Although ethics(道德)lessons are common around the world, scientists are unsure if the lessons can actually change behavior. But a new study found that a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.
The researchers investigated one lesson’s impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric, a philosopher at the University of California: students’ attitudes on the topic are variable, behavior is easily measurable, and eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. The researchers studied students in four classes. Half of them read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, the researchers studied their meal-card purchases for that semester-nearly 14,000 receipts(收据)for almost 500 students. “It’s an awesome data set,” says Nina Strohminger, a psychologist who teaches business ethics and was not involved in the study.
For students who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent-and this effect held steady for the study’s duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.
“That’s actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,” Eric says. Strohminger agrees, “The thing that still blows my mind is that just one ethics lesson should have such an obvious effect.”
Eric believes the greatest impact came from classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least influential, he thinks was argument. Now the researchers are investigating the specific effects of teaching style teachers’ eating habits and students’ video exposure.
1. How did the researchers carry out the study?A.By making a comparison. | B.By introducing a concept. |
C.By presenting an argument. | D.By referring to another study. |
A.Annoys me. | B.Surprises me. | C.Bothers me. | D.Frightens me. |
A.Argument. | B.Teaching style. | C.Teaching assistants. | D.The video exposure. |
A.To improve students’ lifestyles. |
B.To call on students to eat less meat. |
C.To encourage students to take ethics lessons. |
D.To tell the effects of ethics lessons on behavior. |
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【推荐2】The Yale Happiness Class, formally known as Psyc 157: Psychology and the Good Life, is one of the most popular classes offered in the university’s 320-year history. The class was only ever taught in person once, during the spring 2018 semester, as a 1,200-person lecture course in the largest space on campus. That March, a free 10-week version made available to the public via Coursera, titled “the Science of Well-Being,” also became instantly popular, attracting hundreds of thousands of online learners. But when lockdowns began last March, two full years later,the enrollment numbers skyrocketed. To date, over 3.3 million people have signed up, according to the website.
The Coursera curriculum asks students to, among other things, track their sleep patterns, keep a gratitude journal, perform random acts of kindness, and take note of whether, over time, these behaviors connect with a positive change in their general mood.
One small study from the curriculum involved polling (投票) 632 Americans to predict how happy they would be if they were given $5 to spend on themselves versus getting $5 and being told they must spend it on someone else. In the study, people predicted that they would be happier if they were allowed to keep the money. But participants consistently reported afterward that they had in fact got more satisfaction from spending money on someone else.
Some studies show that finding reasons to be grateful can increase your general sense of well-being. Kezie Nwachukwu, 22, took the class at Yale. He didn’t think it was revolutionary; however, he has managed to find some lasting value in the curriculum. He said. “I should be so grateful for everything that I have. Because you’re not built to notice these things.”
1. What do we know about The Yale Happiness Class?A.It has never been taught in person ever. |
B.It enjoys great popularity at home and abroad. |
C.It has been available online since lockdowns. |
D.It has exactly 3.3 million learners in total. |
A.take note of their daily behaviors |
B.keep track of their daily expenses |
C.make a shift in their sleep patterns |
D.offer a helping hand now and then |
A.It makes us happier to buy ourselves some French fries. |
B.It boosts our happiness to offer a stranger a big burger. |
C.It increases our well-being to take 5 dollars from a stranger. |
D.It feels wonderful to save 5 dollars into our bank account. |
A.Indifferent. | B.Disapproving. | C.Objective. | D.Doubtful. |
【推荐3】Most people above 16 years old have a strong wish that they should drive on the road by themselves. Thus, getting a license is an exciting time in their life. Ultimate Drivers is there to help your teen learn the rules of the road and get important driving experience.
What We Offer
Intimate Drivers’ program will help students prepare for their road test and give them the skills they need to become lifelong safe and defensive drivers.
The beginner program offers 20 hours of in-class training, 12 hours of homework assignments and 8 hours of in-car training. Each in-class training lasts 120 minutes and each one-on-one in-car training 80 minutes. What’s more, students can be picked up for free from home, work or school.
What You Need To Know
Students can complete the classroom part of the course in just two weekends or if it better suits their schedules, they can take it during the evenings on weekdays. There are also classes offered during the holiday break.
Students can start taking line classroom part of the driving training without the G 1 license, but do need it by the time they’re ready to start the in-car driving lessons.
What Extra Benefits Are
The beginner drivers can get much through the program. After that they’ll receive student testimonials (证明书) . The testimonials show teenagers who have taken the course feel more confident in their abilities and many believe they couldn’t have passed the road test without it.
Sign up before April 5th, and students can get an insurance discount!
1. How many times does the program offer in-class training?A.20. | B.12. | C.10. | D.8. |
A.Get the G 1 license. | B.Finish the classroom part. |
C.Sign up before April 5th. | D.Receive a student testimonial. |
A.A review. | B.An advertisement. |
C.A guide. | D.An encyclopedia. |
【推荐1】Have you ever made eye contact with a robot? It can be a very strange experience. Scientists even have a name for the feeling: the “uncanny valley ”.
Now, researchers at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) in Italy have found that it is more than just a feeling. They ran an experiment that showed how a robot’s gaze (注视) can make people think they are socially interacting with a human being. That experience can slow a person’s ability to make decisions.
The team asked 40 people to play a video game of “chicken”. In the game, each player has to decide whether to allow a car to drive straight toward another car or to turn to avoid a crash. The people were playing against a human-like robot sitting across from them.
During breaks in the game, players had to look at the robot. Sometimes the robot would look back and other times it would look away. As the interactions happened, the scientists collected data on behavior and brain activity.
“Our results show that, actually, the human brain treats the robot gaze as a social signal, and that signal influences the way we’re making decisions, on the way we use in the game and also on our reactions, ” Wykowska said.
The findings could be useful in helping to decide where and how human-like robots might be placed in the future.
1. What does “it” mean in paragraph 2?A.Making eye contact with a robot | B.A strange valley |
C.The research on robots | D.A robot’s experience |
A.Robots were designed to make decisions to avoid a crash. |
B.40 people were asked to play against each other. |
C.Players were not allowed to look at the robot during breaks. |
D.Robot gaze could affect people’s decision making abilities. |
A.How to make eye contact with a robot |
B.The effects of robot’s gaze on human brain |
C.The future development of the robot |
D.A recent research on human brains |
A.Newspaper | B.A book review |
C.A science magazine | D.A novel |
【推荐2】Too much salt — and not enough whole grains, fruits and vegetables-may be shaving years off our lives, a new analysis suggests.
In a study published Wednesday in the Lancet, researchers looked at people's eating habits across 195 countries to estimate how much poor diets contribute to the number of deaths.
Lead author Ashkan Afshin, an epidemiologist at the University of Washington, said the researchers estimated
The problem, he said, is not only what people are eating;
A.Why did they do that |
B.What are their findings |
C.but it's also what they're not eating |
D.that some bad habits lead to more health problems |
E.Experts say it confirms what health professionals have been teaching for years |
F.But is a poor diet really responsible for more deaths than even cigarette smoking |
G.that poor diets are responsible for more deaths around the world than any other risk factor |
The technology of artificial intelligence(Al)is changing the world of work. There is one kind of job,though,that is difficult to be automatic;the kind that requires emotional skills,including all the abilities that let us recognize and respond appropriately to emotional states in ourselves and others. Artificially intelligent software is being built that can recognize emotions in people's faces and voices,but it is a long way from producing real empathy.
As robots come for our routine jobs,the ability to work well with others is becoming a key to success at work. A 2016 World Bank review of 27 studies of employers found that 79%of them ranked emotional skills such as honesty or the ability to work within a team as the most important qualification for workers.
Emotional skills are particularly important in healthcare. As populations in many countries age and non-communicable diseases grow,the World Health Organization says that the world will need 40 million new health workers by 2030 and we will be lacking in nurses by 18 million. That figure includes highly educated doctors and technicians,for whom a good bedside manner is complementary(辅助的)to their technical skills. It also includes a wide range of workers whose main qualification is being able to support and communicate with patients. Effective healthcare requires men and women with emotional skills,but not necessarily advanced technical skills.
Education is another industry where the need for emotional connection makes automation unlikely. Teaching young children must involve humans,in order to motivate students,spot potential developmental problems and develop social skills. As it turns out,that also appears to be true of adult education.
MOOCs were once seen as a way into higher education,letting anyone learn for free if they wanted to,but they've proved something of a disappointment. In contrast,for-profit colleges get first-generation college students to enroll(注册)and stay enthusiastic by hiring an army of warm,engaging staff to offer personal support and guidance.
The rising importance of emotional work is likely to affect most of us. Each of us can put effort into sharpening our emotional skills as well as our technical ones. That might mean reading an attractive book with characters you care about,taking an outdoor break to increase emotional resilience(恢复力),or just stopping to consider how your comments are getting across to your co-workers.
Emotional skills
Introduction | ◆The AI technology has ◆The AI technology can distinguish between different emotions,but cannot make proper ◆According to the previous studies,most people agree that a I worker without emotional skills is not | |
The | Healthcare | ◆The aging population and the growing non-communicable diseases will result in a ◆For doctors and technicians, when ◆For other medical workers, emotional skills come first, |
Education | ◆Either in children or adult education, human involvement is a ◆MOOCs | |
Advice | You can sharpen your emotional skills by caring about characters in a book, taking an outdoor break to refresh your emotions or stopping to consider how to make your comments |
【推荐1】People have got faster at typing text messages on their phones. But how fast are we at using a smart phone compared to typing words on a traditional keyboard? A team of researchers carried out an experiment.
The researchers used an Internet-based system to test the typing speed of over 37,000 volunteers on their smart phones. The volunteers spent about six hours a day using their phones. Most of them used two thumbs to type. Both Android and iPhone users were tested. They were given 15 English sentences to type out on their phones as quickly and accurately as possible.
The research team found that people wrote about 36 words per minute. It is slower than the average rate for people using a computer keyboard. In a 2018 University of Cambridge study, the average speed for computer typists was 52 words per minute. Noting the narrowing of speed rates between smart phones and computers, the team said we have become slower at typing on keyboards over the years. 75 percent of those taking part in the study had typing speeds below 44 words per minute. But the fastest phone typists reached speeds of 80 words per minute. People using two thumbs typed 38 words per minute. Those using only one finger 29 words per minute.
According to the findings, Anna Feit, a researcher at ETH Zurich, said it makes sense that younger people have higher typing speeds because they spend a lot more time on their devices. It was found that a phone's automatic correct tool can be helpful. Users were able to type faster with it. “The given understanding is that techniques like word completion help people”, Feit said. “But we found the time spent thinking about the word suggestions often outweighs the time spent typing the letters, making you slower.”
The difference between typing on a smart phone and a keyboard is called “the typing gap". They say this gap will further narrow in future as people get less skilled with keyboards and as smart methods for typing on devices continue to improve.
1. What is the purpose of the experiment?A.To prove typing on keyboards is the fastest way. |
B.To track over 37,000 volunteers' typing habits. |
C.To promote people's typing speed on smart phones. |
D.To find out how faster people type on their phones. |
A.People using two thumbs in the research. |
B.Those using only one finger in the research. |
C.75 percent of the volunteers in the study. |
D.Computer typists in the 2018 Cambridge study. |
A.Automatic correct tool isn't useful. | B.Word completion can't help much. |
C.The aged need word suggestions. | D.Typing won't be needed on phones |
A.It will become smaller and smaller. |
B.It will be replaced by word completion. |
C.It will make people less skilled at typing. |
D.It will slow the development of smart phones. |
【推荐2】The sun shows its face every day, but an amazing new telescope is giving us a whole different view of it. And guess what? Our familiar friend in the sky has some impressive features! Seen from the earth without a fancy telescope, the sun resembles a pale disc, sort of like a big sugar cookie shining in the sky. However, in detailed photos and video captured by the new telescope, the sun’s surface looks lumpy(块状的)and bumpy.
The incredible instrument responsible for these eye-popping images is the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST), the most powerful solar telescope in the world. A project of the National Science Foundation (NSF), the telescope is named after a U.S. politician who represented the state of Hawaii, which is home to the high-tech, high-resolution wonder.
The DKIST is at the summit of Haleakalā on the island of Maui, which is…a volcano! While that might sound like a risky place for a $344-million observatory to perch, the volcano is extinct. What’s more, the combination of high elevation, low air disturbance, and deep blue skies make it an ideal location to study the sun. Modern astronomers(天文学家)aren’t the first to recognize that Haleakalā has a special connection to the sun—ancient Hawaiians were way ahead of them. The summit of Haleakalā is admired by native Hawaiians, who gave the place its name, which means “House of the Sun.”
Now, after being under construction for about ten years, the DKIST is sunbathing in this storeyed spot. When the telescope’s first videos and photos were posted, they blew up on social media like a superstar, but the NSF has much bigger goals than going viral. The astronomers want to study the surface of the sun to better predict solar weather.
Why on earth would people want a weather forecast for a place that’s more than 145 million kilometers away? Because events on the surface of the sun can end up affecting us right here at home. Solar weather can disable satellite systems and GPS tracking systems and even cause blackouts, in which large areas temporarily lose electricity. In 2017, solar flares(耀斑)disabled radio communications as three hurricanes were bearing down on the Caribbean. As you can imagine, that was a huge blow to emergency response efforts.
By studying the images the DKIST captures, scientists hope to learn how to predict solar weather events in time for people to take precautions and prevent disasters. In the meantime, we can all enjoy getting an eye-opening new view of the sun!
1. The underlined word “perch” in paragraph 3 most probably means .A.to be on something high | B.to take photos or videos |
C.to tear something apart | D.to be used to help understand |
A.The sun looks like a big sugar cookie in the DKIST’s image. |
B.The NSF is responsible for astronomy education in Hawaii. |
C.High air turbulence is one of the conditions of the solar research. |
D.The native Hawaiians have a long history of appreciating the sun. |
A.explain why we have to get best photos of the sun |
B.suggest how natural disasters are caused by the sun |
C.show how solar weather harms communications on the earth |
D.illustrate why weather forecast is so important for disaster prevention |
A.A New View of the Sun | B.An Amazing New Telescope |
C.Weather Forecast for the Sun | D.The Best Location for Sun Research |
【推荐3】Have you heard of the term “tweenager”? It’s a slang(俚语)word used in the UK to describe children between about ten and twelve years old. They are between being a junior and a teenager, you see. Why do the press and media refer to kids in this way?
Well, more and more companies now create products and services for tweenagers. They seem to tell us that tweenagers must have more money, freedom and influence upon their parents than they’ve ever had before.
Most children in the UK today get more pocket money than kids did a decade ago. Despite problems happening fairly often and regularly in the economy, parents generally have more money to give than before, since they are having fewer children on average than in the past. In addition, a higher divorce(离婚)rate in the UK makes parents try to compensate(补偿)by buying presents for their children. It’s a bad habit for both parents and children to get into, but parents are under constant pressure from commercial marketing and the requests of their children.
You may wonder how tweenagers have more freedom than previous generations. Well, UK children today are very media-and computer-literate. They have access to much more information about life and the world. They may have experienced a lot in life as well. With such sophistication(老于世故)at such a young age, it’s no wonder tweenagers are able to influence their parents.
Now UK tweenagers are also very fashion-conscious and concerned about their images. In a world of television programs that promise immediate success and fame at a young age, some people think it’s extremely important to look fashionable.
So what does tweenage fashion look like? It’s lots of brightly colored materials, particularly pink, and usually plain, not patterned. There are plenty of bows, necklaces and bracelets, too.
But can it really be healthy for us to encourage kids to be like adults at a young age? Are we stealing childhoods in return for a bit of profit? Well, the UK government is certainly concerned, and for that reason has strict laws preventing companies from clearly and openly marketing their products and services at children.
1. What is the use of the first paragraph?A.To explain a concept and bring up the topic. |
B.To tell the difference between a junior and a teenager. |
C.To show why people in the UK prefer to use the slang. |
D.To state how the slang came into being and make a summary. |
A.He doesn’t give a certain answer. | B.He doesn’t agree with it. |
C.He doubts about it. | D.He supports it. |
A.They have learned more about life and the world. |
B.They can receive more advanced school education. |
C.Their parents have less time to take good care of them, |
D.Their parents are under constant pressure from their work. |
A.They are afraid of being laughed at by others. |
B.They have less freedom than previous generations. |
C.They wish to become successful and famous quickly. |
D.The media often encourage kids to be like adults at a young age. |