What do you do when you need to look something up? Go to the library? Open an encyclopedia（百科全书）? Click onto the Internet? These days, most people go straight to Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia. But how reliable is it?
There’s no denying the popularity and usefulness of Wikipedia. It attracts as many as 78 million visitors every month, and the site is available in more than 270 different languages. It’s one of the most comprehensive resources available which includes almost all details, facts and information that may be concerned. It’s got much more information than an ordinary encyclopedia. The site is updated on a daily basis by thousands of people around the world. Anyone with an Internet connection can log on and edit the contents or add a new page. And you don’t need any formal training.
Of course, there are some controls. Wikipedia has a team of more than 1,500 administrators who check for false information. And main targets for harmful comments（such as politicians）are off-limits to public editing. But with more than 16 million articles to keep an eye on, it isn’t easy. So, while Wikipedia benefits from being constantly updated with information from all over the world, it’s also open to “vandals”（恣意破坏公共财物者）.
Some of the damage is easy to notice. One person drew devil horns and a moustache on Microsoft chairman Bill Gate’s photo, while another edited Greek philosopher Plato’s biography to say he was a “Hawaiian weather man who is widely believed to have been a student of ‘Barney the purple Dinosaur’”.
But other things are harder to spot. The most common form of vandalism（恣意破坏公共财物罪） involves adding tiny items of false information into the biography of a famous person. Unbelievably, some of this misinformation has appeared in newspapers, with The Daily Mail, The Guardian and The Independent all having fallen victim to the dirty tricks. For example, in an article about British comedian Sir Norman Wisdom, one newspaper claimed that he co-wrote Dame Vera Lynn’s wartime hit. There’ll be bluebirds over the White Cliffs of Dover. He did no such thing. And in other article, it was reported that TV Theme tune composer Ronnie Hazlehurst had written the S Club 7’s hit Reach again, not true. So, if you’re going to use any information from Wikipedia, make sure you double- check it first.
1. According to the passage, which of the following statements about Wikipedia is true?| A．The primary job of the administrators is to guarantee information conveyed is accurate. |
| B．Wikipedia is updated daily so it is the most comprehensive resources available. |
| C．Wikipedia is sure to be attacked because too many people are using it. |
| D．Whoever has access to the Internet can edit any contents of Wikipedia as they like. |
| A．information about famous people is likely to be inaccurate. |
| B．all items of false information are not easy to get spotted. |
| C．however famous the papers are, they will be cheated. |
| D．you can never be careful enough while updating information online. |
| A．Objective. | B．Critical. | C．Satisfied | D．Supportive |
| A．The Most Reliable Online Encyclopedia |
| B．Why Is Wikipedia So Popular? |
| C．An Online Encyclopedia With Advantages And Disadvantages |
| D．How Dose Wikipedia Help You? |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Speaking English is not only about using proper grammar. To use English effectively, you need to understand the culture in which it is spoken. Here are a number of important tips to remember when speaking English in the United States.
Conversation tips.
Talk about location.
Talk about work.
Talk about sports. Americans love sports!
Many Americans prefer first names. Americans often prefer using first names, even when dealing with people in very different positions. Americans will generally say, “Call me Tom.” and then expect you to remain on a first name basis.
Public behavior.
Always shake hands.
Smoking is out! Smoking, even in public places, is strongly disapproved of by most Americans in the modern United States.
| A．Addressing people. |
| B．Talking with people. |
| C．However, they love American sports. |
| D．Americans love to talk about location. |
| E．Americans commonly ask “What do you do?”. |
| F．Americans prefer to make friends with foreigners. |
| G．Americans shake hands when greeting each other. |
【推荐2】Some words copy the sounds made by the things they describe, like “buzz” or “hiss”or “zip”. But what if the way a word sounds could suggest some other feature of an object like its shape?
A new study suggests not only that it can but that the same word can do so across many languages. Marcus Perlman,a lecturer at the University of Birmingham, says that, a century ago，linguists(语言学家)insisted the words used to refer to various objects and actions are arbitrary(随意的) and that words don't necessarily look or sound like the things they refer to. That makes sense because different languages have different words for the same thing. One person’s pup is another one’s perro. But there’s a lot of evidence now suggesting it is false.
To further explore this connection between words and their meanings, Perlman and his colleagues turned to something called the bouba/kiki effect. With the help of 22 volunteers, the researchers tested it in 25 different languages. Participants were told to look at two shapes-one looks like a cloud which is somewhat round, and the other one is more pointy, maybe looks more like a star-and then listen to the sound: either “bouba” or “kiki”,both of which are totally made up. Then they were asked,“Which one is bouba and which one is kiki?” Most participants said the rounder shape was bouba and the pointy one was kiki. This suggests there is some widely observed connection between the spoken words and the visual features of the shapes.
As to what that could mean about the evolution(演变)of language：imagine our ancestors when they started using spoken words to refer to things. “They couldn’t say ‘Listen, my friend, now we’re gonna call this new object a table.’” So to get the conversation off the ground, they probably tried to come up with sounds that somehow suggested the object at hand.
1. What does the author mean by saying “One person’s pup is another one’s perro”?| A．People have personal preferences for the words they use. |
| B．A word can mean the same thing across many languages. |
| C．Different languages have different words for the same thing. |
| D．The sound of a word reminds people of the shape of an object. |
| A．By making up new words. | B．By interviewing language learners.. |
| C．By conducting an experiment. | D．By comparing different languages. |
| A．It helps people understand language evolution. |
| B．It is a language research method created a century ago. |
| C．It makes little sense when it comes to written language. |
| D．It shows the differences between round and pointy objects. |
| A．What Is the Shape of a Word? | B．How Does Language Develop? |
| C．Nonsense Words Connected to Shapes | D．Language Features Little Known to Linguists |
【推荐3】Many people believe that there is one form of their language that is more correct than others.They may believe for example that British English is more correct than other varieties;or that written English is more correct than spoken English; or that standard spoken forms are more correct than dialect forms. Often this belief is supported by reference books to grammars ,usage guides or dictionaries:if something goes against a rule in a grammar,or if the word isn't in the dictionary ,it“must be wrong”. Since the reference books are most often based on observation of the standard written language, the argument is really circular: these books will naturally describe standard usage, because that is what they are for ;but this does not mean that there is anything wrong with other kinds of usage that are less often described.
A better way of looking at things is to say that usage is“correct in its place”. Standard American English is correct in America , British English is correct in Britain , spoken grammar is accepted in casual speech, and formal written grammar is employed in formal writing. So this means there is no answer to the question: “What kind of English should learners study?” It depends on their purposes. For many learners, the best model is one or other of the two main standard varieties :British or American English. Neither of these is “better”than the other ,and they are both used and understood worldwide.
People are also worried by language change. If younger people“break”the rules that older people have learnt, or use language in new ways, older people often feel disturbed: they are concerned that younger people no longer know their grammar, and that the language is going downhill. This is a needless worry :change is natural and inevitable,it cannot be stopped ,and it does not generally affect a language 's efficiency as a communicative tool. A great deal of modern English grammar would have been wrong three hundred years ago, and will perhaps be wrong again three hundred years from now.
1. What can you learn from the 1st paragraph ?| A．Learners are always confused by the reference books. |
| B．Usages not mentioned in the reference books are not necessarily wrong. |
| C．Nobody can challenge the authority of the reference books. |
| D．Some wrong usages can be found in the reference books. |
| A．Big differences exist between British English and American English. |
| B．American English is better for learners than British English. |
| C．A learner should master all the distinctions of different English. |
| D．Standard English varies according to different situations. |
| A．avoidable. | B．certain. |
| C．formal. | D．temporary. |
| A．Disturbed. | B．Concerned. |
| C．Indifferent. | D．Acceptable. |
【推荐1】The day following Thanksgiving — commonly referred to as Black Friday — has become one of the busiest shopping days of the year in the United States.
It is believed by many that the term Black Friday comes from the concept that businesses operate at a financial loss, or are “in the red,” until the day after Thanksgiving, when massive sales finally allow them to turn a profit, or put them “in the black.” However, this is untrue.
A more accurate explanation of the term dates back to the early 1960s, when police officers in Philadelphia began using the phrase “Black Friday” to describe the mess that resulted when large numbers of suburban tourists came into the city to begin their holiday shopping and, in some years, attend Saturday’s annual Army-Navy football game. The huge crowds created a headache for the police, who worked longer than usual as they dealt with traffic jams, accidents, shoplifting, and other issues.
Within a few years, the term Black Friday had taken root in Philadelphia. City businessmen attempted to put a prettier face on the day by calling it “Big Friday.”
In more recent years, Black Friday has been followed by other shopping holidays, including Small Business Saturday, which encourages shoppers to visit local retailers, and Cyber Monday, which promotes shopping online. Giving Tuesday has also appeared to encourage charitable donations.
Historically, Black Friday has yet another meaning, one unrelated to shopping. In 1869 Wall Street financiers Jay Gould and Jim Fisk attempted to corner (垄断) the nation’s gold market at the New York Gold Exchange. On Friday, September 24, the government’s control caused their plan to fall apart, making thousands of Americans lose all their money.
1. What is the origin of the term Black Friday?| A．Stores offered limited cheaper specials on all kinds of goods. |
| B．Businesses made money, which was “in the black.” |
| C．Suburban tourists made the policemen’s work harder. |
| D．Friday became the biggest shopping day in America. |
| A．On this day businessmen make big money. | B．Customers buy a lot of goods this day. |
| C．City businessmen want to have prettier faces. | D．Businessmen want to make the day sound lovely. |
| A．To call on people to make some donations for charity. |
| B．To encourage shoppers to visit local retailers. |
| C．To boost the development of online shopping. |
| D．To improve the profits and make the economy better. |
| A．When Is Black Friday Celebrated? | B．How Did Black Friday Get Its Name? |
| C．Where Was Black Friday Celebrated? | D．What Are the Types of Shopping Holidays? |
【推荐2】Barbecue is a tradition as old as the US itself .The first president of the US, George Washington, once wrote about going to a lovely barbecue.
In the northern region, the word "barbecue" means "cooking something on a grill''. It could be burgers, hot dogs or potatoes. In North Carolina, barbecue means “smoked pork shoulder",
In the western half of the state, folks prefer a sweet-and-sour barbecue sauce made with ketchup, while people in the eastern half like a sauce made of boiled vinegar. We used to travel around the US, giving samples to the public. But some people in Lumberton refused the free samples.
But it's not just my family. At churches, schools, offices and house parties, barbecue is the first, thing many people think of when we need to feed as many as 50 people.
Whether we are from a big city or a tiny town, people in the US can agree on one thing: We love barbecue-whatever that is.
| A．But people in the US argue about almost anything |
| B．They were upset that the sauce wasn't yellow. |
| C．We have our own brand of barbecue sauce. |
| D．Other places in the US have different ideas of barbecue |
| E．Barbecue means more than just meat. |
| F．But Americans can't agree on what barbecue is. |
| G．You can probably see that barbecue is important in my family. |
【推荐3】Disasters almost always arrive unexpectedly. But there are apps to help people prepare for disasters. Some apps alarm users when a disaster has taken place. Other disaster apps can be used when people need rescue or other help.
SirenGPS Mobile
The free SirenGPS Mobile app connects users to emergency services. The app will let emergency workers know where the person in need is. The app works over cell networks. But it also works on Wi-Fi if cell networks are down after an emergency. Users can create a personal health report on the app to share with emergency services. This will provide information important to treatment decisions.
Guardly
Guardly is an app that can help keep people safer in places such as businesses and universities. This app permits workers and students to report about unsafe conditions. Reports can be made to an organization’s own security division as well as to government emergency services. The reporter’s location can be sent with the report so security or emergency services help can arrive more quickly. The app is free, but Guardly charges for its services.
Life360
The Life360 app provides a service to keep loved ones connected. Users can set up a network of people to share their location, chat, and get a warning when they are near someone in their network. The app helps users communicate when they are in a disaster. The location share function can be forbidden when desired. The Life360 app is free, with some services available for a fee.
Red Panic Button
When a person is in a dangerous situation, the Red Panic Button app might help. This app can send a text message or email to chosen contacts providing the user’s location. You can also add a voice or video message or photo to your text and email. Red Panic Button is free, but extra functions are available for a fee.
1. What does the SirenGPS Mobile app work on when cell networks are not available?| A．Emergency services. | B．Wi-Fi. |
| C．A personal health report. | D．Text messages and emails. |
| A．the app is a perfect tool | B．the app causes little trouble |
| C．the report can show where the reporter is | D．the report can tell how to save the reporter |
| A．Life360. | B．Guardly. |
| C．Red Panic Button. | D．SirenGPS Mobile. |
| A．All of them are available for a free. |
| B．All of their services are charged. |
| C．All of their extra functions are used for free. |
| D．All of them can tell the user’s location. |
【推荐1】Since the earliest times, trees have always been very useful and important to men who made use of them in a number of ways for their daily life. Even today trees continue to serve men in so many useful ways.
They supply men with food, fuel (燃料) for burning and building materials in the form of wood. Without trees it would be impossible to build houses, boats and even bridges. Furniture such as tables and chairs is also made of wood.
In the tropics (热带) where it is very warm throughout the year, trees protect men from the terrible heat of the sun. They are also useful in preventing good and fertile (肥沃的) top soil from being washed away during heavy rains which are so common in the tropics. If there were no trees or vegetables of some types to hold back the soil with their roots, heavy rains would wash away the rich surface soil so important for agriculture. The result is that the land becomes useless and unproductive.
There are many desert areas in the world. A long, long time ago these areas must have been rich, fertile areas too, but people in ancient times cut down trees without any plan. They never took the trouble to plant new trees. Strong winds bit by bit blew away the rich surface soil and in the end the land was turned into useless desert where nothing could grow.
1. According to the passage, trees are useful and important because ________.| A．they supply men not only with food, but fuel and building materials |
| B．they protect men from the terrible heat of the sun in the tropics |
| C．they protect the rich surface soil from being washed away |
| D．All the above |
| A．In the tropics, heavy rains are very common. |
| B．Men in the earliest times never made use of trees. |
| C．Trees continue to serve men in many useful ways. |
| D．In the old days, it was impossible to build houses, boats and bridges without trees. |
| A．used to be rich fertile areas | B．are good for plants to grow on |
| C．are formed by cutting down trees with plans | D．are formed by wind blowing |
| A．the rich surface soil is important for agriculture | B．human beings should take care of trees |
| C．human beings have made good use of trees | D．there are many desert areas in the world |
【推荐2】OAKLAND, Calif. —Facebook said on Thursday that it would allow many employees to work from home permanently.
Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s chief executive, told workers during a meeting that within a decade as many as half of the company’s more than 48, 000 employees would work from home.
“It’s clear that the coronavirus has changed a lot about our lives, and that certainly includes the way that most of us work,” Mr. Zuckerberg said. “Coming out of this period, I expect that remote work is going to be a growing trend as well.”
Facebook’s decision, the first among tech’s biggest companies, is an obvious change for a business culture built around getting workers into large offices and keeping them there. Using free shuttle buses, free cafeterias and personal services like dry cleaning, tech companies have done as much as possible over the years to give employees little reason to go home, let alone avoid the office. If other large companies follow suit (仿效), tech employment could start to move from expensive centers like Silicon Valley, Seattle and New York.
Tech executives have believed that person-to-person communication was a big part of the creativity that went into making popular products. Mr. Zuckerberg long worried that employees who worked remotely would lose productivity.
In March, the coronavirus lockdown (封锁) forced companies to send employees home. Many tech companies, including Facebook, emptied their offices. Now, more than two months later, executives are discovering that their remote workers performed better than expected.
Mr. Zuckerberg said the change could offer more benefits than inconveniences for the company. Allowing remote work will allow Facebook to attract valuable employees, reduce the climate influence caused by commutes (上下班) and expand the diversity of its work force, he said.
1. According to Zuckerberg, which of the following statements is NOT true?| A．Half of Facebook’s employees have been working from home. |
| B．The coronavirus is one of the factors leading to remote work. |
| C．Employees’ work performance at home is beyond his expectation. |
| D．There are more benefits of remote work than inconveniences caused by the change. |
| A．Facebook’s decision has influenced other companies. |
| B．Tech companies offer different services to attract valuable employees. |
| C．Remote work will lower tech companies’ cost. |
| D．It is believed that person-to-person communication helps lead to creativity. |
| A．A newspaper. |
| B．A guide book. |
| C．An entertainment magazine. |
| D．An advertisement. |
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| B．teachers who want to improve their teaching skills |
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| C．FutureLearn aims to totally change access to education. |
| D．This website aims to recruit new users for FutureLearn. |
【推荐1】A new study suggests drinking coffee as soon as someone wakes up from a poor night's sleep greatly affects metabolism (新陈代谢) and blood sugar control.
In the study, published in the British Journal of Nutrition, UK researchers let 29 healthy men and women take part in three different overnight experiments. In the first two scenes, participants were given a sugary drink upon waking-first from a normal night's sleep, and then again after a poor night's sleep during which they were woken up for five minutes every hour. In the third, their sleep was similarly disrupted, but they were given a strong black coffee 30 minutes before consuming the sugary drink.
Blood samples from participants were taken following the sugary drink, which mirrored the calories of a typical breakfast, in each experiment. Results showed that one night of disrupted sleep did not worsen the participants' blood sugar responses at breakfast when compared to a normal night of sleep. However, strong black coffee consumed before breakfast in-creased the blood sugar response by around 50 percent.
By drinking such kind of drink after breakfast, UK researchers found that our bodies' ability to break down our food healthily is completely improved. Examining the effects of bro-ken sleep and. morning coffee across a range of different metabolic markers, scientists at the University of Bath found that, while one night of poor sleep had a limited effect on metabolism, drinking coffee before breakfast could have a negative effect on blood sugar control.
“We know that nearly half of us will wake in the morning and, before doing anything else, drink coffee—the more tired we feel, the stronger the coffee is. This study is important and has far-reaching health influences, and it indeed moves some coffee drinkers' heartstrings. As up to now we have had limited knowledge about what this is doing to our bodies, in particular for our metabolic and blood sugar control, so we have a long way to go.” said Professor James Betts, co-director of the Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism at the University of Bath.
1. How did UK researchers get the result of the experiment?| A．By assumption. | B．By making comparisons. |
| C．By questionnaire. | D．By consulting journals. |
| A．One night of poor sleep surely affects blood sugar. |
| B．Drinking coffee after breakfast does harm to health. |
| C．Having strong drinks has a good effect on metabolism. |
| D．Drinking coffee at different time has different effects on health. |
| A．It makes no sense. | B．It is limited and blind. |
| C．It remains to be continued. | D．It is particular and explicit. |
| A．How. Much Coffee to Drink Matters |
| B．Does Coffee Really Wake Up an Appetite? |
| C．Drinking Coffee before Breakfast Harms Metabolism |
| D．How Does Drinking Black Coffee Affect People's Sleep? |
【推荐2】I’d done it before, and so I had no reason to believe that this time would be any different. I was sure that when I returned home from my mission trip. As always, I’d bring back nothing more than some mud on my boots. A hole or two in my jeans and, of course, a lot of great memories.
The summer before my high school graduation, I went to West Virginia with others as volunteers to repair the homes of those in need. Arriving at our destination, my group was assigned the task of rebuilding sections of a home that had been damaged by fire. No sooner had we parked on the home’s dirt driveway than we saw an excited little girl, no more than six years old, standing in the doorway of the family’s temporary home. Shoeless and wearing dirty clothes and the biggest smile I’d ever seen, she yelled, “Ma, Ma, they really came!” I didn’t know it then, but her name was Dakota, and four more days would pass before she’d say another word near me.
Behind Dakota was a woman in a wheelchair—her grandmother, we’d soon learn. I also discovered that my job that week would be to help change a fire-damaged dining room into a bedroom for this little girl. Over the following days, I noticed Dakota peeking at us every now and then as we worked. A few times, I tried talking with her, but she remained shy and distant, always flying around us like a tiny butterfly but keeping to herself.
By our fifth and final day, however, this was about to change. Before I went to work on her home on that last morning, I spoke for a moment or two with the grandmother. I was especially pleased when she told me how much Dakota loved her new room—so much. As we talked, I noticed something I hadn’t seen before—Dakota was hiding behind her grandmother.
Cautiously, she stepped into view, and I could see that just like her clothes, her face was still dirty. But no amount of soil could hide those bright blue eyes and big smile. She was simply adorable. Slowly, she began walking toward me. It wasn’t until she was just inches away that I noticed the folded piece of paper in her tiny hand. Silently, she reached up and handed it to me. Once unfolded, I looked at the drawing she’d made with her broken crayons on the back of an old coloring book cover. It was of two girls—one much taller than the other—and they were holding hands. She told me it was supposed to be me and her, and on the bottom of the paper were three little words that instantly broke my heart. Now almost in tears, I couldn’t control myself anymore—I bent down and hugged her. She hugged me, too. And for the longest time, neither of us could let go.
I left for home early the next morning. I was returning with muddy boots and holes in my jeans. But because of Dakota, I brought back something else, too — a greater appreciation for all or the blessings of my life. I’ll never forget that barefoot little butterfly with the big smile and dirty face. I pray that she’ll never forget me either.
1. What did the author expect before taking this mission trip?| A．An exciting experience. |
| B．A routine result. |
| C．A special memory. |
| D．A surprising change. |
| A．feared to talk with me |
| B．desired to approach me |
| C．resisted accepting me |
| D．enjoyed meeting me |
| A．she formed a bad living habit |
| B．she hoped for a better education |
| C．she was strong and calm in the inner world |
| D．she was an innocent and lovely child |
| A．Enjoy your help. |
| B．Help me, please. |
| C．Please don’t leave. |
| D．Hug me close. |
| A．She worried about the little girl’s future. |
| B．She felt a greater affection for the little girl. |
| C．She decided to keep helping the little girl. |
| D．She got surprised at the little girl’s worthless gift. |
| A．One must learn to share life experiences. |
| B．One often wants to lead a meaningful life. |
| C．One should be more grateful for the gift of life. |
| D．One occasionally benefits from the poverty. |
The way most of us spend our mornings is exactly opposite to the conditions that promote flexible, open-minded thinking. Imaginative ideas are most likely to come to us when we’re unfocused. If you are one of those energetic morning people, your most inventive time comes in the early evening when you are relaxed. Sleepy people’s lack of focus leads to an increase in creative problem solving. By not giving yourself time to
The trip you take to work doesn’t help, either. The stress slows down the speed with which signals travel between neurons (神经细胞), making inspirations less likely to occur. And while we all should read a lot about what’s going on in the world, it would not make you feel good for sure, so put that news website or newspaper aside until after the day’s work is done.
So what would our mornings look like if we wanted to start them with a full capacity for creative problem solving? We’d set the alarm a few minutes early and lie awake in bed, following our thoughts where they lead. We’d stand a little longer under the warm water of the shower, stopping thinking about tasks in favor of a few more minutes of relaxation. We’d take some deep breaths on our way to work, instead of complaining about heavy traffic. And once in the office—after we get a cup of coffee—we’d click on links not to the news of the day but to the funniest videos the web has to offer.
1. According to the author, we are more creative when we are _______.
| A．focused |
| B．relaxed |
| C．awake |
| D．busy |
| A．They are solution providers. |
| B．They are a source of inspiration. |
| C．They are normally full of bad news. |
| D．They are more educational than websites. |
| A．wander into the wild |
| B．listen to a beautiful tune |
| C．switch to the traffic channel |
| D．stop concentrating on anything |
| A．offer practical suggestions |
| B．summarize past experiences |
| C．advocate diverse ways of life |
| D．establish a routine for the future |
