【推荐1】When salmon （大马哈鱼）and steelhead don't get the cold water they need, it costs them more energy to survive. Their reproductive success can be reduced and they become more vulnerable to disease. "And in the worst case, when water temperatures get too high, it can lead to death, says Joseph Bogaard, executive director of the Seattle-based nonprofit Save Our wild Salmon Coalition.

That's what happened in the hot summer of 2015, when temperatures all over the Northwest rose quickly and about 250,000 adult sockeye salmon died in the Columbia River Basin. Many scientists refer to that year as a dress rehearsal for climate change. The clear trend is rising water temperatures and falling returns of endangered salmon. Bogaard says the water temperatures routinely rise above 68 degrees.

Bogaard says that 2015 dress rehearsal scientists refer to will only get worse." Those kinds of conditions are unusual, but they're becoming more common and they're going to become more frequent as we move forward. “He says the Environmental Protection Agency has a model showing dam removal and restoration of the rivers would bring the temperatures down on all but a few days a year. But after 20 years of planning, no federal agencies have taken that advice. Conservation groups appealed and last October, a judge ordered the EPA to take action, mentioning the hot water as violation of the Clean Water Act.

Advocates say dam removal is the only real option to keep endangered fish from going extinct. Many communities near the dams disagree and are concerned about economic impacts if they're taken down.

Save Our Wild Salmon is pressing the governors and members of congress from Washington, Oregon and Idaho to find ways to take action.

1. Which of the following statement is true according to the passage?

A．Lack of enough cold water will make salmon less energetic.

B．High temperature can be beneficial to salmon's productive success.

C．High temperature will result in salmon's immediate death.

D．Lack of cold water will make salmon easier to fall ill.

2. What does the underlined expression "a dress rehearsal" mean?

A．The sign indicating more fish will die due to high water temperatures.

B．The final practice of a show that will be in the performance soon.

C．The trend that water temperatures will rise above 68 degree.

D．The condition that increasing water temperatures are unusual.

3. The obstacle to getting the dams removed is________.

A．that it will influence the economy near many communities.

B．that there are other better ways to save the endangered fish.

C．that many people near the dams refuse to accept the option.

D．that the governors and congress members oppose the solution.

4. What is the best title for the passage?

A．Water temperatures are increasing.

B．The urge to save fish from hot water.

C．Dam removal can surely save fish.

D．Fish are dying out in Columbia.

【推荐3】Fifty-five public schools in New York City have recently invited furry friends to their classrooms. The Comfort Dog Program has been around for five years.

Comfort dogs have been found to augment levels of oxytocin, serotonin and dopamine in our brains, hormones (激素) promoting positive feelings and a happy mood (心情). But how are these pets helpful in the classroom?

For some students the comfort pet provides the emotional support they need, which then allows the child   to be engaged and successful in their studies. A struggling student can hold the pet in the arms and get the support he or she needs at the time, which also develops their self-awareness and ability to regulate their emotions. In other cases, teachers use the pet as part of the lesson. Meredith Loftus, a teacher in New York, brought a dog named Chip to help out with a phonies game in the classroom.

Dog training isn’t necessarily a walk in the park, although it can definitely include that. It takes time, effort and consistency to train pets, and this is the case for this program, too.

To be a part of the program, an educator and their dog must participate in a six-hour training session by The Good Dog Foundation. This training teaches the educator what to do if students are scared of pets. It also trains dogs on the differences they’ll experience in a school environment, such as the school bell, fire alarms, loud announcements and other possible distractions. The dog is also trained at being friendly with strangers and the handler, in this case the educator, who needs to be very in tune with the pet and know how to look out for its stress signals.

The program has been a genuine success so far, and a helpful addition to the education and well-being of many students in New York. In fact, hundreds of other schools have expressed their interest in joining the program and may be including it in their curriculum in the near future.

1. The underlined word “augment” in paragraph 2 most probably means “______”.

A．reach

B．stabilize

C．balance

D．increase

2. According to paragraph 3, the comfort pet can help students ______.

A．develop in an all-round way	B．succeed academically
C．become more supportive	D．have richer feelings

3. What can an educator learn during the six-hour training session?

A．How to be friendly with dogs.	B．How to keep dogs away from stress.
C．How to respond to students’ fear of pets.	D．How to adapt to a school environment.

4. What can be known about The Comfort     Dog Program from the last paragraph?

A．It’s still on trial in New York.	B．It’s gaining greater popularity.
C．It’s promoted across New York.	D．It’s part of New York curriculum.

【推荐1】Fear of the contagion (传染病) has restricted air travel and people are questioning the safety of traveling on ships for pleasure. But one expert says people could effectively protect themselves and others from the infectious virus by doing one simple thing: washing their hands.

Christos Nicolaides, a physicist, works with computer models that simulate (模拟) the spread of disease. “The air transportation network is the main pathway for a global disease spread,” Nicolaides said. To understand this, think of all the things you and others handle at an airport. When people cough or sneeze, very small drops of mucus (粘液) fly through the air. They land on surfaces of things that other people handle.

Nicolaides led a study which found that if you want to slow the infection of a disease, focus on hand-washing. He said researchers tried to find the rate of hand-washing around the world. Earlier studies showed that 70 percent of people wash their hands after using a toilet, but only about seven percent do it correctly.

Nicolaides said, “You should wash your hands with soap and water for at least 15 seconds. My researchers studied this, and we found out that if you visit an airport any time in the world, you will realize that only one fifth people have clean hands.”

Nicolaides then studied “super-spreader” airports, He said, “A ‘super-spreader’ airport is an airport that combines two qualities. The first one is that it has a lot of traffic and a lot of people. And the other one is that it is connected to many other airports with many other international flights. These airports are very busy, such as the John F. Kennedy airport in New York, Los Angeles International.”

Nicolaides said that if 60 percent of travelers had clean hands, the possibility of slowing a global disease would rise by 69 percent. But even if just 30 percent of travelers had clean hands, the spread of disease could drop by 24 percent. He said, “Educating the public is the most important.”

1. What kind of effect does the contagion have?

A．Flights and ships are totally canceled.

B．Travelling costs are greatly increased.

C．People worry about the safety of travelling.

D．The development of world economy is stopped.

2. What is the main cause of the global spread of the disease?

A．People touch public facilities with virus while traveling.

B．The government takes little notice of the disease.

C．The government fails to control the disease.

D．People are unaware of their sickness.

3. What can we infer from earlier studies in the text?

A．30% of people don’t wash their hands.

B．Most people have visited “super-spreader” airports.

C．Visiting airports increases the risk of infecting diseases.

D．Few people realize right ways of washing hands after using a toilet.

4. What’s the main idea of this text?

A．Experts find correct ways to wash hands.

B．Washing hands helps stop spreading contagions.

C．Contagions have caused researchers’ great concern.

D．Travelling by plane increases risks of spreading disease.

【推荐2】Being crazy about perfection(完美) among young people has risen by more than 30 per-cent over the last three decades, a study has found.

Many of them believe that their environment is very demanding and that others judge them strictly, according to analysis of data from more than 40,000 British, Canadian and American university students from 1989 to 2018.

The research, carried out by the University of Bath and York St John University, found that the extent to which young people attach an irrational importance on being perfect, hold unrealistic expectations of themselves and are highly self-critical has increased by 10 percent when compared to previous generations. The authors suggested their findings point to the impact of three decades of neoliberalism (新自由主义) forcing young people to compete against one another.

Lead author Dr Thomas Curran from the University of Bath’s Department for Health said he hoped organizations responsible for guarding the welfare of young people, such as schools, universities, and policymakers who shape the environments in which these organizations operate, would resist the promotion of competitiveness at the expense of young people’s psychological health.

He said, “Rising rates of perfectionism highlighted in this study correspond to three decades of neoliberalism, which has forced young people to compete against each other in an increasingly demanding social and economic environment.” The study also found the extent to which young people impose (迫使) unrealistic standards on those around them and evaluate others critically has increased by 16 percent.

The researches defined perfectionism as a combination of extremely high personal standards and overly harsh self-criticism, leading to psychological difficulties.

Co-author Dr Andrew Hill of York St John University added, “The increase in mental health difficulties among young people makes for a setting for our findings. The higher level of perfectionism may be a key contributing factor to such difficulties. Young people are trying to find ways to cope with increasing demands being placed on them and they are responding by becoming more perfect towards themselves and others.”

1. What do young people think causes them to pursue perfection?

A．Their autonomous efforts.	B．The traditional requirements.
C．The external expectations.	D．Their social responsibility.

2. What does the underlined word “irrational” in paragraph 3 mean?

A．Impossible.	B．Unreasonable.
C．Invaluable.	D．Illegal.

3. Who should take the responsibility to avoid young people’s fierce competition?

A．Education departments.	B．Social organizations.
C．Law makers.	D．Economic policy makers.

4. Which of the following is a result of pursuing perfection?

A．Learning difficulties.	B．Mental trouble.
C．High self-assessment.	D．Gaining independence.

【推荐3】It’s a common phenomenon that modern people now have difficulty sleeping. Drinking milk is thought to be helpful. A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.

Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety. The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night. Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer. While the effect of cows’ milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.

Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax. Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.

1. According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_________.

A．started sleep more easily	B．were more anxious
C．were less active	D．sleep longer

2. Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?

A．It’s been tested on mice for ten times

B．It can make people more energetic

C．It exists in milk in great amount

D．It’s used in sleeping drugs

3. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．Night Milk and Sleep

B．Milk and Melatonin

C．Little Fat in Milk

D．Milk Drinking and Health

4. How does the author support the theme of the text?

A．By giving examples	B．By stating arguments
C．By explaining statistical data	D．By providing research results

【推荐2】The United States is a country of immigrants. It is a place where people from all over the world come to build a better life. Some immigrants bring their families. Some bring a few of their favorite things. Others come alone with nothing but determination. One thing that every immigrant brings with them is their culture.

American immigration began in 1607 with the colony of Jamestown. In 1620, another group of people left England to build a settlement in America. They wanted to go to a place where they could practice their religion freely. Then many more people left their homes in Europe to build a better life in America. Many also came to America from Africa. By 1770, more than two million people had moved to America. Later on, more people came to the United States than ever before.

In cities all over America, you can see different cultures that formed this country. Many things that you may think of as being “American” are actually from a foreign culture. Some of the best examples of this are the foods people eat. Pizza and spaghetti are foods that all Americans know and love. But both of them are from Italy. Baseball is an all-American sport. But the hot dogs that people eat during the game are a type of food that was brought to America by German immigrants.

Over time, pizza and hot dogs have become a part of what is considered to be American food. In the same way, different groups of people have come together to define   what an American is. An American can be a person of any background. An American can be of any faith . An American can be of any skin color. They can speak English clearly. They can speak English with an accent. Each new immigrant adds something new to American culture. It will keep changing as more people come to this country.

1. Why do many foreigners move to America ?

A．To achieve individual dreams

B．To avoid political punishment

C．To improve the life quality

D．To reunite with the beloved ones

2. Paragraph 2 is mainly about ________.

A．the history of American immigration

B．why people chose to move to America

C．the rapid growth of the population of America

D．what immigrants have brought to America

3. Several foods are mentioned in the text to show ________.

A．they have a long history in America

B．they are very popular with Americans

C．America is a country full of tasty foods

D．America is made up of different cultures

4. The author probably agrees that American culture is ________.

A．simple	B．strange
C．diverse	D．advanced

5. What would be the best title for the text?

A．Immigrants and their American dreams

B．America: a melting pot of cultures

C．America: a land of opportunity

D．Life in the US: culture shock

【推荐3】First impressions can set a lasting tone, but there is often something doubtful. Psychologists have documented a phenomenon known as the liking gap, by which two people meeting for the first time routinely underestimate how much their counterparts (对应方) like them. A new study finds that the liking gap occurs in group settings too and hinders how well groups function.

In one experiment, the researchers divided 159 participants into groups of three and asked them to have a conversation. They then surveyed the participants individually about how much they liked each of their partners, how much they thought each partner liked them, and how much they thought their partners liked each other. On average, people liked their partners more than they believed their partners liked them, and thought themselves to be the least liked in the group.

In a subsequent experiment, the researchers asked similar questions of engineering students who had worked together in design competitions for varying lengths of time. Here, too, people tended to underestimate the degree to which they were liked, regardless of how long they had known their teammates — and their dim views of their own likability reduced their willingness to ask others for help, give honest feedback, and work together in the future.

A final experiment involving a broad sample of workers showed that the misperceptions (误解) were strongest among teammates and that they decreased team effectiveness and job satisfaction. It also found a possible explanation for the liking gap: People tend to focus on positive thoughts when reflecting on how much they like someone else (“I’m happy that she got a promotion”) but fall victim to more negative ones when considering how others view them (“I got a promotion, so she might be green with envy”).

Managers should think carefully not just about how teammates regard one another but about how team members think they themselves are regarded, the researchers say; correcting misperceptions could boost team satisfaction and performance. “If only people knew how positively their teammates actually felt about them, they might communicate better, feel more included on their teams, and be happier overall with their jobs,” they write.

1. What does the liking gap refer to?

A．Misjudging others’ opinions on us.

B．Approval among different age groups.

C．A type of common social anxiety disorder.

D．Preventing others’ evaluations of us.

2. What did the experiment in paragraph 2 reveal?

A．People were shy to give honest comments.

B．People tended to think little of their partners.

C．People were quite demanding towards others.

D．People were not very confident about themselves.

3. What do the researchers suggest managers stress?

A．Employees’ viewpoints on themselves.

B．The relationship between team members.

C．Employee performance and job satisfaction.

D．Communication between leaders and members.

4. What can be the best title of the text?

A．How Much Counterparts Like Us

B．Why First Impressions Can Last Long

C．What Perceptions Teammates Correct

D．How the “Liking Gap” Affects Group Work

【推荐1】A few weeks ago, I picked up my 14-year-old daughter and her friend from dance class. The two girls chatted happily until I reached her friend’s house. And then 1 began the drive home and my daughter, who had been talking nonstop a minute before, went completely silent. I assumed she was lost in thought.

When I came to a stoplight, I looked in the mirror. My daughter wasn’t looking out of the window or staring into space - she was on her phone. I felt my anger rise.

“Get off your phone. That is rude. You make me feel like an Uber driver.” I shouted.

“But I’m texting friends about biology homework!’’ she said.

“That can wait.” I was mad and she was angry.

Back home, she disappeared into her room, and I thought about how I was still trying to take control of my daughter’s growing independence, which was fruitless.

The next day I was thinking about my outburst when a parenting program on TV caught my eye, in which the hosts interviewed Dr. Ken Ginsburg, the author of a famous parenting book. It completely changed my attitude.

Ginsburg said. “Why are our teens pushing us away? It’s not because they hate us - it’s because they love us so much and yet they know they have to become independent. So this is a process of figuring out how to push away the things they love the most. It is crazy to fly from a comfortable nest, so teens get ready for it by temporarily pushing their parents away.”

I need to honor her independence and create space for both of us to face this monumental developmental challenge as teammates, not adversaries((对手).

1. What made the writer mad?

A．She served as an Uber driver.

B．The two girls were chatting happily.

C．Her daughter was playing with the phone.

D．Her daughter forgot her biology homework.

2. What do we know about the daughter?

A．She is being under her mother’s control.

B．She is on the way to being independent.

C．She enjoys making friends using social media.

D．She hates making conversation with her mom.

3. Which of the following best describes the mother?

A．Open-minded.	B．Hardworking.
C．Inspiring.	D．weak-willed.

4. What is the passage mainly about?

A．I was pushed away by my teenaged daughter.

B．Life of a teenager is moving at its own slow pace.

C．Parents completely rely on parenting experts to educate children.

D．My relationship with my daughter was improved by a suggestion.

【推荐2】A man in Brisbane, Australia, survived a house fire early Wednesday morning because his pet parrot, named Eric, sounded the alarm.

Anton was asleep when his home caught fire just after 2:00 a.m., according to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Anton didn’t hear the smoke detector(探测器). Instead, he heard Eric calling his name repeatedly, ABC reported. “I heard a bang and Eric — my parrot— he started to yell so I woke up and I smelled a bit of smoke,” Anton told ABC. “I grabbed Eric, opened the door and looked to the back of the house and saw some flames,” he added. “And so I grabbed my bag and bolted downstairs.” Officials told ABC that Anton’s home did have a smoke detector, but it didn’t go off before Eric started calling “Anton! Anton!” Queensland Fire and Emergency Services Acting Inspector Cam Thomas told ABC that the firemen were able to contain the fire before it spread to other properties(财产).

According to ABC, there may be a crime(犯罪)and policemen are looking into what caused the fire. In the meantime, Anton is glad that he and Eric survived. “I’m in shock but I’m fine,” he told ABC. “Everything’s all right so long as I have myself and the bird.”

1. What is the right order of the following?
a. Anton saw some flames.
b. Anton heard Eric calling his name.
c. Anton bolted downstairs.
d. Anton’s house caught fire at midnight.
e. Anton woke up and smelled the smoke.

A．dbeac.

B．debac.

C．daebc.

D．deabc

2. How did Anton feel about the experience?

A．Awkward

B．Lucky.

C．Shocked

D．Annoyed

3. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．Eric got badly injured in the fire.

B．The house was burnt to the ground.

C．Someone might have set fire to the house.

D．The police couldn’t find the cause of the fire.

【推荐3】The way that others judge you is similar to placing marbles (玻璃弹珠) on a scale (天平盘) as soon as they get any information. We form impressions of people the same way we form an impression of anything: As soon as our scale of marbles starts tipping one way, we start collecting evidence to back that up by picking up the marble that’s easiest to pick up.

Why? Our brains are lazy and our time is limited. As we get more choices, we become more careless about everything. “Basically, we get around choice overload by ignoring most of the choices we have,” says the decision-making researcher Peter Todd.

Think about an employment manager working through a stack of résumés (一摞简历), one of which advertises an applicant’s (申请人的) fluency in French. Does it matter, even if the position is for a web designer? It just might.

“Suppose the manager has a great interest in learning French to talk to her elderly aunt in Montreal. No doubt the applicant would feel excited about being offered the job,” writes Warren Thorngate in Judging Merit. “But how would you feel about such a one-step judgment, especially if you’d spent three days preparing your résumé for the job opening but did not trouble to note in your résumé that you, too, spoke French?”

I called Thorngate to ask how such things manage to continue. “Some very good applicants may be missed, but they don’t care,” the judgment and decision-making researcher replied.

“It’s one of those problems where everybody thinks that they’re a good judge of character,” says the researcher Kristine Kuhn. “But obviously people just are not nearly as good as they think they are. Even if they met someone and judged them as great employees and employed them, and then they turned out to be bad, that doesn’t shake people’s confidence. They can always explain away that it really didn’t have anything to do with them not being a good judge of character.”

1. What does the author say about first impressions in Paragraph 1?

A．They’re lasting.

B．They’re important.

C．They’re hard to make.

D．They’re often unreliable.

2. Why does the author give the example of an employment manager’s judgment?

A．To prove it is not easy to prepare a résumé.

B．To suggest the employment manager is irresponsible.

C．To explain how your résumé makes a first impression.

D．To show first impressions are formed quickly and easily.

3. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 5 refer to?

A．Employment managers.

B．Decision-makers.

C．Researchers.

D．Applicants.

4. What would happen if people made a wrong judgment according to Kristine Kuhn?

A．They would hide it.

B．They would be punished.

C．They would excuse themselves.

D．They would lose their confidence.