many countries, America included, have designed student debt primarily as a mortgage (抵押)-like obligation: it is repaid to a fixed schedule. Other places, like Britain and Australia, make student-loan repayments income- based so that the prospect of taking on debt is more acceptable to people from poorer backgrounds. That approach makes sense, especially when jobs are scarce.
Both changes would lead to a repricing of student debt. That would be a bad thing for taxpayers, but a good thing overall. Just as borrowers need to understand the risks they are exposing themselves to, voters need to understand the duties that governments are taking on when they subsidize (资助) students.
1. The idea supporting student loans _________.A.illustrates the way the money serves graduates |
B.shows the difficulty of paying off the debts |
C.correctly estimates graduates future earnings |
D.fails to expect the current condition of indebted students |
A.High unemployment among graduates. | B.The loose student-loan systems. |
C.The housing crash. | D.The rapid increase of student loans. |
A.new bankruptcy rules | B.income-based repayment policy |
C.clear student obligation | D.a better tax system |
A.The Serious Tax Problems | B.Graduates Unemployment |
C.The Indebted Graduates | D.Ways to cancel Students Debts |
【推荐2】A book is made of wood. But it is not a tree. The dead cells have been repurposed to serve another need.
Now a team of scientists has repurposed living cells—scraped(刮落)from frog embryos—and assembled them into entirely new life forms. These millimeter-wide “xenobots” can move toward a target, perhaps pick up a payload(like a medicine that needs to be carried to a specific place inside a patient)—and heal themselves after being cut.
“These are novel living machines,” says Joshua Bongard, a computer scientist and robotics expert at the University of Vermont who co-led the new research. “They're neither a traditional robot nor a known species of animal. It's a new class of artifact:a living, programmable organism.” “We can imagine many useful applications of these living robots that other machines can't do,” says co-leader Michael Levin, “like searching out nasty compounds or radioactive contamination(污染物), gathering microplastic in the oceans, traveling in arteries(动脉)to scrape out plaque.”
People have been manipulating(操纵)organisms for human benefit since at least the dawn of agriculture, genetic editing is becoming widespread, and a few artificial organisms have been manually assembled in the past few years—copying the body forms of known animals. But this research, for the first time ever, “designs completely biological machines from the ground up," the team writes in their new study.
Many people worry about the implications of rapid technological change and complex biological manipulations. "That fear is not unreasonable,” Levin says. "When we start to deal with complex systems that we don't understand, we're going to get unintended consequences.” “If humanity is going to survive into the future, we need to better understand how complex properties, somehow, emerge from simple rules,” says Levin. Much of science is focused on "controlling the low-level rules. We also need to understand the high-level rules." In other words, “this study is a direct contribution to getting a handle on what people are afraid of, which is unintended consequences,” Levin says.
1. What do we know about the “xenobots” from Paragraph 2?A.They need to be carried to a specific place. |
B.They're capable of self-healing after injury. |
C.They are scraped from some new life forms. |
D.They can remove an object to another place. |
A.recycle microplastic in the oceans |
B.take in nasty compounds |
C.programme other organisms |
D.take away the plaque in arteries |
A.People never created these biological robots in history. |
B.These machines were copied from the very beginning. |
C.The research is completely carried out on the playground. |
D.Organisms have been developed since agriculture. |
A.This study is bound to bring about panic in public. |
B.People boycott employing rapid technological change. |
C.Science is focused on controlling the low-level rules. |
D.Some study is likely to contribute to unexpected results. |
【推荐3】Solving great space mystery
Monkey King, the hero in the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West, is making headlines again. On Nov 30, China’s Dark Matter Particle Explorer(DAMPE, 暗物质粒子探测卫星), which is named after Monkey King’s Chinese name Wukong, found mysterious signals in the universe that may help scientists learn more about dark matter, according to Xinhua News Agency.
“This is the first time scientists have found such detailed and precise signals, ” Chang Jin, vice director of the Purple Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国紫金山天文台), told Xinhua.
Dark matter is a type of hypothetical(假设的)matter in the universe. Scientists believe that it influences the movement of galaxies. However, no one has ever directly observed it.
Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky first used the term “dark matter” in 1933, when he spotted something very unusual. Some galaxies that Zwicky saw were spinning so fast that they should have scattered into all comers of the universe, but they didn’t. He realized there must have been something else there that had a strong enough gravitational pull to hold everything together. He called it“dark matter”.
In one sense, dark matter is like the wind:we can’t see it, but we know it’s there.
Finding out more about dark matter could help us understand how the universe began, but being able to do so isn’t easy. Scientists believe that when two dark matter particles crash together, they form new particles and produce high amounts of energy and heat. This is why explorers like Wukong are sent to find such particles.
Indeed, “Wu” means “understanding” and “kong” means “void(空的). ” The nickname symbolizes the main goal of DAMPE’s mission, which is to understand dark matter better.
Since its launch in 2015, DAMPE has already recorded 3. 5 billion high-energy particles, reported Newsweek. And according to Science, the satellite has a lifespan of five years, which means it still has three more years to “understand the void”. “DAMPE has opened a new window tor observing the high-energy universe, unveiling new physical phenomena beyond our current understanding, ” Chang told Xinhua.
1. On Nov 30, DAMPE______________.A.was named Wukong by Chinese scientists |
B.was successfully launched into space |
C.located dark matter in the universe for the first time |
D.detected clear signals related to dark matter |
A.is a spinning galaxy |
B.is a type of gravitational pull |
C.is made up of invisible particles that hold galaxies together |
D.makes mysterious stars scattered in the universe |
A.the movement of galaxies |
B.the origin of the universe |
C.how crashes happen between dark matter particles |
D.how to make use of high energy caused by crashes |
A.It has recorded 35 billion high-energy particles so far. |
B.It will be able to keep working for another five years. |
C.It was made to observe and identify dark matter in the universe. |
D.It could help prevent dark matter particles crashing together. |