Too much salt — and not enough whole grains, fruits and vegetables-may be shaving years off our lives, a new analysis suggests.
In a study published Wednesday in the Lancet, researchers looked at people's eating habits across 195 countries to estimate how much poor diets contribute to the number of deaths.
Lead author Ashkan Afshin, an epidemiologist at the University of Washington, said the researchers estimated
The problem, he said, is not only what people are eating;
A.Why did they do that |
B.What are their findings |
C.but it's also what they're not eating |
D.that some bad habits lead to more health problems |
E.Experts say it confirms what health professionals have been teaching for years |
F.But is a poor diet really responsible for more deaths than even cigarette smoking |
G.that poor diets are responsible for more deaths around the world than any other risk factor |
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【推荐1】Comfort food makes a person feel good. Food high in sugar or fat tends to improve mood by stimulating the brain’s reward system. So it makes sense that many of us may turn to food for comfort in times of stress. There’s some fascinating research that examines food as a source of comfort. However, the most interesting thing about this research may be that foods are far less comforting than we tend to believe they are.
Traci Mann, a professor of psychology, and colleagues conducted a series of study with college students. The researchers examined how much comfort foods actually improve mood. They provided students with one of the three foods that they had indicated were their top, personal comfort foods. After producing a negative mood by having them watch movie clips designed to increase their sadness, anger and anxiety, the researchers offered the students their comfort food.
They had to assess (评估) how they felt before and after they were supposedly comforted by ice cream, pizza or whatever they had indicated they typically ate to feel better. All of the students completed the study on two separate occasions: once when they were able to eat their comfort food and once when they were able to eat another food they liked, but they wouldn’t call a comfort food. The researchers found that comfort food did improve students’ moods — but only by a little bit and not more than the other food they liked.
In another study, comfort food was compared to no food at all, and students’ moods seemed to improve even when they didn’t eat anything—most likely just due to the passage of time.
The take-home message from the studies? While the comfort food may make the person feel better for the time being, it does little to address emotional problems. Of course, everyone can indulge(纵情)in a comfort food from time to time, but overall, aim for these instances to be the exception rather than the rule.
1. Which aspect of comfort food do Tract Mann’s studies focus on?A.The means by which it affects mood. | B.Its role in reducing negativity. |
C.Its impact on physical health. | D.The extent to which it lifts mood. |
A.By analyzing questionnaires about comfort foods. |
B.By observing students’ different reactions to foods. |
C.By collecting data about people from all walks of life |
D.By comparing students’ feelings on different occasions. |
A.To explain a rule. | B.To introduce a concept. |
C.To make a suggestion. | D.To present a fact. |
A.The Science behind Comfort Food | B.Comfort Food May not Work Wonders |
C.Feeling Negative? Try Comfort Food | D.Comfort Food Tend to Be Unhealthy |
【推荐2】One of the things you could do as a senior is to start gardening. Here are a few reasons you should start gardening:
You’ll eat better.
Unfortunately, most of the food we buy around is full of chemicals.
It’s easy to get used to spending time indoors when you have more time in your hands but nothing much to do with it outside. However, gardening means you ‘ll be able to step outside of the house more often. You will also get to breathe in some fresh air that will keep you healthier.
It helps you grow unique plants.
You might have traveled around the world and seen some interesting plants or flowers that are never grown at your place.
You can grow some natural medicine.
It will help you socialize.
When you start gardening, you’ll certainly become more interested in ways to make your garden look better and in making your plants grow healthier and stronger. A good way to find out about these is to interact with people who share in your love for gardening.
A.It’s a way to spend time outdoors. |
B.It’s a great activity that requires lots of attention. |
C.If you loved them that much, you could grow them. |
D.So, it pays to grow your own food in your garden. |
E.Some plants are known to have natural medicinal benefits. |
F.You’ll get to exchange ideas on gardening and make new friends. |
G.Gardening is worth the effort as you will be able to see the fruits of your labor. |
【推荐3】It would be nice if eating a particular food could magically protect you against all the boring illnesses. It’s not that simple, of course. Hand washing remains your best defense against picking up illnesses, and sleep is a strong defense too. But what you eat does play an important part. Though it isn’t because of just one or two foods, what you eat in your daily diet have an effect on how weak or strong your immunity(免疫力)is.
We’d better eat fruits and vegetables every day. They contain key vitamins needed in the immune system. For example, Vitamin C and Ain foods help immune system work well to keep us healthy. Remember that eating the actual fruit or veggie is better than eating single-vitamin supplements(补品).
Getting too little protein(蛋白质) can weaken your immune system. Protein-rich foods supply the amino acids(氨基酸)you need to build important proteins in the body. Animal foods like beef and pork also contain zinc(锌), which your body uses to make t-cells.
Fermented foods are foods that are naturally protected by bacteria(细菌), and they’re good for the micro biome(微生物).That’s the name for the bacteria that live in your stomach, where a lot of cells in immunity actually live. Fermented foods like yogurt help beneficial bacteria develop fast in the stomach, leaving less room for harmful bacteria.
1. What does paragraph 1 mainly tell us?A.Hand washing is necessary. | B.Illnesses make people bored. |
C.Immunity has much to do with your diet. | D.More sleep does good to health. |
A.They are rich in vitamins we need. |
B.Vitamin A is helpful for immunity. |
C.Fruits supply our body with Vitamin C only. |
D.Eating single-vitamin foods does little good. |
A.Amino acids can help to make t-cells. |
B.Healthy body needs plenty of protein. |
C.The immune system can be hurt easily. |
D.We should eat animal foods as many as possible. |
A.Different foods have different uses. |
B.Fruits and vegetables keep us healthy. |
C.Many illnesses do harm to the immunity. |
D.Proper daily diet protects our immune system. |
【推荐1】If you stand in front of a group of kids, and start stating facts and ideas about a particular topic, like common trees found in a forest, their eyes will probably become dull because they’ll get bored. There might be a few people with a particular interest in trees who remain attentive, but it’s likely that most will lose interest fairly quickly. But if you stand up in front of that same group of people and tell them a story, something different will happen.
Researchers have now quantified (量化) the emotional benefits of a well-told tale. “We know that stories can transport us to another world,” says Guilherme Brockington, the lead author of the new paper. Earlier research suggests that stories help children process and regulate their emotions — but it was mostly conducted in a laboratory, with subjects answering questions while lying inside MRI (核磁共振) machines. There are few studies on psychological effects of storytelling in more commonplace scenes, such as hospitals.
So investigators working in several hospitals split a total of 81 patients aged between four and eleven into two groups, matching them with storytellers who had a decade of hospital experience. In one group, the storyteller led each child in playing a riddle game. In the other, youngsters chose books and listened as the storyteller read them aloud. Before and after these sessions, the researchers let each child spit into a tube, then asked them to report their pain levels and conducted a free-association word quiz.
Based on the analysis of each tube of saliva (唾液), the researchers found children in both groups showed lower levels of the stress-related hormone (荷尔蒙) called cortisol and higher levels of oxytocin, a feel-good hormone. However, the cortisol levels of kids in the storytelling group were a quarter of those in the riddle group, and their oxytocin levels were nearly twice as high. Those who heard stories reported pain levels dropping almost twice as much as those in the riddle group, and they used more positive words.
Next, the investigators plan to study how long these effects last. For now, Brockington says the results indicate storytelling is a low-cost and extremely efficient way to help improve health outcomes.
1. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 1?A.To state people’s different reactions to some ideas. |
B.To stress the magic of storytelling in grabbing attention. |
C.To explain the importance of eye contact in storytelling. |
D.To show the difficulty in making common topics interesting. |
A.The new study was undertaken in real-life situations. |
B.The new study was aimed to make hospital stays entertaining. |
C.The researchers made full use of high-end laboratory equipment. |
D.The researchers highlighted the link between cortisol levels and emotions. |
A.They made the children report their delighted experiences in hospital. |
B.They asked children to retell the newly learned stories. |
C.They solved some riddle games for the children. |
D.They collected and tested some saliva samples. |
A.Children should be forced to develop various interests. |
B.Reading stories to kids can change their character greatly. |
C.Listening to stories helps kids in hospital reduce their pain. |
D.Compared with storytelling, children can feel better when playing riddle games. |
【推荐2】What makes a person a giver or taker? The idea of “give vs. take” take shape in all interactions and relationships of our lives. We’re either giving advice, making time for people, or we’re on the receiving end. We keep changing between the two based on different situations on a daily basis, if not a hourly one.
According to Adam Grant, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, most people are matchers. They make careful observations on takers and make it a point for them to pay something back. They hate to see people who act so generously towards others not receive any rewards. Actually, most matchers will try hard to promote and support givers so that they can get the good they should get.
Is there a gender factor (性别因素) that plays a part in this?
A study led by Hannah Riley Bowles, a professor at Harvard University, focused on this question. She asked 200 senior managers to sit down in pairs where one person would act as the boss and the other as a worker to discuss salary promotions. Male “workers” asked for an average salary of $146k while the females asked for only $141k. But why did they not bargain as hard as the men? Simply because they were more likely to be givers.
As a woman, I do enjoy the act of giving up my time, my knowledge, and my care and attention to others. I don’t expect anything in return, but I do tend to pull myself away when I feel like I’m being taken for granted (理所当然). I also tend to get upset when I see a loved one’s continuous actions of kindness go unnoticed. So, it’s safe to say I’m 50% giver, 35% matcher and 15% taker.
I do know someone, however, who is 99% giver. They’re constantly giving their time, sharing valuable ideas and going our of their way for everyone who crosses their path. Although they’re changed the lives of many people , they rarely see any of it returned. But the universe is slowly repaying them; they’re now extremely successful, well known for what they do.
1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?A.Most people think they are givers. |
B.People are not always givers or takers. |
C.An individual is born to be a giver or a taker. |
D.Few differences exist between givers and takers. |
A.They hate themselves for being givers. |
B.They see no point in giving generously. |
C.They do not like being treated unfairly. |
D.They want to balance giving and taking. |
A.The role of giving and taking in jobs. |
B.The gender difference in giving and taking |
C.The role of men and women in society. |
D.The salary difference between women and men. |
A.Giving is the shortest path to success. |
B.Sharing is the greatest human quality. |
C.No good deed goes undone. |
D.Givers are worth respecting. |
【推荐3】My college experience included this life-skill lesson: Drink alcohol on a full stomach. Or you will get inebriated too quickly. Of course, most college students shouldn’t be drinking at all, but we know from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism that close to 60 percent of college students aged 18 to 22 do consume alcohol, which makes harm-reducing approaches important.
Unfortunately, campus authorities and researchers are reporting a practice that turns the full-stomach drinking strategy on its head: rather than filling up before a night of partying, significant numbers of students refuse to eat all day before consuming alcohol.
This is a high-risk behavior called “drunkorexia,” which is one part eating disorder, one part alcoholism—a very dangerous combination for college-age students. The term drunkorexia, which can also include excessive exercise or purging before consuming alcohol, was coined about 10 years ago, and it started showing up in medical research around 2012. Drunkorexia addresses the need to be the life of the party while staying extremely thin, pointing to a flawed mind-set about body image and alcoholism among college students, mostly women.
Imagine this scenario: A female college freshman doesn’t eat anything all day, exercises on an empty stomach, then downs five shots of tequila in less than two hours. Because there’s no food in her system to help slow the absorption of alcohol, those shots affect her rapidly, leading to inebriation and possibly passing out, vomiting or suffering alcohol poisoning. That’s drunkorexia.
Tavis Glassman, professor of health education and public health at the University of Toledo in Ohio, researches drunkorexia and worries about scenarios such as the one described above: “With nothing in her system, alcohol hits quickly, and that brings up the same issues as with any high-risk drinking: getting home safely, sexual assault, unintentional injury, fights, hangovers that affect class attendance and grades, and possibly ending up in emergency because the alcohol hits so hard,” he says.
“Alcohol can negatively affect the liver or gastrointestinal system, it can interfere with sleep, lower the immune system and is linked to several types of cancers,” Hultin says.
1. What does the underlined word “inebriated” in paragraph 1 mean?A.excited | B.overwhelmed | C.addicted | D.drunk |
A.a large number of college students spend most of their nights partying |
B.some college students refuse to eat before drinking alcohol to keep slim |
C.There is a direct link between body image and consuming alcohol |
D.female college student is more likely to be hurt if she drinks alcohol |
A.With more food in one’s system, he may suffer from the effects of alcohol slowly. |
B.Drinking five shots of tequila in less than two hours is the performance of drunkorexia. |
C.Those who don’t attend classes and have lower grades tend to be addicted to alcohol. |
D.Alcohol has negative effects on the immune system and may lead to several cancers. |