Last year, Americans spent over $30 billion at retail (零售) stores in the month of December alone. Aside from purchasing holiday gifts, most people regularly buy presents for other occasions throughout the year, including weddings, birthdays, anniversaries, graduations, and baby showers. This frequent experience of gift-giving can create ambivalent feelings in gift-givers. Many believe that gift-giving offers a powerful means to build stronger bonds with intended receivers. At the same time, many worry that their purchases will disappoint rather than delight the intended receivers.
Anthropologists (人类学家) describe gift-giving as a positive social process, serving various political, religious, and psychological functions. Economists, however, offer a less favorable view. They think that gift-giving represents an objective waste of resources. People buy gifts that receivers would not choose to buy on their own, or at least not spend as much money to purchase. Givers are likely to spend $100 to purchase a gift that receivers would spend only $80 to buy themselves.
What is surprising is that gift-givers have considerable experience acting as both gift-givers and gift-receivers, but still tend to overspend each time they set out to purchase a meaningful gift. In the present research, psychologists find a unique explanation for this overspending problem — gift-givers equate (等同) how much they spend with how much receivers will appreciate the gift. Although a link between gift price and feelings of appreciation might seem relevant to gift-givers, such an assumption may be unfounded. Indeed, we find that gift-receivers will be less willing to base their feelings of appreciation on the gift price than givers assume.
The thoughts of gift-givers and gift-receivers being unable to account for the other party’s perspective (立场) seems puzzling because people slip in and out of these roles every day. Yet, despite the extensive experience that people have as both givers and receivers, they often struggle to transfer information gained from one role and apply it in another.
1. What does the underlined word “ambivalent” in Paragraph1 probably mean?A.Concerned. | B.Positive. |
C.Unrealistic. | D.Conflicting. |
A.It strengthens the bonds between people. |
B.It is economically beneficial to the receiver. |
C.It is actually a process of wasting resources. |
D.It increases the financial burden to the giver. |
A.Personal preferences are the least to be considered. |
B.Gift-givers tend to link the gift cost to gift-receivers’ appreciation. |
C.More gift-receiving experience helps prevent overspending. |
D.The assumption made by gift-givers turned out to be correct. |
A.a trend of overspending |
B.an inability to change perspectives |
C.a growing opposition to gift-giving |
D.a misunderstanding of gift-receivers’ tastes |
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“I’ll be the first millionaire in Coleford!” Richard used to boast.
“And you’ll be sorry that you knew me,” George would reply “because I’ll surely be the best lawyer in our town!”
After graduation, George never became a lawyer and Richard was anybody but a millionaire …. Instead, it happened that both men opened bookshops on opposite sides of Coleford High Street, while it was hard to make much money from books then, which made the competition between them worse. Eventually, Richard closed down his, dreaming of making a fortune elsewhere.
Now, with only one bookshop in the town, business was better for George. But sometimes he sat in his narrow old kitchen and gazed out of the dirty window, thinking about his former rival (竞争对手). Perhaps he missed him?
George was very interested in old dictionaries, and he had recently found a collector in Australia who was selling a rare first edition. When the parcel arrived, the book was in perfect condition and George was quite delighted. But while he was having lunch, George glanced at the photo in the newspaper that the book had been wrapped in. He was astonished — the smiling face was older than he remembered but unmistakable! Trembling, George started reading: “Bookends Company has bought ten bookstores from its competitors. The company, owned by multi-millionaire Richard Pike, is now the largest bookseller in this country.”
1. George and Richard were ________ at school.
A.roommates | B.good friends | C.competitors | D.booksellers |
A.He envied Richard’s good fortune very much. |
B.He thought about Richard from time to time. |
C.He felt unlucky with no more rival in the town. |
D.He was unhappy of Richard’s disappearance. |
A.a dictionary collector in Australia |
B.one of Richard’s competitors |
C.some rare edition of a dictionary |
D.the wrapping paper of a book |
A.Both George and Richard became millionaires by selling books. |
B.Both of them realized their original ambitions, which were the same. |
C.George established a successful business while Richard was missing. |
D.Richard became a millionaire while George had no great success. |
【推荐2】In the workplace, one of the most important skills to possess is good communication.
Having empathy (同理心)is very useful in communication.
Encouraging others will heighten confidence and appreciation in the workplace.
Body language can greatly impact how others treat you in the workplace. Being extroverted(外向的) and friendly lets co-workers know you are open to hearing their opinions about projects or new designs.
While many of these good communication skills occur naturally in individuals, some may need to be learned and practiced in order to become second nature.
A.While communication is important |
B.By praising and offering words of encouragement |
C.Praising co-workers helps communications go smoothly |
D.It involves seeing things from the point of view of others |
E.People value co-workers who can communicate effectively |
F.Being able to listen to others is vital in the communication process |
G.Body language is a large part of being empathetic and encouraging |
【推荐3】Are you patient? Do you have attention to detail, free time and access to a computer? Well, then a scientist might welcome your help. Researchers in the UK say it’s becoming important to count on common people to help them with their projects. They need people to examine data and submit their observations online.
British teenagers Sasha and Matthew are taking part in a study of penguins (企鹅) from the comfort of their homes. The pair look at pictures and tag (加标签于) photos identifying adults, chicks and eggs. Every click of their mouse is helping to build up a detailed picture of penguin colonies (群). They, and thousands of others, are helping scientists to understand why some colonies are growing and others are decreasing. Within the first four hours of Penguin Watch going live, “citizen scientists” marked more images than the research team did in five years.
Dr. Tom Hart, Penguin Watch Coordinator at Oxford University, says, “When you go beyond what a scientist can analyse to what a mass audience can do, then it increases beyond what any other project could do.”
The British Science Association says families are helping out with careful research. It made a difference to the Planet Hunters Project, which ran for five years. Volunteers looked at dots which showed how the brightness of a star changed at different points in its solar system.
According to Dr. Robert Simpson from Oxford University, who took part in the project, the volunteers discovered planets and these are now in published papers. He says with pride, “We can go and look at these planets with other telescopes and we know they exist because of those helpers.”
But how do scientists guard their research against accidental or deliberate mistakes in observation? Dr. Simpson isn’t worried. “We get lots of people looking at the same things, ”he says. The researcher warns that people who are mistakenly clicking on the site are very obvious and can be identified very quickly. So, there’s no fooling the scientists.
And to make sure things go well, the Penguin Watch paper will go through a peer review before being published. After that, every “citizen scientist” will be credited.
1. According to the passage, who will be suitable to help the scientists?A.An engineer who works in a company. |
B.A university student who likes science. |
C.A businessman who invests in a new project. |
D.A careful teenager who uses the computer smoothly. |
A.Publish his observation data by himself. |
B.Observe pictures and record his observation. |
C.Discuss his observation with other volunteers. |
D.Take his report to the scientist and correct mistakes. |
A.By working with volunteers. | B.By using their own data. |
C.By identifying pictures and photos. | D.By going through a peer review. |
A.Objective | B.Supportive. | C.Negative. | D.Doubtful. |
【推荐1】The increase in primate (灵长类动物) ecotourism is causing stress-related behaviors in monkeys, according to a new study.
The study, led by the University of Portsmouth, looked at the impact of a single engine motor boat approaching a community of proboscis monkeys (长鼻猴). Those monkeys are unusual with their very long noses, which makes them appealing to tourists. And many of the boats carrying the tourists approach the primates quickly and loudly, often reaching the river banks just a few meters away from the wildlife.
The researchers conducted the experiment by approaching the monkeys in a motor boat with different speeds and travel distances — fast-close(approaching the monkeys for 10 seconds when 40 meters away at a speed of 14.4k m/hr), slow-close(approaching the monkey for 40 seconds when 40 meters away at a speed of 3.6 km/hr), and slow-far conditions(approaching the monkeys for 20 seconds when 100 meters away, at a speed of 3.6 km/hr).
The results showed that the monkeys displayed stress-related behaviors for longer in the fast-close and slow-close conditions and also reduced feeding as a result of the boat approaching in the fast-close condition. Once the boat started to approach, the proboscis monkeys showed repeated scratching (挠) and often moved quickly backwards to hide in the trees. This could potentially cause the monkeys to leave their safe sleeping sites and to go deep into the forest as it gets dark, where they could face a higher risk of predation (捕食行为).
“Collectively, our findings suggest that the approach of a single motor boat led to stress in proboscis monkeys when they were approached as closely as 60 meters from the other side of the river, regardless of the speed of approach,” said Dr Marina Davila-Ross, lead author of the study.
The researchers thus propose that guidelines for primate tourism in the riverside areas should include an approach speed of no more than 4 km/hr within 100 meters of the proboscis monkeys. They suggest it is also important to keep a distance, preferably no closer than 60 meters away, from the monkeys.
“Such information might be helpful for tourists, allowing them to modify (修改) their behaviors when visiting the primates and when encouraging guide s to follow the guidelines,” Dr Davila-Ross added.
1. What did the researchers’ experiment show about proboscis monkeys?A.They found the slow-close condition most stressful. |
B.They tended to go hunting when faced with danger. |
C.They lost their sense of safety at the sound of motorboats. |
D.They lost their way very easily at the sight of motorboats. |
A.To approach proboscis monkeys less frequently. |
B.To avoid getting too close to proboscis monkeys. |
C.To ask guides for more information about proboscis monkeys. |
D.To behave themselves while trying to feed proboscis monkeys. |
A.Concerns. | B.Confidence. | C.Disapproval. | D.Disinterest. |
A.Primate Ecotourism: a better understanding of primates |
B.Primate Ecotourism: getting close to the primates |
C.Primate Ecotourism: the conservation of primates |
D.Primate Ecotourism: a negative effect on primate behavior |
【推荐2】In a study published in The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Diana Deutsch of the University of California and her co-authors find that musicians who speak an East Asian tone language fluently are much more likely to have perfect pitch(音高).
Unlike English, many East Asian languages, such as Mandarin, Cantonese and Vietnamese, are “tonal”, so that a word’s meaning often depends on the tone in which it is said. So learning perfect pitch is, for fluent speakers of a tone language, similar to learning a second tone language.
The study looked at 203 students at the University of Southern California’s Thornton School of Music through a test. The students listened to the 36 notes. They attempted to identify the notes, and they self-reported their musical, ethnic and linguistic backgrounds — including whether they were very fluent in an East Asian tone language, fairly fluent or not at all fluent. Deutsch and her colleagues found that students who spoke an East Asian tone language very fluently scored nearly 100 percent on the test, and that students who were only fairly fluent in a tone language scored lower overall. Those students who were not at all fluent in speaking a tone language scored the worst on average.
Deutsch acknowledges that it still remains to be discovered why and how it is that some speakers of non-tone languages have perfect pitch. She expects it to be related to either an exceptionally long “critical window” for language acquisition, a very early musical upbringing, or both.
“Perfect pitch for years seemed like a beautiful gift — given only to a few genetically talented people. But our research suggests that it might be available to virtually everybody,” Deutsch said. She also proposed that parents who want their kids to acquire perfect pitch should expose them to musical tones from infancy onwards.
1. What makes East Asian language speakers have perfect pitch?A.Their tonal language. | B.Their various dialect. |
C.Their musical talent. | D.Their large vocabulary. |
A.Students from Asia. |
B.Students from America. |
C.Students who speak English quite fluently. |
D.Students who speak a tone language very fluently. |
A.To summarize the paragraphs above. | B.To provide some advice for readers. |
C.To add some background information. | D.To introduce the main idea of the text. |
A.By practicing communication skills. |
B.By developing an interest in writing songs. |
C.By acquiring as many languages as possible. |
D.By receiving musical education from childhood. |
【推荐3】Sweetest Day is celebrated on the third Saturday in October as a day to make someone happy. It is an occasion which offers all of us an opportunity to remember not only the sick, the aged, and children who have lost their parents, but also friends, workmates, relatives and neighbors whose helpfulness and kindness we have enjoyed.
Over 60 years ago, when a Cleveland man noticed that some people, such as children who lost their parents and patients who lay in bed, too often felt forgotten and neglected, he developed in his mind the idea of showing them that they were remembered. He did this by giving them small gifts. With the help of his friends and neighbors, he gave those people small gifts on a Saturday in October. During the years that followed, other Clevelanders began to take part in the celebration, which came to be called ''Sweetest Day''. Over time, the Sweetest Day idea of spreading cheer to the poor, the sick and children who had lost their parents was broadened to include everyone, and became an occasion for remembering others with a kind act or a small gift. Soon the idea spread to other cities all over the USA.
Sweetest Day is not based on any single group's religious(宗教的) beliefs or on a family relationship. It is a reminder that a thoughtful word or deed enriches life and gives it meaning.
Because for many people remembering takes the form of gift giving, Sweetest Day offers us the opportunity to show others that we care, in a positive way.
1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?A.Sweetest Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in October. |
B.Sweetest Day is a day to make others happy. |
C.Sweetest Day is an occasion for lovers to express love. |
D.Sweetest Day is just an occasion to care about disabled people. |
A.remembered | B.hated | C.paid little or no attention to | D.disappointed |
A.Visiting sick people of the hospital. |
B.Visiting children who have lost their parents. |
C.Giving friends small gifts. |
D.Giving flowers to sweethearts. |