What makes people so special? Tool use, self-consciousness, language, and culture are high on the list, but in fact all of these characteristics can be found elsewhere in the animal kingdom. Humans and apes are close relatives, so it is perhaps not surprising that chimpanzees use tools or that gorillas (大猩猩) have a sense of fair play, even rejecting carrots (which they normally accept) when they see their neighbors getting grapes. But the qualities that we often think of as uniquely human exist not just on land, but in the ocean as well.
Among the invertebrates, octopuses (八爪鱼) are known for their intelligence, even exhibiting evidence of playfulness, tool use, and personality. But these skilled predators live alone and consequently lack culture. Dolphins, on the other hand, are large-brained, long-living, social- group-based predators, and it is here that we find the greatest similarity to human-like culture and awareness.
Culture depends on the ability of animals to pass on things they have learned to others. Many animals have culture in this sense, but what sets dolphins apart is what they pass on. Some bottlenose dolphins hold sponges in their mouths that they use as tools to sweep for fish hiding on the ocean floor. This ability is handed down through generations (especially in females), with some families- grandmother, mother, and daughter - all feeding in this highly specialized way.
Another characteristic that dolphins share with humans is their ability to recognize themselves in a mirror. When facing a mirror, most animals behave as though they are interacting with another individual. Even in humans, the ability to recognize that the image in a mirror is oneself does not occur before the age of 18 months. Dolphins not only recognize themselves, but if a black mark is put on the body of a dolphin, it will spend extra time at the mirror to look at the mark.
1. The example of gorillas rejecting carrots shows they ________.A.are not easy to fool |
B.prefer fruit to vegetables |
C.have a special taste for food |
D.have an awareness of equality |
A.Social interaction. | B.Intelligence. |
C.Tool using ability. | D.Fun-loving spirits. |
A.They tend to hunt in groups. |
B.Their hunting skills are passed down. |
C.Their learning environment is favourable. |
D.Their families are typically female-controlled. |
A.Dolphins enjoy looking at their own reflection in the mirror. |
B.Dolphins are as intelligent as a typical 18-month-old human baby. |
C.Dolphins are generally regarded as the most advanced non-human species. |
D.Dolphins’ ability to recognize their own reflection is a higher-order mental skill. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Any schoolchild knows that a whale breathes through its blowhole. Fewer know that a blowhole is a nostril (鼻孔) slightly changed by evolution into a form more useful for a mammal that spends its life at sea. And only a dedicated expert would know that while toothed whales, such as sperm whales, have one hole, baleen (鲸须) whales, such as humpback and Rice whales, have two.
Even among the baleen whales, the placing of those nostrils differs. In some species they are close together. In others, they are much further apart. In a paper published in Biology Letters Conor Ryan, a marine biologist at the Scottish Association for Marine Science, suggests why that might be. Having two nostrils, he argues, helps whales smell in stereo (立体空间).
Many types of baleen whales eat tiny animals known as zooplankton (浮游动物), which they catch by filtering (过滤) them from seawater using the sheets of fibrous baleen that have replaced teeth in their mouths. But to eat something you first have to find it. Toothed whales do not hunt by scent. In fact, the olfactory bulb—the part of the brain that processes smell—is absent in such creatures. But baleen whales still have olfactory bulbs, which suggests smell remains important. And scent can indeed give zooplankton away. Zooplankton like to eat other tiny creatures called phytoplankton (浮游植物). When these are under attack, they release a special gas called dimethyl sulphide, which in turn attracts baleen whales.
Most animals have stereoscopic senses. Having two eyes, for instance, allows an animal to compare the images from each in order to perceive depth. Having two ears lets them locate the direction from which a sound is coming. Dr Ryan theorized that paired blowholes might bring baleen whales the same sorts of benefits.
The farther apart the sensory organs are, the more information can be extracted by the animal that bears them. The researchers used drones to photograph the nostrils of 143 whales belonging to 14 different species. Sure enough, baleen whales that often eat zooplankton, such as the North Atlantic right whale, have nostrils that are farther apart than do those, such as humpback whales, that eat zooplankton occasionally. Besides allowing them to breathe, it seems that some whales use their blowholes to determine in which direction dinner lies.
1. What do we know about whales’ nostrils according to the first two paragraphs?A.They are adapted ones. | B.They are developed merely for smell. |
C.They are not easy to detect. | D.They are fixed universally in numbers. |
A.The teeth that baleen whales have. |
B.The smell that phytoplankton send. |
C.The sound waves that zooplankton create. |
D.The chemical signals that zooplankton give off. |
A.By quoting a theory. | B.By using examples. |
C.By making contrast. | D.By making inferences. |
A.The sense of smell. | B.The possibility to attract food. |
C.The ability to locate food. | D.The ability to communicate. |
【推荐2】Nola (August 21, 1974 -November 22, 2015) was a northern white rhino who lived at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park near Escondido, California. At her death, she was one of only four remaining northern white rhinos in the world. The other three lived in Kenya. World Rhino Day, held on September 22, is to raise awareness(意识)of the less than 30,000 other rhinos left on Earth.
“Rhinos need our help today, not tomorrow. "Nola's lead keeper Jane Kennedy said. "Last year we lost over 1,200 rhinos just in South Africa. If we continue to lose more than 1,000 rhinos a year, in 10 to 20 years all the rhinos on the earth will be gone."
Unfortunately, most animals are in danger of dying out because of humans. Kennedy says, “Humans have either poached (偷猎)animals, or because there are over seven billion of us, we've taken up too much of the world's resources." Poachers illegally hunt rhinos for their horns (角).They sell the horns for thousands of dollars per pound, to be used for art, jewelry, and decorations. Experts believe that one rhino is poached every eight hours.
In 1975, the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research started the Frozen Zoo, a program through which researchers have collected cell samples(细胞样品)from more than 8,000 different types of animals, including the northern white rhino. Scientists hope that by studying the rhino cells, they will get greater understanding of it, and will find ways to increase its numbers.
At the San Diego Zoo, children and adults are welcome to visit and speak with zookeepers to learn about rhinos. For more information, go to www.worldrhinoday.org.
1. What is the purpose of setting up a World Rhino Day?A.To honor a rhino named Nola. |
B.To draw people's attention to rhino protection. |
C.To let people know the importance of wildlife protection. |
D.To tell people there are still a great number of rhinos left on Earth. |
A.Rhinos will die out soon. |
B.The number of rhinos is increasing. |
C.Rhinos are under good protection. |
D.Immediate action should be taken to protect rhinos. |
A.Human beings' technology. | B.The limited natural resources. |
C.The pollution of the environment. | D.Diseases found on their horns. |
A.Science. | B.Sports. | C.Education. | D.Business |
【推荐3】Successful wildlife conservation goes hand in hand with community education and engagement. Volunteers work with community leaders and schools to share their passion for conservation and the environment.
Rhino Conservation in Zimbabwe
The project is home to an internationally renowned Black Rhino Breeding and Release Programme which has supported Zimbabwe’s rhino population since the mid 1980s. To date, 20 rhinos have been born at the conservancy, with 12 rhinos successfully released back into the wild. Volunteers play a role in securing the future of this once-again endangered animal, working alongside anti-poaching rangers (反偷猎护林员), working on rhino research projects and getting involved in the daily care of both black and white rhino.
Our Rhino Conservation Programme is a unique hands-on opportunity to get behind the scenes and experience day-to-day life on a private conservancy, and be involved with the protection and conservation of Zimbabwe’s endangered black rhino.
The aim of the programme is to assist the reserve’s established Black Rhino Breeding and Release Programme, collect meaningful data and information relating to rhino and wildlife conservation and animal behaviour, and engage with the local community about wildlife conservation.
Cheetah (猎豹) Conservation
In 2021, two captive-born male cheetah were introduced to the conservancy as part of an international rewilding programme. The cheetah are now free-wandering in the reserve, and volunteers play an important role in monitoring and observing their behaviour, tracking their movements and recording their hunting rate.
Volunteer Work
Volunteers contribute to a long-term conservation project and get involved with a variety of conservation activities:
·Work alongside rhinos, cheetah and elephants
·Conservancy management
·Wildlife monitoring
·Anti-poaching patrols and snare sweeps
·Educate school-children about conservation, wildlife and the environment
·Learn about what is involved in running a conservancy
1. What can we say about Black Rhino Breeding and Release Programme?A.Its work pays off. | B.It is limited to Zimbabwe. |
C.It is home to two cheetah. | D.It has a history of 50 years. |
A.Their birth rate. | B.Their hunting rate. |
C.Their area of activity. | D.Their sleep schedule. |
A.Those who live outside Zimbabwe. |
B.Those who prefer to work at home. |
C.Those who like engaging with animals. |
D.Those who would like to make a fortune. |
【推荐1】China, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the United States plan to launch (发射) unpiloted spaceships in the next few weeks to fly to Mars. The operations are aimed at searching for signs of ancient, tiny life. Each country hopes the research will help them learn if astronauts could someday visit the red planet.
All the spaceships are expected to reach Mars next February after traveling about 485 million kilometers. Scientists want to find out what Mars was like billions of years ago, when it had rivers, lakes and Oceans, It is not by chance that the three launches are taking place soon. Mars and the earth are now in positions that favor such travel , permitting shorter travel time and less fuel use, The positioning happens about every two years.
The UAE spacecraft is named Amal, an Arabic word for hope. It is set to leave from Japan on Friday. The spacecraft will arrive at Mars in the year that the UAE marks the 50th anniversary of its founding: Controlled from Dubai , the spaceship will study the upper atmosphere of Mars and follow changes in its climate.
China will launch a rover (月球车) and an orbiter sometime around July 23. Chinese officials haven' t released much information about the operation, which is called Tianwen,or Questions for Heaven.
The USA plans to launch on July 30 from Florida. Perseverance, the NASA spaceship, will land in Jezero Crater, the site of an ancient river and lake. The area is Tull of large rocks ,cliffs and sand dunes (沙丘) - all possible threats to Perseverance. It will look for rocks that show signs of past life in the area. It will also test some of the technology that will be needed to send humans to the red planet and bring them home safely.
1. Why have the countries chosen to launch spaceships in the same month?A.They wish of search for signs of ancient life. |
B.They can make full use of natural conditions. |
C.They plan to get to Mars before February. |
D.They want to test some of the high technology. |
A.In 2020. | B.In 2021. | C.In 2022. | D.In 2023. |
A.It aims to study changes in climate. | B.It will be sent to Mars on July 23rd. |
C.It is to be launched in Jezero Crater. | D.It may face difficulty while landing. |
A.Culture. | B.Education. | C.Technology. | D.Lifestyle. |
【推荐2】Most people follow others blindly just under the effect of peer pressure or because they feel it safe to follow a large number of people. In some rare cases it might be right to follow the crowd, but in most cases this can be a big mistake. Actually there are reasons why we shouldn’t follow the crowd blindly.
According to a study, people often follow the crowd when they aren’t sure about the direction they should take. This means a large number of people could be following others without understanding what’s right and what’s wrong! This makes more people follow and as a result most people move in a certain direction even if it isn’t right.
A man who wants to be successful always hopes for other’s guidance and he usually follows the same path of most people, but the question this man never asks himself is! Are all of these successful? Of course not! If you want to follow a crowd, then follow a successful one. However, in real life you’ll only find one successful person among hundreds of people,and that’s why following the crowd makes no sense at all.
Most people act emotionally without thinking wisely. If you always follow others because they are greater than you in number, the sooner or later you’ll discover that you’re taking emotional decisions you might regret later.
However, should we never follow the crowd? No. I’m not trying to say you should never follow the crowd, but instead I’m just asking you to think wisely before you take a decision. If you find others are right, there is no problem in following them, but if you have doubts about the direction they’re moving in, don’t follow them blindly.
1. Why do most people follow others blindly according to the passage?A.Because they don’t know what to do. |
B.Because they believe they take the right direction. |
C.Because they feel it safe to do that. |
D.Because they want to make good impressions on people. |
A.It needs some time to think wisely. |
B.We shouldn’t regret what we have done. |
C.We should think wisely before deciding to follow others. |
D.Making others follow us is better than following others. |
A.It is wrong to follow other people. |
B.Those who follow others won’t succeed. |
C.Only those foolish people will follow others. |
D.One should use his head before following others. |
A.Effects of following others. |
B.Reasons for not following others blindly. |
C.Advantages of making wise decisions. |
D.Ways of finding successful people to follow. |
【推荐3】When is bedtime?
For a long time, people assumed that daylight told animals when to go to sleep or wake up. See light, wake. See dark, sleep. Then, in 1729, a French scientist named Jean-Jacques d’Ortous de Mairan did an experiment with a mimosa (含羞草), a plant that folds up its leaves at night.
From time to time, he peeked inside. To his surprise, the leaves continued to open and close each day as usual, even in total darkness. And he had discovered a new thing about living creatures. Inside every cell, there is a tiny clock that keeps track of whether it’s morning, noon, or night on the 24-hour cycle of a day.
Every cell in the body has its own tiny time-clicker. A master timekeeper in the brain keeps all these cell clocks in step. For humans, a small group of cells at the back of the eye are in charge of the special job.
You can feel light reset your clock if you fly to a different time zone. For a few days you get sleepy at bedtime back home even if it’s afternoon in your new place. This is called “jet lag”.
So don’t worry if you forget your watch—your clock inside will keep you on sun time.
A.Inside every cell, there is a tiny clock. |
B.That’s your body’s internal clock at work. |
C.If you don’t have a phone or watch, don’t worry. |
D.To learn more about this, scientists did some research. |
E.They signal when they see strong daylight or growing darkness. |
F.He put some of the plants in a cupboard and kept them in constant darkness. |
G.These timekeepers cause cells to do different things at different times of day. |
【推荐1】African penguins stand only 50 cm tall. Like people, each penguin has its own voice. They live along the southern coast of Africa. Like all the other penguins, they hunt fish in the ocean and lay eggs on land. But they are smaller than their well-known cousins in Antarctica (南极洲) and larger than little penguins in Australia and blue penguins in New Zealand. But the African penguins have a problem—they are endangered.
The African penguins used to nest (筑巢) underground in the bird poop (粪便), which came from the penguins and other seabirds. Over hundreds of years, it had built up to form a thick layer as deep as 3 meters.
However, in the 1860s, people began collecting the poop to use it on farms. Now there’s no more poop to make nests. The penguins have to lay their eggs in the open. As a result, the penguins often get too hot. When the parents leave the eggs to cool themselves down in the water, other animals can easily find the eggs and eat them.
To solve the problem, the scientists set up an artificial nest project in 2016. They came up with criteria for the nest. It had to protect penguin eggs from being eaten. It couldn’t flood in the rain. And it needed to keep penguin families cool. The scientists built 15 kinds of nests to find the perfect one. Finally two of them stood out. Both of them could let air flow through. The scientists plan to build more than 2,500 nests for the African penguins in the future. They hope the new nests can help increase the number of the endangered birds.
1. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?A.African penguins are usually 3 meters tall. |
B.Blue penguins are smaller than African penguins. |
C.African penguins prefer to lay eggs in the ocean. |
D.African penguins live along the northern coast of Africa. |
A.What the African penguins look like. | B.When the African penguins build nests. |
C.How the African penguins make their nests. | D.Why the African penguins become endangered. |
A.Prices. | B.Memories. | C.Standards. | D.Conversations. |
A.New nests will be built for the penguins in Australia. |
B.The African penguins are in great danger nowadays. |
C.The nests of the African penguins were built underground. |
D.The scientists wanted to help the African penguins build their homes. |
【推荐2】Some American National Parks
Theodore Roosevelt National Park
The 28th American president Theodore Roosevelt established the park to escape the reminder of his mother and wife, who died of illness on the same day. The park has three main areas -- the South Unit, the North Unit, and the Elkhorn Ranch(大农场) Unit. In the South Unit, visitors can drive along the Scenic Loop road. It offers many places to see wildlife and the surrounding badlands. Many visitors st op to look at Painted Canyon(峡谷). Trails near the canyon offer visitors a chance to see animals, from the huge American bison to small black-tailed prairie dogs. The North Unit also offers several hiking trails. The third area of the park is what Roosevelt described as his "home ranch."
Olympic National Park
The park is located in the western state of Washington. It is on the Olympic Peninsula, in the northwest part of the state. The park covers more than 400,000 hectares. It has several different ecosystems. Visitors will find temperate rainforests, glacier-covered mountains, and almost 120 kilometers of wild coastline. Olympic National Park has meadows and lakes. It has glacier-fed rivers and mountain peaks that rise more than 2,300 meters. To protect the nature of the area, President Grover Cleveland declared the Olympic Peninsula's forests as the Olympic Forest Reserve in 1897. And in 1938, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the bill that established the Olympic National Park.
Voyageurs National Park
The state of Minnesota is known as the land of 10,000 lakes. Voyageurs National Park covers almost 88,500 hectares. About half of that surface is water. Much of the park is accessible only by boat. President Richard Nixon signed the bill that finally established Voyageurs as a national park in 1971. Nature and art meet at the Ellsworth Rock Gardens in the park. A carpenter and artist from Chicago named Jack Ellsworth built a summer home. He designed, built and created about 200 rock sculptures from native stone. Voyageurs National Park may be best seen at night. The most special light display on Earth is sometimes visible at Voyageurs.
Petrified Forest National Park
The word "forest" may mislead visitors. The park is in a desert. And the word "petrified" -- which can mean "afraid"-- may scare visitors away! But fear not. "Petrified Forest" gets its name from the trees that have, over millions of years, turned to stone. That natural process is called fossilization (化石化). The Petrified Forest National Park is one of the wonders of Arizona. The oldest geological formations in the park are about 227 million years old. Differently colored formations show different time periods. Long before humans entered the area, dinosaurs dominated. Petrified Forest National Park is a world-class area for fossil research.
1. If a traveler is interested in animal fossils, which park is the best choice?A.Olympic National Park | B.Petrified Forest National Park |
C.Voyageurs National Park | D.Theodore Roosevelt National Park |
A.People can experience different ecosystems within it. |
B.The park was established by an American president. |
C.Visitors can appreciate sculptures and light show. |
D.Visitors can get close to various wild animals. |
A.Petrified Forest National Park | B.Olympic National Park |
C.Theodore Roosevelt National Park | D.Voyageurs National Park |
【推荐3】English is now the first language of about 400 million people, the mother language of 12 countries and the official language of 34 more countries. That means one in every seven people in the world speaks English. English has become the new Latin (拉丁语) of the century. One must know English is a part of the 21st century. In Italy, for example, English is a must for many technical (技术的) jobs. In China, English is the most important foreign language learned at school. Now no other language on the earth is better suited (适合) to play the role of the world language. Because English is easier to learn than any other language, and it easily borrows local words and phrases from other countries to expand (扩大) its vocabulary.
English is so widely used that it has become the standard language for all kinds of international communications. Now 75% of the world’s mail is in English, 60% of the world’s telephone calls are made in English. 60% of the world’s radio stations are broadcast (广播) in English and over half of the world’s books and magazines are written in English. In a word, English is now the world’s first language.
1. countries speak English as their mother language.A.11 | B.12 | C.3 | D.45 |
A.English has a long history |
B.English is as important as Latin |
C.English has borrowed lots of words from Latin |
D.English is as difficult to learn as Latin |
A.speak Latin | B.speak French | C.speak English | D.speak Italian |
A.More than 50% | B.75% | C.60% | D.Less than 50% |
A.English as a Native Language | B.English as the World Language |
C.English as an Official Language | D.English as the Latin Language |
【推荐1】Working as a temporary worker is a great way to earn extra money when you’re out of work. Temporary work can also be an excellent way for unemployed persons to make a positive impression upon an employer and thus be employed for a more permanent job in the future. However, most unemployed workers are financially difficult and fear the loss of their unemployment benefits if they take on a temporary.
In general, your unemployment benefits will usually be reduced or eliminated during the period of your temporary (临时的) work depending on the level of pay for your temporary job. Usually, you will still be entitled (有资格的) to the difference between your temporary pay and the value of your unemployment benefits, if you earn less than the total amount of your unemployment benefits.
For example, if you earn $200 and are entitled to $400 in unemployment benefits, you will still receive $200 of unemployment compensation (补偿). However, if you earn $400 or more in that temporary job, then your benefits would be stopped.
When the temporary job ends, you should be able to either continue your existing unemployment claim (索赔). Your benefits will generally be based on the period of temporary work. State employment laws vary, so temporary employees may still qualify for unemployment benefits once the temporary job has been completed.
Similar to temp workers, seasonal workers are employed for short, specific times of the year due to weather-related or tourist-related industries. In many states, seasonal workers may not meet the standard to be suitable for unemployment benefits.
In general, suitable work is determined by working conditions, health and ability, required skills, and commuting distance. In some states, union workers registered (登记) with local hiring halls are considered free from these suitable work requirements.
1. What is the advantage of a temporary job?A.It can give an individual a steady income. |
B.It can help deal with the permanent (永远的) issues. |
C.It can be the only choice for the unemployed. |
D.It can be beneficial for the future job. |
A.Increased. | B.Stopped. | C.Investigated. | D.Approved. |
A.Impossible. | B.Useless. | C.Unimportant. | D.Beneficial. |
A.The latter work a shorter time than the former. |
B.The former may be not given unemployment benefits. |
C.The latter surely have a lower pay than the former. |
D.The former tend to be busy in light industries. |
【推荐2】When was the last time your family sat down together to have a dinner?
The speed at which we live today no longer allows for slow eating habits. Most people work long hours. There is lots of fast food and eating out is now on the increase. Often, food is eaten in front of the television in silence, or a child eats alone in front of the computer.
When I was a child, every evening around the same time, one of the children would be asked to set the table, and then we'd go and wash our hands: before the meal. This was the time of day when we would talk about our day at school. But now things have changed a lot.
A family environment plays an important role for children in learning to communicate with others and understanding table manners, such as waiting for others to finish before leaving the table and not speaking with a mouth full of food. Parents’ likes and dislikes of a certain food will also influence a child's own likes and dislikes. Studies have shown that children who often eat with their families have better results at school than children who eat with their families less than twice a week.
Regular meal times give children the chance to discuss their problems with family members. They can also learn to respect others around the table. Talking to your children over dinner is the best way of having their-trust. Children learn good eating habits from their parents at a very young age. Family meals are important. Prepare them for your children.
1. Children who often eat with their families _________.A.prefer to share food with others. |
B.turn out to do better in their studies. |
C.show concerns about families. |
D.are interested in cooking. |
A.table manners change a lot |
B.most children live in a school |
C.food in the restaurant is better |
D.people are busy with their work |
A.Doubtful. | B.Supportive. | C.Worried. | D.Grateful. |
【推荐3】Newcastle, one of the fastest developing cities in the United Kingdom, is beginning to draw tourists from all corners of Europe. It’s said that most visitors come here to see the famous soccer team play. The mood of the locals is often changed by the success or failure of the local team.
Newcastle’s most popular place is the Gate, which is in the center of the city and has many attractions including bars, restaurants, sports bars, pubs and so on. During a home game it becomes a real home to happiness.
Culture and local history lovers can make their dreams come true by taking one of the local city tour buses. They come and leave every few minutes and stop at all the important historical sites in the city. Also the seats and the environment on the buses are comfortable. It’s the best way to see the city without tiring yourself out or getting cold. Places such as the Hancock Museum and Millennium Bridge are must-see attractions. But be careful if you’re short of time. Newcastle is a big place, so you should be prepared to kill a few hours on one of these buses.
If you want to watch the local team play soccer in the St. James Park, remember to book a ticket as early as possible. The locals are crazy soccer fans, and you’ll find it hard to get a ticket if you don’t wait in the queue early.
As you can see, Newcastle is a fascinating city with so much to be offered and so many things to see. You’re sure to have a wonderful time here!
1. Most visitors come to Newcastle in order to ________.A.watch its soccer team play |
B.take the local tour buses |
C.visit the Hancock Museum |
D.have a big meal in restaurants |
A.should go to the Gate |
B.can go on a city tour |
C.must visit St. James Park |
D.must drive your own car |
A.history lovers | B.local people |
C.city tour buses | D.local soccer teams |
A.The most popular place in Newcastle is the Gate. |
B.Millennium Bridge is attractive to culture and local history lovers. |
C.The mood of the locals can’t be influenced by the success or failure of the local team. |
D.You’d better book a ticket as early as possible if you want to watch the local team play soccer. |