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题型:阅读理解-阅读单选 难度:0.65 引用次数:226 题号:12144605

Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?

In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Census's measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensation like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic wellbeing, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.

While thinking about the question, we came across a recently published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.

The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.

In 2005, as the authors observe: real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. Because of these differences, comparing France's consumption with the U.S.'s overstates the gap in economic welfare.

Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97 % of U.S. levels, but estimates Mexican well-being at 22%. The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economy's performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the pace of improvement has slowed markedly.

Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of-life changes could be incorporated—for example, decreases in total emissions of pollutants and declines in crime rates.

1. What does the author say about the Jones-Klenow method?
A.It is widely used to compare the economic growth across countries.
B.It revolutionizes the way of measuring ordinary people's livelihood.
C.It focuses on people's consumption rather than their average income.
D.It is a more comprehensive measure of people's economic well-being.
2. What do Jones and Klenow think of the comparison between France and the U. S. in terms of real consumption per person?
A.It reflected the existing big gap between the two economies.
B.It neglected many important indicators of people's welfare.
C.It covered up the differences between individual citizens.
D.It failed to count in their difference in natural resources.
3. What is an advantage of the Jones-Klenow method?
A.It can accurately pinpoint a country's current economic problems.
B.It can help to raise people's awareness of their economic well-being.
C.It can diagnose the causes of a country's slowing pace of economic improvement.
D.It can compare a country's economic conditions between different periods of time.
4. What can we infer from the passage about American people's economic well-being?
A.It is much better than that of their European counterparts.
B.It has been on the decline ever since the turn of the century.
C.It has not improved as much as reported by the Census Bureau.
D.It has not been accurately assessed and reported since mid-2000s.

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【推荐1】In order to make sure Harvard is an affordable choice for your undergraduate education, you can consider financial aid packages made up of a combination of four types of funding.

Scholarships & Grants

Because Harvard is committed to affordability, our scholarships are designed to cover 100% of your demonstrated financial need. Here is our process:

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Outside Awards

Like many of our students, you may receive funds from sources outside Harvard, such as secondary schools, your parental employers, etc. Since the intention of these awards is that they be used for educational purposes, you must report them to Harvard and apply them toward your college expenses. We will consider your outside awards as a part of your overall financial aid funding.

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If you receive financial aid from Harvard, you will likely be expected to contribute to your education through employment. Your expected term-time work expectation is often around 10 to 12 hours per week. All wages earned are paid directly to you, rather than appearing on your term bill, and can be used to help pay for your out-of-pocket personal expenses.

Loans

You are not expected to take out loans, since our aid packages are designed to cover your financial need without additional borrowing. However, you may choose to pursue loans to help cover your student or family contribution. If you are interested in a loan, we will help you find one that works for you.

Types of Student Loans for Year 22-23

—Federal Direct Subsidized Stafford Loan

—Federal Direct Unsubsidized Stafford Loan

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—Additional loan information

1. Who may be the target readers of the text?
A.Parents unable to afford university fees.
B.College freshmen with financial concerns.
C.Students with excellent academic performance.
D.Undergraduates with outside financial supports.
2. How can scholarship funds help you?
A.Cover 100% of your expenses.B.Balance your earnings and awards.
C.Help your parents to pay off debts.D.Bridge your financial gap in college.
3. According to the passage, which of the following may help cover your personal expenses?
A.Scholarships & Grants.B.Outside Awards.
C.Student Employment.D.Loans.
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【推荐2】A draft of a new bill aimed at fighting food waste was approved by a country’s Council of Ministers in Spain, and will now proceed to Parliament. Once approved, the law could take effect in early 2023.


The goal is to reduce the amount of food that goes to waste, which is currently estimated to be around 1,300 tonnes (公吨) annually. That works out to roughly 68 pounds per Spaniard, valued around €250. While more than half of that waste (54%) takes place at home, the bill is aimed more at the retail and hospitality sectors.

The law is the first of its kind in the country, modeled on similar laws in Italy and France. It would allow the government to deal with inefficiencies in the food chain.

Medium-scale and large-scale retailers and restaurants will be required to present plans for food waste prevention and disposal, outlining what happens to surplus (过剩) food. Donating to food banks is encouraged, as long as the food is still safe for consumption. If it’s starting to go bad, the bill suggests changing it slightly in safe ways, such as making juice or jam. If it’s not good for human consumption, then the item can be used for animal feed or in the production of biofuel or fertilizers.

Bars and restaurants must provide free packaging for guests to take food home if they have not finished it. While it is a standard practice in North America, this is not common in Spain for cultural reasons.

When supermarkets have food nearing expiry (到期), they must sell it at discount or donate it before it goes bad. All companies in the food chain are required to encourage sales and use of in-season, local and organic produce as much as possible.

There will be serious financial fines for businesses that fail to obey, ranging from €6,000 to €150,000. Second offenses cost even more, as much as half a million Euros.

It is impossible to outline a perfect approach, but any measures to inform and encourage to action are an improvement. Reducing the waste could go a long way toward checking emissions and fighting the climate crisis.

1. The draft of a new bill was approved ________.
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B.All leftovers should be used to produce biofuel or fertilizers.
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D.Consumers have to pay for plastic packaging in bars and restaurants.
3. The underlined word “offenses” in Paragraph 7 can be replaced by ________.
A.violationsB.attacksC.attachmentsD.trials
4. Which can be the best title for the passage?
A.How to deal with our surplus foodB.A plan to handle food waste in Spain
C.Serious food problems we are still facingD.The importance of conserving food resources
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【推荐3】China has abolished (废除) its controversial birth restrictions, reversing (彻底改变) nearly four decades of family planning policies as birth rates fall.

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And there has been an assumption that the government will further ease restrictions. Other changes include a one-month cooling-off period before a divorce, during which either party (一方当事人) can withdraw their application.

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Hong Fincher said it remained to be seen how the Chinese government would adopt any changes. She said incentives(激励) to have more children had not worked and that the government might resort to other measures.

1. Why was the one-child policy adopted in the 1980s?
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C.Because of the imbalanced gender ratio.D.Because of the rapidly ageing population.
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3. What is netizens’ (网民) attitude towards the proposed changes?
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A.China has adopted the two-child policy.B.China’s one-child policy had little effect.
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