Artificial intelligence (AI) (人工智能)is the ability of a computer program or a machine to think and learn. It is also a field of study that tries to make computers "smart". John McCarthy, a scientist, came up with the name "artificial intelligence" in 1955. Many things such as learning and problem solving can be done by computers, though not in the same way as we do.
An unusual goal of AI research is to create computer programs that can learn, solve problems, and think logically(逻辑地). At present we use the term Al for successfully understanding human speech, recognizing(识别)human faces, operating self-driving cars and competing in some game systems like Chess and AlphGo(阿尔法狗). Some people also consider AI a danger to humans if it develops too quickly. Professor Stephen Hawking, a well-known British scientist, was not for this kind of technology.
Math is the basic language of AI. If we raise the standard in the learning of math, our students will be more likely to become successful AI designers in the future. We not only want bright students, but also need to attract average students and give them the math skills which are needed to change them into AI designers. Besides, a good knowledge of computer science is also necessary for AI designing.
Scientists hope to create creative and emotional AI which can possibly understand human feelings or create art. Many ways and tools have been tried to discover this fascinating field.
1. From Paragraph 1, we know that_________.A.all problems can be solved by AI | B.machines with AI can think and learn |
C.AI has been around for only 60 years. | D.AI works in the same way as humans |
A.Chess | B.AlphaGo | C.the danger | D.AI |
School Report
Subject/Name | Math(100) | Art(100) | Computer(100) |
Mike | 60 | 95 | 95 |
Peter | 95 | 65 | 90 |
Amy | 65 | 90 | 95 |
Cathy | 95 | 95 | 60 |
A.Mike. | B.Peter. | C.Amy. | D.Cathy. |
A.wishes | B.worries | C.feelings | D.discoveries |
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【推荐1】They may have text, email, Facebook and Twitter, but young people are still lonelier than any other age group. The Loneliness in New Zealand report, published by Statistics New Zealand, shows under 30s are more likely to feel lonely than older people because loneliness decreases with age. Loneliness and poor mental health were strongly related across all ages. Young people were not as likely to feel lonely because of financial hardship, but among older people, lack of money was a significant influence on loneliness. Women were more likely to feel lonely than men.
Philip Walker, spokesman for the General Social Survey, said because it was relatively new it was hard to know whether loneliness among young people was a new trend. But overseas research has found that levels of loneliness in youth today are growing.
Walker said the finding needed more exploration, including looking at the role of technology and social media. “It could be that people’s expectations of connection have gone up, so we expect increased levels of connection,” he said. “While technology like cell phones could help young people stay connected, on the other hand for those who do get bullied (欺辱), especially bullied online, it’s quite isolating. A lot of the time potentially it is a big contributor to loneliness.”
Figures from online dating website FindSomeone also confirmed more young people were looking for love. Manager Rick Davies, said younger dating hopefuls were the fastest growing group on the site.
Mr. Davies noted that since the report data was collected in 2010 there had been huge growth in smart phones, which meant people were online even more. He believed online tools, such as Skype, could help people stay connected. “People can keep in touch with a wide range of friends from all over the world much more easily now. It’s like you’re sitting in your living room having a chat with them.”
Bemardine Reid, operations committee chairwoman for Samaritans, which operates a free helpline, said many of their calls came from people who were lonely. “It might be that they’ve got some problem, just like all the things people would normally talk to a friend about, but people who are alone lack those normal contacts.” (交流)
The Statistics New Zealand report also showed people who didn’t have face-to-face contact with family and friends were more likely to feel lonely, as were those who lived alone.
1. Which of the following may Mr. Walker agree with?A.High technology may become a reason for loneliness. |
B.People shouldn’t use the Internet to get to know strangers. |
C.It’s hard for people to get enough connection online as expected. |
D.Social media should play an important role in helping lonely people. |
A.FindSomeone is a website where you can find old friends |
B.without technology, young people would not feel lonely |
C.high technology results in the older being lonely |
D.those cheated or hurt online tend to feel lonely |
A.Internet can keep people free from loneliness |
B.people chatting a lot online tend to be optimistic |
C.people living alone tend to have more connection online |
D.people communicating less in the real world risk loneliness |
A.Loneliness around You | B.Young People Online |
C.Young but Lonely | D.E-times and Young People |
【推荐2】Microscopic particles (微观粒子) from outer space are also called space dust. They’re in the dirt on the ground and on your roof. They may discomfort your nose. They have settled all over our planet.
Despite their widespread presence, finding space dust isn’t easy. One place that the particles show up more easily is Antarctica. Around a decade ago, Matthew Genge at Imperial College London spent seven weeks searching for and collecting dust there.
The disadvantage of collecting dust from Antarctica is the high cost and complications of travelling there. That’s why Penny Wozniakiewicz of the University of Kent in the UK has focused on her research closer to home. The key is to collect material from a fairly undisturbed spot. She seeks the rooftops of old buildings in the UK as the source of her samples.
She focuses on these roofs because they are old and more untouched than modern buildings. What’s more, historic buildings usually have well-kept records that indicate when conservation and cleaning have been done. That makes it easier to determine how long space dust has been collected and gives researchers insight into what other particles might be present in the dust they collect. This allows them to more efficiently remove the Earth stuff, and focus on the space stuff.
“The idea is to actually take something you can barely see on your finger, and then make it much bigger so you can hold it in your hand,” says Wozniakiewicz. Each year, approximately 100 billion particles of space dust land on Earth, carrying secrets from outer space and offering glimpses into the formation of planetary systems. These particles not only contain water but also organic molecules (有机分子); they potentially serve as the building blocks for life on Earth. Space dust could, therefore, tell scientists about the complex relationship between these celestial bodies (天体) and Earth. It acts as a bridge, connecting us to the wider space.
1. What do we know about space dust?A.There is much space dust in the UK. |
B.It shows up more easily in Antarctica. |
C.Space dust is easy to collect everywhere. |
D.Space dust contains only organic molecules. |
A.She doesn’t want to be too far away from home. |
B.She wants to collect dust from modern buildings. |
C.Travelling to Antarctica is expensive and complicated. |
D.A fairly undisturbed spot couldn’t be found in Antarctica. |
A.To uncover the secret of outer space. | B.To make collecting Earth stuff easier. |
C.To help researchers find out space stuff. | D.To show how often buildings were cleaned. |
A.How space dust comes into being | B.An extraordinary exploration to outer space |
C.The relationship between space and humans | D.Space dust bridges outer space and humans |
【推荐3】Efforts to preserve the Amazon rainforest, which supports immense biodiversity and locks away tons of climate threatening carbon, are growing more urgent as the ecosystem’s destruction speeds up. Indigenous (当地的) peoples have been trying to protect the region by patrolling (巡逻) their territorial boundaries for illegal activities. But rapid deforestation continues.
A recent study shows that combining on-the-ground monitoring with satellite data and smartphone technology could help put the brakes (刹车) on Amazon deforestation —and potentially that of forests elsewhere.
Illegal logging, agriculture and coca cultivation particularly threaten the Amazon in the Peruvian Indigenous communities and outsiders are often the culprits (罪魁祸首). The research team wondered if providing training for local people to use satellite based “early deforestation alerts (警报)” could help. The scientists cooperated with 76 Indigenous communities, 36 of which participated in using these alerts to watch over the forest. Over the next two years these trained participants were paid to work as forest monitors and received monthly alerts via the app when satellite data indicated local forest losses. Monitors investigated alerts, patrolled for deforestation in other areas and reported confirmed tosses back to their communities, which decided whether to deal with the culprits on their own or inform state authorities.
The researchers analyzed the same forest-loss satellite data from the given time period in all 76 communities. They found the early-alert program reduced forest loss by 8.4 hectares in the first two year — a 52% reduction compared with the average loss in the control communities.
Experts say this approach to tackling Amazonian deforestation looks promising. “Would this work in all communities that have high risk of deforestation? Given the results, it’s worth a try,” says Catherine Tucker, a researcher at the University of Florida. “But some communities may not have access to the resources needed for such a program, or their territories may hold valuable minerals that would increase the risk of deforestation by outsiders despite monitoring efforts,” wrote Francisco Hernandez Cayctano, a community member involved in the research, “we as Indigenous peoples ask the world for support.”
1. Why did the research team conduct the program?A.To stop carbon being locked away. | B.To tackle Amazon deforestation. |
C.To monitor satellite movement. | D.T control illegal activities. |
A.By offering locals training in using a smartphone app. |
B.By combining local monitoring with smartphone alerts. |
C.By organizing native people to fight against the outsiders. |
D.By equipping local forest with satellite data and monitors. |
A.Pessimistic. | B.Objective. | C.Approving. | D.Sympathetic. |
A.Local Monitors Trained for Forest Loss. | B.Satellite Data Cure Deforestation. |
C.Outsiders Are to Blame for Forest Loss. | D.Smart Patrol Fights Deforestation. |
【推荐1】The government of Singapore has created a highly developed system that turns wastewater into drinking water. The system involves a network of tunnels and high technology treatment centers.
The system helps reduce ocean pollution, as only a small amount of the treated water is sent into the sea. The United Nations estimates that 80 percent of the world’s wastewater flows back into the oceans without being treated or reused.
Singapore has few natural water sources. The island nation has long had to depend mostly on supplies from neighboring Malaysia.
Low Pei Chin, an expert, told reporters, “Singapore lacks natural resources, and it is limited in space, which is why we are always looking for ways to explore water sources and stretch our water supply. One major plan is to collect every drop and reuse endlessly.”
Parts of the water treatment center are underground. Wastewater enters the center through a 48- kilometer tunnel that is linked to sewers. The center contains a large system of steel pipes, tubes, tanks, cleaning systems and other machinery. It can treat up to 900 million liters of wastewater a day.
In one building, a network of air flow systems has been put in place to keep the air smelling as fresh as possible. Waste that arrives at the plant goes through a cleaning process before powerful pumps send it flowing to areas above ground for more treatment. There, the treated water receives additional cleaning. Bacteria and viruses are removed through highly developed cleaning processes and then disinfected with ultraviolet radiation (紫外线).
Singapore is also in the process of expanding its recycling system. The country will add another underground tunnel and a major water treatment center to serve the western half of the island. Officials expect work on the center to be completed by 2025. By the time the expansion is finished, Singapore will have spent about $7.4 billion on its water treatment systems.
1. What can we infer from the second paragraph?A.The world’s oceans are polluted by wastewater. |
B.Only a small amount of the treated water is suitable to drink. |
C.Wastewater is usually treated before being sent into the oceans. |
D.80 percent of the water in the oceans can be used as drinking water. |
A.Singapore plans to get help from Malaysia. |
B.The wastewater is cleaned underground in the whole process. |
C.900 million liters of wastewater can be cleaned in the center a day. |
D.The recycled water enters the sea through a highly developed system. |
A.Purifying water by itself. |
B.Through a special kind of chemical. |
C.With ultraviolet radiation. |
D.Through cleaning processes and disinfection. |
A.Singapore turns wastewater into drinking water. |
B.Collect and rescue: the future of Singapore. |
C.The importance of sea water in Singapore. |
D.Water source protection matters. |
【推荐2】Time to load up some popular games: new research indicates pigs possess the mental capability to play video games. The study, published in Frontiers In Psychology, tested the ability of four pigs(Hamlet, Omelette, Ebony and Ivory)to play a simple joystick(操纵杆)game with their noses, moving a cursor(光标)to four targets on the screen. Although the animals didn’t demonstrate the skills to win a round any time soon, they did show an understanding of some elementary games.
Performing well above chance, the pigs appeared to recognize the movement of the cursor was controlled by the joystick. The fact that they did so well despite a lack of flexible fingers is “extraordinary”, according to the researchers.
“It is no small achievement for an animal, to grasp the concept that the behaviour they are performing is having an effect elsewhere. That pigs can do this to any degree should give us pause as to what else they are capable of learning and how such learning may impact them,” said Purdue University’s Dr Candace Croney, the study’s lead author.
Researchers also noted that while the pigs could be taught to play the game using food as positive motivation, they also responded well to social interaction. In fact, when the game was made more challenging and the pigs became unwilling to participate in, “only oral encouragement by the experimenter” would see training continue.
These findings are the latest to highlight the intelligence of pigs. Not only have they been shown to use mirrors to find hidden food, but studies have also demonstrated how pigs can be taught to “come” and “sit” after oral commands.
“As with any sentient(有感觉力的)beings, how we interact with pigs and what we do to them impacts and matters to them,” Croney said. “We therefore have a moral duty to understand how pigs acquire information, and what they are capable of leaning and remembering, because it ultimately offers the potential for how they understand their interactions with us and their environments.”
1. What can we learn from Paragraphs 1 and 2?A.Pigs have the potential to play games well. |
B.Pigs have noses as flexible as human hands. |
C.Pigs possess the mental ability we didn’t know. |
D.Pigs know well about what they are playing. |
A.Playing joystick games so well. |
B.Realizing the effects of their acts. |
C.Carrying out tasks with their noses. |
D.Following human oral commands. |
A.Less challenging video games. |
B.A nice treat before the experiment. |
C.Severe punishment if necessary. |
D.Inspiring words from experimenters. |
A.They reflect the needs to interact more with animals. |
B.They offer humans ideas of how to live with animals. |
C.They encourage us to explore how pigs interact with us. |
D.They show us how pigs interact with their environments. |
【推荐3】When someone sets out to improve their health, they usually take a familiar path: starting a healthy diet, adopting a new workout plan, getting better sleep, or drinking more water. Each of these behaviors is important, of course, but they all focus on physical health and a growing body of research suggests that social health is just as, if not more, important to overall well-being.
A recent study found that the strength of a person’s social circle -- as measured by cell phone activity -- was a better predictor of self-reported stress, happiness and well-being levels than fitness tracker data on physical activity, heart rate and sleep. That finding suggests that the “quantified self” presented by endless amounts of health data doesn’t tell the whole story, says study co-author Nitesh Chawla.
“There’s a qualified self, which is who I am, what my activities, my social network, my lifestyle, and my enjoyment are. All of these aspects are not reflected in any of these measurements,” Chawla says. “And they are strong determinants of my well-being.”
A 2019 study set out to determine what’s driving those high rates of loneliness and found that social media, when used so much that it occupied face-to-face quality time, was tied to greater loneliness. Gender and income didn’t seem to have a strong effect, but loneliness tended to decrease with age, perhaps because of the wisdom and perspective afforded by years of life lived, says Dr. Stuart Lustig, one of the report’s authors.
Lustig emphasizes that we should use technology “to seek out meaningful connections and people that you are able to keep in your social sphere (范围). It’s easy enough to find groups such as Meetups, which regularly organize offline gatherings, providing members with opportunities to interact, share, and participate in various activities in real life. Or through social media, you can find places to go where you’ll find folks doing what you want to do.” That advice is particularly important for young people, he says, for whom heavy social media use is common.
Finally, Lustig stresses that even small social changes can have a large impact. Striking up post-meeting conversations with co-workers, or even engaging in micro-interactions with strangers, can make your social life feel more rewarding.
1. What is the author’s purpose in writing paragraph 1?A.To show social health is ignored by some people. |
B.To show social people like to do workouts with others. |
C.To prove many people tend to follow suit to improve their health. |
D.To prove more and more people have benefited from physical exercise. |
A.They are out of date. |
B.They are not scientific. |
C.They can help realize the “qualified self”. |
D.They cannot reflect one’s overall health. |
A.Females feel happy more easily than males. |
B.Old people felt lonelier than young people. |
C.The overuse of social media could lead to loneliness. |
D.Income had a great influence on people’s well-being. |
A.Avoiding talking to strangers. |
B.Using social media as little as possible. |
C.Using technology for meaningful interactions. |
D.Spending more time with like-minded young people. |