【推荐1】Do you remember how you felt the first time you rode bike?   What about your first heartbreak? _________ moments and the emotions they arouse can resonate in our minds for decades, powerfully shaping who we are as individuals. But for those who experience severe trauma (创伤), such painful memories can leave people with life-changing mental conditions. So, what if traumatic memories did not have to cause so much _________ ? For now, the work is happening in mice.

Neuroscientists usually define a singular memory as an engram--a physical change in brain tissue _________ a particular recollection. While at MIT in 2013, Steve Ramirez of Boston University and his research partner Xu Liu had a breakthrough: They were able to target the cells that _________ one engram in a mouse's brain and then implant a false memory. In their work, mice _________ in fear to a particular stimulus even when they had not been conditioned in advance.

In their current work, Ramirez and his colleagues are investigating whether _________ memories can be “overwritten" by positive ones. In their experiments, positive memories are created by putting male mice in cages with female ones for an hour, and negative memories are created by putting the mice in cages that deliver brief foot shocks. After a surgical operation on the mice, the researchers find that _________ positive memories while mouse is in a cage makes it less fearful. They think that this memory "retraining" may be helping to _________ some of the mouse's trauma. _________ , it is unclear whether those original fear memories are completely lost or just suppressed (抑制).

__________ Ramirez's team stresses that their work in mice is preliminary (初步的), they see treatment potential for humans down the road. Those suffering from PTSD or depression could have their memories __________ , for instance, so that they don't have a strong __________ response to painful recollections.

If it's one day possible to alter human memory, who should be allowed to receive that treatment? And would the __________ system be at a disadvantage if key witnesses and victims cannot remember a crime? These are questions New York University bioethicist (生物伦理学家) Arthur Caplan says are worth thinking about before the technology is ready for human clinical settings.

As neuroscientists progress with their research, they say these __________ issues are being taken into account. Ramirez sees the idea of __________ memories as neither good nor bad. Like water, it just depends on how you use it.

【推荐3】The concept of solitude（独处）in the digital world is almost non-existent. In the world of digital technology, e-mail, social networking and online video games, information is meant to be ______. Solitude can be hard to discover once it has been given up. In this respect, new technologies have ______ our culture.

The desire to be connected has brought solitude to a(n) ______ as we've known it. People have become so ______ in the world of networks and connections that one can often be contacted even if they'd rather not be. Today we can talk, text, e-mail, chat and blog, not only from our ______，but from our mobile phones as well.

Most developed nations have become ______ on digital technology simply because they've grown accustomed to it, and at this point not ______ it would make them an outsider. Also, many jobs and careers require people to be ______．From this point of view, technology has changed the culture of work. Being reachable might feel like a ______ to those who may not want to be able to be contacted at all times.

I suppose the positive side is that solitude is still possible for anyone who ______ wants it. Computers can be shut down and mobile phones can be turned off. The ability to be "connected" and "on" has many ______, as well as disadvantages. Travelers have ended up ______ on mountains, and mobile phones have saved countless lives. They can also make people feel ______ and forced to answer unwanted calls or ______ to unwanted texts.

Attitudes towards our connectedness as a society ______across generations. Some find today's technology a gift. Others consider it a curse. Regardless of anyone's view on the subject, it's hard to imagine what life would belike without daily advancements in technology.

【推荐1】To Americans, the goal of parents is to help children stand on their own feet. From babyhood, each child may _______ his or her own room. As children grow, they gain more _______ to make their own choices. When they _______ young adulthood, they choose their own careers and marriage partners. Of course, many young adults also seek their parents’ _______ and approval for the choices they make. _______, once they “leave the nest” at around 18 to 21 years old, they don’t want to be “tied to their mother’s apron strings”.

The _______ between parents and children in America is very informal. American parents don’t try treating their children as _______ of themselves. They allow them to _______ their own dreams. When children become adults, their relationship with their _______ becomes more like the friendship among equals. But when their parents come to visit them, most adult children don’t make them ________ room and board（膳食）. Even as adults, they ________ and honor their parents.

Most young couples with children struggle with the ________ of childcare. Some _______ that attending a day care center can be a(n) ________ experience for children. Others think that mothers are the best caregivers for children. A number of women are now leaving the ________ to become full-time homemakers.

Discipline（纪律）is another area that American parents have ________ opinions about. Many parents feel that an old-fashioned spanking（打屁股）helps youngsters learn what “No!” ________. Others prefer substitute forms of discipline. For example, “time outs” have become ________ in recent years. Children in “time outs” have to sit in a corner or by a wall. They can get up only when they are ready to act _______. Although discipline isn’t fun for parents or children, it is a(n) ________ part of training.

【推荐2】I was in deep thought. The year drew to a _______. What would I accomplish in the next?

I looked up at the _______ in the distance. They were white now. Not long ago, they were brown. In the time I’ve lived in Idaho, I’ve had the opportunity to watch the _______ of seasons make their changes on those mountains I am never _______ of seeing.

My first _______ of them came in September. The sides of the mountains were painted green with the leaves.

Near the top were pines. The days moved on. The weather _______. The leaves browned. The mountain changed.

Fall _______ to winter. I stood and watched the top of the mountains turn a blinding white. I’m not a skier, but I imagined the excitement of _______ down the side of those mountains—free, fast, and _______.

Winter turned to ________. The snow in the valley ________. The weeks passed,   the green in the valley flowed ________ up the slopes like a reversed waterfall. The mountains were as I first saw them, green and leafy.

On this New Year’s Eve, the mountains are white again. I saw so many changes, but were they changes? The mountains are never changing. Like people, they only changed ________ to fit the weather. They didn’t allow outside influences to ________ what lie beneath their coats of changing colors. They were always the same.

I’m in my third season of life. A little snow has ________ at my peak. My clothing changed to ________ my seasons. Next year and all my years to follow, I want to be as constant as a mountain. Although my looks change, I want to be ________. My body will change coats many times, but when my day is done, I want people to say, “No matter what the seasons of life ________, he never changed inside. He never ________ the pressures of the seasons or the weathers of life to change what he was underneath. He was a ________ mountain you could rely on.”