Today we know Antarctica as an extreme environment containing ice and snow. But new research provides evidence that the area was very different in the past.
The evidence was found inside a piece of earth sediment(沉积物) collected by researchers from a depth of about 30 meters below the ocean floor off the coast of Antarctica. In the sediment, they found forest soil estimated to be about 90 million years old. This would have been in the Cretaceous Period, when dinosaurs were the main land animals.
Johann Klages is a geologist, working in the Institute's Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research in Germany. He said an examination showed that the material formed on land, not in the ocean.
The researchers estimate that the area – about 900 kilometers from the South Pole – had average yearly temperatures of about 12 to 13 degrees Celsius. During the warmest summer months, average temperatures likely reached between 20 to 25 degrees Celsius. The average yearly temperature in that area is about 40 degrees below zero Celsius.
The examination results showed “a dense network of roots that spread through the entire soil layer,” the Helmholtz Center said in a statement.
The dark brownish-gray soil included fine dirt particles and hard clay, as well as substances linked to at least 65 different kinds of plants, the study found. Klages put that the plants included trees, ferns and flowering plants and while no animal remains were found, there were likely dinosaurs, flying reptiles and many insects in the environment.
The researchers said that the rainforest environment in Antarctica was especially surprising because each year, the area experiences a four-month polar night when there is no sunlight to fuel plant life.
1. According to the passage, we can learn that ________.A.dinosaurs were from Antarctica |
B.Antarctica was always extremely cold |
C.the ocean floor is made up of sediment |
D.the area has been experiencing climate changes |
A.No animals left. |
B.No fertilizer to fuel plants. |
C.Roots spreading through the soil. |
D.The rainforest experiencing polar night. |
A.Science. | B.Entertainment. | C.Society. | D.Fiction. |
A.Antarctica, Once a Warm Rainforest |
B.Earth Sediment Found in Antarctica |
C.Antarctica - an Extreme Environment |
D.New Antarctica Found by Researchers |
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【推荐1】Europe is the second smallest continent in size but the third largest in population. Here are some facts to share.
People
About 10% of the world’s population lives in Europe. Most of the European population groups, almost 90%, belong to the three Indo-European language groups of the Slavic, Romance and Germanic language groups. According to the World Happiness Report from 2018 to 2020, the World’s happiest people live in Finland—and they won for the last three years in a row!
Languages
Most European languages belong to either the Romance language family such as French, Italian and Spanish, the Germanic language family, among which are German and English, or the Slavic language family, among which are Russian, Bulgarian and Polish. Russian is the language with most native speakers—about 100 million, while English is the language spoken by most people as a first language and a second language—about 270 million people. The five most spoken native languages in Europe are Russian, German, French, English and Italian.
Animals
In Europe, there are 270 species of mammals (哺乳动物) such as bats, deer and hares. Of all mammal species 15% are endangered, such as wolves and bears. There are 75 species of amphibians(两栖动物)in
Europe, most of which are unique to Southern Europe. Slightly more than half of the 800 European bird species breed in Europe, and all the others migrate to warmer regions during the cold winter months.
Natural resources
Metals such as zinc and silver and minerals such as copper and coal are found in Europe. Some areas in northern Europe have deposits of natural gas and oil.
Agriculture
The most common crops in Europe are cereals(谷类植物) such as wheat, corn as well as sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables and fruits. France is Europe’s biggest producer of agricultural products.
1. What can we infer about the European population from the text?A.The population in Europe has decreased slightly. |
B.Europe is thickly populated at the present time. |
C.People in Europe belong to three language families. |
D.People living in Europe are the happiest in the world. |
A.English belongs to the Romance language family. |
B.English is the language with most native speakers. |
C.The number of native Polish speakers is not very big. |
D.French belongs to the Slavic language family. |
A.Europe doesn’t produce natural gas or oil. |
B.Most animal species in Europe are endangered. |
C.France produces the most agricultural products in Europe. |
D.Over 400 European bird species fly to warmer areas in winter. |
【推荐2】A walk in one of the regional parks and forests is a great way to explore the diverse landscape of greater Wellington.
From coastal sands to historic paths,farmland to green native forest,the parks and forests offer a variety of countryside and scenery to suit all ages and levels of fitness.
Most of the walks offer the chance to take a break and enjoy picnicking or swimming.
What to take
Many of the walks go through areas exposed to winds and changeable weather.Please take with you some water and sun hat especially on walks marked with hiking symbol.Always take some warm clothing and a rain jacket.
All times stated are estimates for the return trip.
Where indicated,mountain bikes and horses riders may use tracks.
Opening hours
The parks and forests are open daily from 8 am till dusk.Parks or walks marked with a farm animal symbol may be closed for lambing Aug—Nov.Please check with the ranger or on our website www.gw.govt.nz.
Caring for your pack
●Pack in and pack out.Take your rubbish home and recycle it when possible.
●Keep dogs under control and remove droppings.
●Do not remove,disturb or damage native plants or animals.
●Light no fires.
●Poison may be laid in the parks and forests to control the field mouse.Do not remove notice or disturb baits, lures,trapping lines or the mousetraps.
1. What can we know about the walk?A.Visitors can dive when they rest. |
B.People under 18 are not permitted to take part in it. |
C.People can sightsee the seashore and farmland. |
D.People can visit some famous people during the walk. |
A.sun hat and warming clothing should be taken in case of the changeable weather |
B.you can see far animals at any time |
C.visitors have no access to riding horses |
D.pets can walk as they wish |
A.Rubbish should be thrown into the rubbish can in the parks. |
B.Fires are not permitted in the parks. |
C.There are lots of poisonous plants. |
D.Field mice are the animals that most visitors want to see. |
A.a government notice | B.a newspaper advertisement |
C.a TV health program | D.a travel guidebook |
【推荐3】Located in the Ouachita Mountains, Hot Springs National Park covers over 5,500 acres and was the first area of land in North America set aside by the government for amusement. To protect the hot springs and their surrounding environment, it was named as an official protected area in 1832. On March 4,1921, an act of Congress transformed Hot Springs Reservation into Hot Springs National Park, providing key protection to the area and improving its importance.
The main draw to this park is what it is named for, the hot springs. The springs hold an average temperature of 62℃. The most special aspect of the hot springs is that they have long been recognized for their usage in medicine, which can help improve blood circulation, reduce inflammation (炎症), and provide relief for muscle and joint pain. Visitors have the chance to experience the recovery power of these hot waters. Additionally, they can explore the park’s hiking trails, which wind through the scenic parks, offering breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape.
Unlike most national parks that are surrounded by wilderness, Hot Springs National Park is located in the city of Hot Springs, creating a unique mix of natural wonders and city life. Visitors can explore the park’s beautiful scenery, and then experience the charm of the city’s downtown area, with cultural attractions and historic landmarks. The city of Hot Springs offers various resting places, restaurants, shops, and other services that suit the needs of tourists.
Whether you want to experience hot springs, explore the hiking trails, or learn about the park’s fascinating past, it provides a memorable experience for visitors of all ages.
1. What do we know about Hot Springs National Park from paragraph 1?A.It has been protected for a long time. | B.It is famous for its rich amusement activities. |
C.It is the largest national park in North America. | D.It protects a large number of historical buildings. |
A.They have great medical value. | B.They lie in the center of hiking trails. |
C.They can keep a comfortable temperature. | D.They are surrounded by mountain landscapes. |
A.It has unique natural wonders. | B.It is located in a wild area. |
C.It combines nature with city life. | D.It offers cheaper service to tourists. |
A.A tourist map. | B.A history book. |
C.A scientific report. | D.A geographic magazine. |
【推荐1】For the British, the home is a private place in which he or she goes to hide away from the troubles of life. It is very seldom that one would be invited to a British person’s home. It is rude to knock on a person’s door if you into. Never ask how much the house or any of the items in it costs.
To the American, most of them want their home to be a place where they can entertain and share their lives with their friends. They may be glad to show you around their houses. They may also be pleased when you show your interest and pleasure in their houses.
Both British and American people will engage in (参与) quite a bit of chat and a drink or two before the meal is served. After the first mouthful, you should say how delicious the food is and ask something about it. Remember, never eat with your mouth open and make very little noise while eating. It would be nice of you to help your host in any way. Maybe offer to pour some drinks or clear up after the meal.
1. British people ________invite friends to their home.A.often | B.always | C.seldom | D.never |
A.you can use anything you like | B.you can ask how much his house is |
C.you may ask the cost of the items in it | D.you are not free to go wherever you wish |
A.angry | B.happy | C.sad | D.worried |
A.Differences between British and American home. |
B.Differences between British and American table manners. |
C.Development of table manners of British and the United States. |
D.Some manners on visiting British and American people’s home. |
【推荐2】Traditionally, China’s astronauts are selected from among fighter plane pilots with enough flying experience, as they can control the machinery and have the training to stay calm in space.
Yet among the three astronaut s aboard Shenzhou XVI, which is taking them to Tiangong, China’s space station, is Gui Haichao, a professor from Beihang University. He is the first civilian that China has sent into space, and will conduct space science experiments, collect and analyze data and maintain the lab devices on the space station.
That’s good news for the nation’s space science, as he will be more professional in carrying out research experiments on the space station.
It is also good news for China’s astronautics sector, as it shows that the nation is confident enough to send persons other than military pilots into space. It means that the level for traveling into space is being lowered, offering hope that one day ordinary people will be able to buy a ticket for a trip into space.
Besides Gui, there is also Zhu Yangzhu, a space flight engineer from China’s astronaut team, who will serve as a profession al rather than a pilot. Zhu’s teaching experience in college, similar to that of Gui, is also evidence of Chinese astronauts’ educational background being raised.
Twenty years after Shenzhou V took China’s first astronaut Yang Liwei out of the Earth’s atmosphere, China already has a full team of astronauts ready to further our understanding of the cosmos(宇宙).
Mission commander Jing Haipeng is on his fourth trip into space, making him the Chinese astronaut with the richest experience in space travel. In the 15 years between his first mission and this one, China has progressed from sending astronauts into space to supporting their stay for half a year on its newly constructed space station.
1. What do we know about Gui Haichao?A.He is selected from fighter plane pilots. | B.He is on board Shenzhou XV. |
C.He is the first Chinese into space. | D.He is a college professor. |
A.It can carry out space science experiments. | B.It will fly to Tiankong. |
C.It has the first Chinese civilian. | D.It will stay in space for half a year. |
A.Only people from the army in China can fly into space. |
B.More common Chinese will fly into space in the future. |
C.The commander of Shenzhou XVI is Yang Liwei. |
D.There’s only one college professor on Shenzhou XVI. |
A.It mainly focuses on Chinese space pilots. |
B.It mainly focuses on Shenzhou XVI and its astronauts. |
C.It mainly focuses on Chinese space research. |
D.It mainly focuses on Shenzhou V and its research. |
【推荐3】If you were bringing friends home to visit, you could show them the way. You know the landmarks — a big red house or a bus-stop sign. But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean? Could you still find your way home?A loggerhead turtle(海龟)could.
According to Dr. Ken Lohmann, loggerheads have a magnetic(磁力的)sense based on Earth's magnetic field. It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches.
Scientists already know that several other animals, such as whales and honeybees, can detect(探测到)magnetic fields. The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense. Young whales and honeybees can learn from adults. Loggerheads are abandoned as eggs.
As newborn loggerheads have no adults to learn from, what helps them figure out how to use their magnetic sense? Lohmann thinks one of the cues was light on the sea.
Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea, where they can find food. Lohmann tested whether newborn loggerheads use this light source to set their magnetic “compasses”(罗盘). He and his team put some newborns in a water tank and recorded which way they swam. Around the tank, the scientists created a magnetic field that matched the Earth’s. They set a weak light to the east of the magnetic field. Then they let the newborns go.
At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed(颠倒)the magnetic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the new "east".
This and the follow-up experiments all showed that loggerheads use light from the outside world to set their magnetic "compasses" and then remember the "correct" direction. If a turtle hatches on a brightly-lit beach, that would damage its magnetic sense forever and make survival hard for the turtle.
Lohmann's work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species. Yet many questions about these creatures remain unanswered, and researchers have a lot to study.
1. Loggerheads and whales differ in the way they______.A.detect magnetic fields | B.recognize landmarks |
C.learn to find directions | D.bring up their young |
A.the light | B.other unknown factors |
C.the magnetic field | D.the light and the magnetic field |
A.It enables researchers to keep track of turtles. |
B.It contributes to the studies of the magnetic field. |
C.It helps protect the loggerheads' living environment. |
D.It offers a new solution to environmental pollution. |
A.Comparison of Loggerheads and Other Animals |
B.Experiments on Loggerheads |
C.The Survival of the Sea Turtle |
D.The Loggerhead's Built-in "Compass" |
【推荐1】Edinburgh is the world's festival city. There are 12 festivals throughout the year, half of which are celebrated during the mouths of July and August.
Hundreds of thousands of people visit the Scottish capital during the summer. Here are some of the events they can enjoy:
The Edinburgh International Festival
This is the original Edinburgh festival, which began in 1947. Actors, musicians, dancers and opera singers from all over the world perform to huge audience. You need tickets for most events which take place in theatres around the city.
The Edinburgh Festival Fringe (艺穗节)
This is the largest arts festival in the world with thousands of shows taking place across the city, More than 20,000 artists participate in it. as the festival is open to anyone. Visitors can choose from a huge variety of acts. Join thousands of visitors and locals at the Royal Mile, Edinburgh's min street, 10 watch all kinds of performers and shows.
The Edinburgh International Book Festival
The largest book festival in the world began in 1983 and tokes place every year in Charlotte Square Gardens, in the centre of Edinburgh. There are more than 700 events for children and adults who love books. You can meet many authors, talk to them, ask them to sign a book or listen to them talk about their stories. Children can listen to stories and watch illustrators (插画家) draw pictures.
The Edinburgh Jazz and Blues Festival
Music lovers come to this festival to enjoy music shows around the city. One of the highlights of this musical event in the street carnival (嘉年华), which is free to all. Artists perform street theatre, dance and circus shows in amazing costumes, and everyone can join in the dancing.
1. What do we know about the Edinburgh International Festival from the text?A.It started in 1947. | B.It is held at the Royal Mile. |
C.It is free to Scottish people. | D.It takes place in July every year. |
A.The Edinburgh Jazz and Blues Festival. |
B.The Edinburgh Festival Fringe. |
C.The Edinburgh International Book Festival. |
D.The Edinburgh International Festival. |
A.To introduce some festivals in Edinburgh. |
B.To perform the beautiful picture of Edinburgh. |
C.To encourage more tourists to visit Edinburgh. |
D.To prove that Edinburgh is the world 's art center. |
【推荐2】Keeper for a Day Program
Do you love animals and ever find yourself wanting to know what a zookeeper does all day?
Why not check out our Keeper for a Day Program and find out for yourself how unbelievable the job can be! You can work with a zookeeper to find out how the animals are fed and taken care of every day, and how our keepers play a very important role in conservation and research programs. Whether you're interested in animal care as a career or just want to have some fun, this program is worth all the sweat and smells!
Toronto Zoo Keeper for a Day Program Fee(aged 14 & up):
Full Day Rate(8.5 hrs) | Half Day Rate(4 hrs) |
DS $300 for zoo members | DS $200 for zoo members |
DS $350 for non-members | DS $250 for non-members |
To register in advance for the Keeper for a Day Program:
1. Choose your top 3 areas you would like to experience, in order of your preference. Please notice that only one area will be chosen. Your top choice is not promised and may change without notice.
2. Fill out the registration by clicking here.
3. Send the registration form via e-mail(preferably) or fax/mail and pay by credit card(AMEX/VISA or MASTERCARD) only.
4. You will be sent an e-mail for confirmation within 2—3 weeks after we receive your registration. The e-mail confirmation letter will contain detailed information about your Keeper for a Day Program at the Toronto Zoo.
For any further questions please e-mail Toronto Zoo Keeper for a Day Coordinators at keeperforaday@ torontozoo. ca.
1. Who is the Keeper for a Day Program designed for?A.Zookeepers. | B.Animal lovers. |
C.Environmentalists. | D.Animal researchers. |
A.DS $50. | B.DS $100. | C.DS $150. | D.DS $200. |
A.Pay by check. | B.Register at zoo. |
C.Choose only one activity. | D.Register online. |
【推荐3】Perhaps it is because it was our second train journey in China or possibly because of the later arrival time(which meant we didn’t need to get up at 5 am)that the trip from Xi’an to Chengdu seemed an easier journey than the one from Beijing to Xi’an.
We settled into our room.As normal we had four beds in a cabin(隔间)for all the five of my family. We actually had a 5th bed in a separate cabin, but we preferred to sleep together. As we squeezed(挤压)our luggage into the shelves above the beds, we attracted the attention of a young student called Away who was with her mother and father. They laughed when they saw that we had so many children and so many people were in one cabin. We started talking and quickly became friends.
As we had already eaten, we didn’t eat on the train this time. Instead, we spent the time reading and talking. The train was a little stuffy(闷热的)and we kept our door open. It was good to watch the coming and goings from the other cabins. The train was very bumpy(颠簸的)and every so often there would be a large jolt, but it felt like we were moving relatively slowly. When it was bedtime, everyone quickly dropped off to sleep.
We ate our snacks in our cabin in the next morning. Around 10 am there was a knock at the door and our new friend Away came in. She brought some local Chinese snacks.She sat in our cabin and we had a pleasant conversation about all manner of things including study, jobs, children and families. She looked through all of the photos we had taken so far in China and was soon joined by her father who turned out to be a photographer in the army. He took a few photos of us.
Later, the ticket collector came as we were close to Chengdu and they returned to their cabin. It was really great to meet real Chinese people and know about their lives.
1. Compared with the trip from Beijing to Xi’an, this trip ________.A.required them to get up earlier |
B.lasted a much shorter time |
C.wasn’t that tiring to them |
D.was a bit more difficult |
A.Because there were five beds in the cabin. |
B.Because they wanted to save some money. |
C.Because they found no proper bed in other cabins. |
D.Because they disliked being away from each other. |
A.felt a little annoyed |
B.found it very interesting |
C.found it hard to fall asleep |
D.wanted to have someone to talk with |
A.An unforgettable experience in China. |
B.A train journey of the author and her family. |
C.The author’s first experience in a train cabin. |
D.The author’s experience of making new friends. |
【推荐1】For years,the giant squid (大王乌贼) had remained a modern mystery.Living in the dark depths of the ocean,the creature is difficult for scientists to observe directly.It had also managed to avoid all attempts to film it.That changed last July:for the first time ever,scientists were able to catch the giant squid on video in its natural habitat.They were amazed by what they saw.The scientists filmed the squid in the North Pacific Ocean,south of Tokyo,Japan.They followed it down to a depth of 2,952 feet.They shot more than 23 minutes of video before the squid swam off into even darker depths.The video footage will be released to the public later this month on The Discovery Channel.
Tsunemi Kubodera,a zoologist at Japan's National Museum of Nature and Science,led the team that filmed the squid.The team went into the ocean in a small submarine with lights invisible to both humans and squid.Since giant squid eat smaller squid,the scientists released a small squid as bait (诱饵).Then the scientists waited in the pitch black for the giant squid to approach.
The color video shows the creature floating vertically,eating the bait squid.The giant squid is 9 to 10 feet long and is missing its two longest tentacles (触须).With those tentacles,it could have measured up to 26 feet long.It has huge black eyes,the size of dinner plates,“It was shining and so beautiful,” Kubodera said.
Because the deep ocean is so unfriendly to humans,little is known about the giant squid.Scientists say catching the mysterious creature on video is an important step toward understanding it.For centuries,sailors had reported seeing a huge,ocean-dwelling beast,thought to be the giant squid.The creature is also believed to be the subject of the Nordic myth of the kraken,a sea creature that supposedly attacked ships in Scandinavian waters over the past thousands of years.
1. Why is it difficult to film the giant squid?A.Because it is illegal to film the giant squid. |
B.Because it is too expensive to make such a film. |
C.Because the giant squid lives in the dark deep ocean. |
D.Because the giant squid is dangerous to humans. |
A.first saw the giant squid in the ocean |
B.discovered a new sea creature in the ocean |
C.have the ocean bottom secretly recorded on video |
D.have first caught the legendary giant squid on video |
A.16 to 17 feet long |
B.9 to 10 feet long |
C.more than 26 feet long |
D.about 36 feet long |
A.increase the number of the giant squid |
B.trick the giant squid into coming out |
C.make an educational film about it |
D.show concern for the giant squid |
【推荐2】What do you usually do when you have some free time? Do you take part in any form of hobby? If your answer is no, then you should think twice. Experiencing some type of interest or hobby might be the Ideal way to develop your brain an improve your creative thinking.
Here is a common problem that many older people have. They have spent such a great deal of time raising their family that once their children are grown and left home, they all of a sudden start to experience their age. Quite often, it is not their age that is the concern. It is the fact that they are unexpected offered more time on their hands.
When you put in too much time not doing anything, this can affect your brain. This is just where the expressions “If you don’t use it, you lose it” definitely is the truth. Your mind needs working out much like any other muscle in your body. This is why getting a hobby matters. It offers you something to do and is a perfect way to meet new people.
Enjoying a hobby is also a perfect way to improve creative thinking at any age. Even young children can profit from taking a new hobby. For retired people, enjoying a hobby which they can find entertainment in with their grandchildren will help keep them active and feeling young at heart.
Several hobbies that are terrific for both your mind and your body include yoga, biking, swimming and golf. If you aren’t fond of sports, even taking a walk regularly is a wonderful way to keep active. It helps you to appreciate fresh scenery and it has been suggested that the colors green and blue help make you more creative.
As you can see above, you can get pretty much from taking a hobby. With so many choices waiting for you, begin your journey right away!
1. What can be implied about many older people from Paragraph 2?A.They used to have little free time. | B.They concern about their age. |
C.They lack creative thinking. | D.They should develop their brain. |
A.It improves one’s living conditions. | B.It strengthens one’s brain. |
C.It helps build up one’s muscle. | D.It enables one to make friends. |
A.Feeling young at heart | B.Spending your free time |
C.Trying different hobbies | D.Experiencing your hobby now |
【推荐3】Red squirrels (松鼠) , a kind of animal once lost from their native woodlands, have been returned to the north-west Highlands, early results of a reintroduction (重新引进) project show.
The new population has naturally increased since they were reintroduced to north-west Scotland last year. The animal had disappeared as a result of the reduction of forests, as well as illness and competition from the introduced non-native grey squirrel. However, Trees for Life—the organization behind the project—is hopeful that red squirrels will continue to add to their 138,000 number and continue their increase.
“Early results shows that this could be a real wildlife success story. The new squirrel populations are not only living in their new homes, they are also starting to spread out into new areas, with squirrels being sighted as far as 15km away, “said Becky Priestley, Trees for Life’s wildlife officer.
The first relocation began in the spring of 2016, through to this year, when the first 33 squirrels from Inverness-shire and Moray were set free at Shieldaig in Wester Ross. Another 22 were set free at the Coulin estate, next to Beinn Eighe, plus 30 at Plockton, which is partly owned by the National Trust for Scotland.
The red squirrel, found throughout Eurasia, has experienced a great population reduction in recent years. In 2007, just 25,000 could be found throughout the UK after a one-time high of 3.5 million. This is often because of the fact that their grey cousins have a larger appetite (食欲) and eat most of the food in the forest. Reds are also more likely to be influenced by viruses (病毒) than greys, dying up to 25 times quicker.
Grey squirrels first came to England from North America in 1876 as a decorative species. However, it was not until 1930 that the damage they did was realized, when it was almost too late for the reds.
Now, though, red squirrels appear to naturally take over their land again. During 2016, they spread beyond Shieldaig, with one sighting eight miles away beyond Loch Torridon. One was seen recently near Nostie, about five miles from the release site, and there have been sightings further.
1. What is the reason for red squirrel’s disappearing from north-west Highlands?A.Humans’ activity caused the forests to reduce. |
B.There’s competition from native animals. |
C.The number of their natural enemies was reduced. |
D.There was illness spreading among the red squirrels. |
A.At Shieldaig. | B.At the Coulin estate. |
C.At Plockton. | D.At Moray. |
A.have a better appetite |
B.are easier to fight against viruses |
C.are more beautiful and decorative |
D.are more likely to suffer from illnesses |
A.Difficult. | B.Successful. |
C.Depressing. | D.Unrealistic. |