A new study found evidence that dos developed in physical ways to present “lovely dog eyes” as a way to connect with humans.
The study compared the facial muscles (肌肉) of dogs and wolves, which share ancestral history. Dogs broke off from wolves after being domesticated (驯化) about 33,0000 years ago. During that time dogs changed physically and behaviorally to fit life with humans.
The researchers examined the heads of six dogs and two wolves for comparison. They found the facial structure of both animals was mostly very similar. But one major difference was found above the eyes. The dogs were found to have two well-formed muscles around the eye that were not present in the wolves. These small muscles permit dogs to raise their inner eyebrows, the study found.
Juliane Kaminski, a comparative psychologist from the research suggests this eyebrow-rising movement causes “a warm” feelings in humans because it makes the dogs’ eyes appear larger. This expressions also makes the dog lo more like a human baby. The eye movement is similar to that which humans make when they are sad.
“The evidence is very obvious that dogs developed a muscle to raise the inner eyebrows after they were domesticated from wolves,” Kaminski said.
In a separate part of the study, the researchers observed how 27 dogs and nine wolves interacted with a human. “We also studied dogs’ and wolves’ behavior. And when exposed to a human for two minutes, dogs raised their inner eyebrows more and higher than wolves,” Kaminski said.
The researchers suggest that the eye movements developed over time as a way for dogs to get humans to do things for them, such as giving then food, care or attention.
The only dog species in the study that did not have the muscles was the Siberian husky, which is an ancient kind of dog. The husky could be the best living example of what the link between dogs and wolves looked like.
Kaminski said the main limitation of the study was the small number of dogs and wolves used. This means further study will be required and should include other ancient dog species. The work could also be extended 10 other animals with which humans have developed close relationships, including horses and cats.
1. What is the difference found between dogs and wolves?| A．Dogs have bigger eyes. |
| B．They have different ancestors. |
| C．They have easily distinguishable faces. |
| D．Dogs have additional muscles around the eyes. |
| A．Dogs have developed in order to get along with humans. |
| B．Dogs have learned facial expressions from human babies. |
| C．Dogs are intentionally raising their eyebrows to please humans. |
| D．Dogs have changed their behaviors to get food from humans. |
| A．It has lovelier eyes than the other dogs. |
| B．It seems much more like a wolf than a dog. |
| C．It can raise its eyebrows higher than most dogs do. |
| D．It is better at linking with humans than an ordinary dog. |
| A．The evolution of the wolves. | B．Dogs’ ability to connect with humans. |
| C．The similarities between dogs and wolves. | D．Changes in dogs caused by domestication. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success. According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly. Two thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.
However, it wasn't all sweetness and light. There was a reported coldness between the cat and dog in 25% of the homes, while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of the homes. One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite. For example, when a cat turns its head away it signals aggression, while a dog doing the same signals submission.
In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, researchers observed a surprising behavior. They are learning how to talk each other's language. It is a surprise that cats can learn how to talk “dog”， and dogs can learn how to talk “cat”.
What's interesting is that both cats and dogs have appeared to develop their intelligence. They can learn how to read each other's body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than we previously suspected. Once familiar with each other's presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together on the sofa. They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom each other.
The significance of the research on cats and dogs may go beyond pets — to people who don't get along, including neighbors, colleagues at work, and even world superpowers. If cats and dogs can learn to get along, surely people have a good chance.
1. The underlined word “swimmingly” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “without ________”.| A．a message | B．delay |
| C．introduction | D．a problem |
| A．they are cold to each other |
| B．they look away from each other |
| C．they misunderstood each other's signals |
| D．they are introduced at an early age |
| A．We should learn to live in harmony. |
| B．We should know more about animals. |
| C．We should live in peace with animals. |
| D．We should learn more body languages. |
【推荐2】Bees are known to tell time by light and social clues. Now, researchers have shown that the biological clocks of bees can be changed by another surprising factor: temperature cycles inside the hive (蜂巢).
The researchers tried to better understand how bees lived in areas beyond where light entered the hive.They were surprised to find clear temperature fluctuations across the day throughout the hive, which was caused by daylight.
To understand how important this temperature cycle was to a bee's activity, the researchers put bees in total darkness all the time while exposing them to the temperature cycles they observed within the hive. Six days later, the scientists moved the temperature cycle back by six hours. “We saw that the bees changed their activity with the temperature, meaning their daily routines were reactive to temperature,” a researcher said.
The discovery that bees can tell exact time from temperature cycles inside the hive shows that on a cloudy day or when bees aren't going outdoors, they have other means to tell time exactly. This will affect the way that researchers understand, explain and combine what they know of bee behavior.
More broadly, as more extreme weather events occur around the world, bees will face challenges to continuing the activities that keep them and the agriculture they support healthy and energetic. If part of the southern U.S. is hit with an unexpected snowstorm, bees getting ready to search for food might not realize they need to save energy and heat the hive. In the event of a 100-degree day, bees will have to spend a lot of energy keeping the hive co. It is those considerations that will influence hive health or possible hive breakdown.
"We want to see how important this research is this winter in Tennessee，when bees aren't leaving the hive as much," researchers said. "We will be interested to see how our findings apply to zones where temperature varies more greatly across the year." This research will also reshape how researchers think about bees' biological rhythms.
1. What does the underlined word "fluctuations" in paragraph 2 probably mean?| A．Measures. | B．Changes. | C．Approaches. | D．Functions. |
| A．It was carried out at night. | B．It was based on a previous study. |
| C．It analyzed bees' daily routines. | D．It studied how bees react to challenges. |
| A．Significance | B．result | C．process | D．background |
| A．Lights Affect Bees' Biological Clocks | B．Bee Behavior Surprises Researchers |
| C．Bees React Smartly to Extreme Weather | D．Bees Can Tell Time by Temperature |
【推荐3】With more and more animals in danger, many laws are made to protect them. When a type of animal is at risk, it can be added to the endangered-species list. The following four animals are successful stories about being saved.
| The bald eagle is the national bird of the U.S. This bird can fly 10, 000 feet high. It has excellent eyesight. This helps it hunt for fish and other small animals. To catch prey, it can swim at a speed of 100 miles per hour in water. |
| The black-footed ferret is a small predator (食肉动物). The species was once thought to be disappeared in the world, But in 1981, a group of them was discovered in Wyoming. With protection, the population of ferret is growing fast. There are now a few hundred of them in the U.S. |
| The American alligator is a reptile (爬行动物). It is made for life in the water. An alligator uses its strong tail to swim. A male weighs about 500 pounds. But large alligators have weighed 1, 000 pounds. |
| The humpback whale is known for singing. The animal makes high and deep noises. The sound travels for miles. These whales often jump out of the water. Scientists aren’t sure why. But it looks like fun! |
| A．Bad meat. | B．Large birds. |
| C．Small animals. | D．Hunted animals. |
| A．By using its wings. | B．By using its tail. |
| C．By waving its body. | D．By shaking its head. |
| A．Why can humpback whales sing songs? |
| B．Why do humpback whales look like fun? |
| C．Why are humpback whales known for singing? |
| D．Why do humpback whales often jump out of water? |
| A．Humpback whales like singing for fun. |
| B．Americans love bald eagles in the U.S. |
| C．The black-footed ferret was found again in 1981. |
| D．Bald eagles, black-footed ferrets and alligators are from America. |
| A．A travel guide. | B．A storybook. |
| C．A nature magazine. | D．A history website. |
【推荐1】Cantonese opera(粤剧) is one of the major Chinese opera categories. It is a traditional Chinese art form that originated in southern China’s Cantonese culture, and involves music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics and acting. Today it is not only very popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macao, but also performed all around the world.
Cantonese opera was originally called Nanxi(Southern opera) in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, and this beautiful art form has pleased audiences for hundreds of years. By absorbing the folk melodies and tunes of Guangdong, and mixing many different opera styles that were popular at the time, Cantonese opera developed during the 16th century. With the unique combination of these different influences, Nanxi was developed into Cantonese opera.
Cantonese opera is a wonderful mix of storytelling, music and fighting. The performances are often based on well-known traditional stories or events from Chinese history. The colourful sets serve as the background for these performances and actors appear on stage with similarly colourful face paint. Fights are a common and important part of many shows with actors performing difficult and exciting martial arts movements.
In the beginning, Cantonese opera costumes reflected the clothing style of the Ming Dynasty. Later, as Peking opera became increasingly popular, it was strongly influenced by Peking opera costumes. Costumes were made of cloth and later some accessories(配饰)were added. Different roles require different costumes. For example, an actor playing the Xiaosheng, a very gentle role, wears a costume with long sleeves; while the Xiaowu, an acting role, demands a costume with short sleeves so as to act easily.
Many well-known operas are still performed today, such as The Purple Hairpin and Rejunenation of the Red Plum Flower, which originated in the Yuan Dynasty. Other Cantonese operas are adapted from western movies or novels. Generally, Cantonese opera performers have to master four skills: singing, acting movement, delivery of speeches, and martial gymnastic skills.
Because of its long tradition and its importance in the development of Chinese arts and culture, Cantonese opera was included on the UNESCO intangible cultural heritage list in 2009.
1. Which of the following is NOT the factor in Cantonese opera’s development?| A．Tunes of Guangdong. | B．Different opera styles. |
| C．A variety of dialects. | D．Folk melodies. |
| A．They were originally a reflection of clothing style of Yuan Dynasty. |
| B．They look more beautiful when they are made with more accessories. |
| C．They were designed based on Peking opera costumes. |
| D．Performers choose different costumes according to the roles they play. |
| A．Its exciting movements and difficult performances. |
| B．Its popularity and development. |
| C．Its colorful sets and face paint. |
| D．Its history and influence. |
| A．To prove that Cantonese opera is the most popular opera. |
| B．To inform the readers of the development of Cantonese opera. |
| C．To share the author’s experience of seeing a well-known Cantonese opera. |
| D．To make a comparison between Cantonese opera and Peking opera. |
【推荐2】China announced the establishment of the first — ever five national parks during the COP15 biodiversity summit.
Sanjiangyuan National Park
Located on the Qinghai — Tibet Plateau, the Sanjiangyuan area is home to the headwaters of the Yangtze. Yellow and Lancang rivers, which help to raise billions of lives. The glaciers and snow mountains are beautiful and animals such as snow leopards and blue sheep are tough. In Sanjiangyuan National Park, ecological protection and development of animal — farming areas are carried out.
The Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park
The Siberian tiger and the Amur leopard are endangered speciesunder global protection. The Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park is important for the survival of these animals and restoring and keeping stable populations. Tigers and leopards can walk around freely in the mountains.
The Giant Panda National Park
The Giant Panda National Park on the borders of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces is home to 1,339 wild pandas, 70 percent of China's total. As an umbrella species, countless creatures which share the habitat with the pandas also gain a better living environment. Rare animals such as golden snub-nosed monkeys and takins also thrive in the area.
Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park
Hainan black — crested gibbons, listed as the world’s most endangered primate (灵长类的) species, are found only in the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. To preserve the tropical rainforest ecosystem, the people in the core area moved out to leave an undisturbed environment for ecological restoration.
Wuyishan National Park
UNESCO described Wuyi Mountains as the most outstanding area for biodiversity conservation in southeast China. It is a lotus land of rare wildlife, with many species only found in China. For the past one hundred years, biologists from China and abroad have researched and discovered more than 1,000 new species in the mountains.
1. In which park can you see glaciers and snow mountains?| A．The Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park. | B．Sanjiangyuan National Park. |
| C．The Giant Panda National Park. | D．Wuyishan National Park. |
| A．Blue sheep | B．The Amur leopard. |
| C．Black — crested gibbons. | D．snub — nosed monkeys. |
| A．They moved away from their original living places. |
| B．They defended the animal — farming areas. |
| C．They set up areas for animals to walk around freely. |
| D．They helped scientists research and discover new species. |
【推荐3】More and more people are using crowd-funding to pay for their projects and create new products. Crowdfunding is when a per-son or business gets many small payments from a large number of people. Usually, the way to do this is to use the Internet. In-stead of trying to get a few people to give thousands of dollars, you get hundreds of people, maybe thousands, to give a few dollars. But this is still not easy. You want people to see the value of your idea. How will you get them to give the dollars they earn to you?
*Successful projects are those that got the money they wanted.
There are websites that make this opportunity possible. Kickstarter and GoGet-Funding are popular. You create a short video to explain your project. The most important part is getting your message across. Just because you’ve made your idea known doesn’t mean you will get the money you need. You still need to sell your idea. Many people begin by explaining what the product is and then telling why people need it. For example, one of the most popular crowdfunded products is a watch. The Pebble watch connects with in-formation on a smartphone that will send information to the watch. More than 65,000 people gave money for this product.Crowdfunding raised $10.3 million for it.However, it’s not just products that people use crowdfunding for. People use it for their music, film, art, or writing projects.
Projects usually get from 25 to 40 per-cent of their money from crowdfunding sites. Who is giving all the money? When people need money, they often ask their friends and family. Crowdfunding often works the same way, but once you create your video and message, your friends share it with their friends. If you’ve created a message that people can connect to, you get many more people to give. Why do these people give? First, there is the “feel-good” factor. Giving money makes people feel good. Second, many small businesses offer rewards to people. Third, sometimes the reward is simply getting to use the product. And this is part of the success of crowdfunding. You could make a difference.
1. Where do people usually get crowdfunding?| A．In newspapers. | B．On the Internet. |
| C．On the streets. | D．In shopping centers. |
| A．Art. | B．Music. | C．Publishing. | D．Film and video. |
| A．People use crowdfunding only for products. |
| B．The Pebble watch sends information to the smartphone. |
| C．You can post a short video for crowd-funding on Kickstarter. |
| D．You will get the money you need once you get your message across. |
| A．They feel great | B．They will receive praise |
| C．They can use the product | D．They will get some rewards |
| A．To give advice on crowdfunding. | B．To persuade people to give money. |
| C．To help people to get more money. | D．To give an introduction to crowd-funding. |
【推荐1】Love to write? Want to see your work published and win some cash along the way? Then read on. The national Spark a Story writing contest is calling in all young story tellers!
Who can participate?
The contest is open to students in grades 9, 10, 11 or 12, or those who are being home-schooled in the United States.
Deadline and requirements
You’re able to send your short story up to October 7th. It will be judged on creativity, originality and overall quality of writing. Your story must be original works and should be no longer than 5000 words. There is no minimum length requirements.
How can I send my short story?
There are three easy ways to send your short story:
*Online at http: // learn. hmhco.com/hmhsparkamind
*Send your short story as a PDF or Microsoft word document to Sparka@hmhco.com
*Send your short story via U.S. Mail to:
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
222 Berkeley Street
Boston, MA 02116
What will I win?
The best stories will be published next year Winners will receive a free copy of the book and cash price of $100.
1. The passage is written for ________ to read.| A．students | B．teachers | C．parents | D．foreigners |
| A．Maria, grade 7, from New York. | B．Justin, grade 9, from London. |
| C．Catherine, grade 11, from Washington D.C. | D．Bastian, homeschooled from Paris. |
| A．Sending it online. | B．Sending it by email. |
| C．Sending it by US mail. | D．Sending it by fax. |
【推荐2】In 2019, around 891, 330 international students studied in the United States according to the Institute of International Education's Open Doors Report. While their U.S. counterparts were most likely studying humanities, international students focused on STEM and business majors, majors which tend to lead to high earning careers.
Here are the top 4 U.S. majors among international students...
Engineering
Coming in at number one is engineering. There are numerous types of engineering areas of focus, but the most popular are civil, mechanical, chemical, and electrical. Engineering provides graduates with many job opportunities and high earning positions.
International students studying Engineering: 232, 710
Business and Management
With the increase in globalization, business has remained a top area of study for international students, including accounting, international business, marketing, finance, business administration and management. Students can also go on to earn their MBAs.
International students studying Business and Management: 196,054
Math and Computer Science
The top three majors produce graduates with some of the highest earning careers. Areas of discipline include mathematics, software engineering, and information sciences.
International students studying Math and Computer Science: 186,003
Social Sciences
Social sciences and humanities can seem similar, especially when some majors such as history can fall under the college of humanities at one university and social sciences at another. Majors include journalism, political science, psychology, women's studies, and more.
International students studying Social Sciences： 83,708
1. What is the most probable reason for these majors to be chosen as the top 4?| A．They are interesting. | B．They are practical. |
| C．They are inexpensive to learn. | D．They can lead to high-salary jobs. |
| A．30%. | B．26%. | C．42%. | D．16%. |
| A．business and management. | B．social sciences. |
| C．humanities. | D．social sciences or humanities. |
【推荐3】Whatever you want to do to help people in need the United Nations may have the ideal job for you. Competition for most positions in the UN is fierce, but with preparation and a little luck, you may land your dream job with the UN.
* Research career options (选择) at the UN.
First of all, visit the United Nations website to get a feel for the different types of work at the UN. Which areas interest you most? Are there areas you are already qualified for? Are there areas you would like to work in but for which you still need qualifications?
* Decide what staff category you want to pursue.
UN careers are divided into different staff categories, each of which requires a specific educational background and area of expertise. The categories are further broken down into jobs at different levels. Considering your skills, interest and experience, decide which category and level is proper for you.
* Make sure you have the required education and experience.
Each career option has specific education and experience requirements. Here are some requirements for many positions at the UN:
Fluency in English or French, the working languages of the UN. It's essential. Fluency in additional languages, particularly Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, or Russian, is helpful for most positions.
A bachelor's degree or higher. Most positions in the UN require at least a bachelor's degree. Many specialist positions require advanced degrees in specialty.
Work experience in a related field. Depending on the position for which you are applying, you might need anywhere from 1-7 years of work experience.
1. What should you do first before starting job application?| A．Decide what staff category you want to pursue. |
| B．Get the required education and work experience. |
| C．Learn about choices on the United Nations website. |
| D．Decide which type of work of the UN interests you most. |
| A．Years of work experience. | B．A doctor's degree. |
| C．Fluency in the working languages. | D．A good knowledge of culture. |
| A．To give tips on applying for jobs in the UN. |
| B．To explain the process of applying for jobs in the UN. |
| C．To cl for more people to apply for positions in the UN. |
| D．To introduce what jobs in the UN are open to application. |
【推荐1】Read the following three posts from the website, ifonly.com, and answer the questions.
| ● CJ, 31, social worker I wish I had given the plain-looking guys a second chance while I was at school. I always went for handsome, athletic types. So, where am I today? Married to a good-looking fool. A handsome man who has no heart, no sympathy, and no love for anyone but himself. I sometimes visit my family back in my hometown and occasionally I run into old classmates – the plain-looking guys. And what do I see now? Very intelligent, warm, funny men who are everything I want, but will never have in a husband. |
| ● Mia, 22, photographer When I was at school, I played in most of the school sports teams. I remember one year our football team had to win the last game to get into the finals. Three minutes of the game left and we needed to score. I got control of the ball and ran towards the goal. Our captain was right next to me shouting “go on, take a shot.” But I picked and passed the ball to her. She shot and missed. If only I hadn’t passed the ball. I knew immediately that if I had taken the shot, I would have scored. Ever since that game I’ve always taken every opportunity I could. |
| ● Ben, 52, mechanic I wish I had listened to my parents more when I was a teenager. Thinking back, they gave me lots of good advice but I ignored everything they said. I thought they were old and didn’t know anything. Now I have got two teenagers of my own, and I realize how right they were. If I had listened to them, I might have made some better decisions in my life. I would have gone to university and probably waited a bit before I got married. I hope my daughters will listen to me more than I listened to my parents. |
1. Which of the following might be the best title of the first post?
| A．Missed Opportunities | B．Plain-looking Guys |
| C．Classmates Know Best | D．Beauty Is in the Eye of the Beholder |
| A．she had taken the shot |
| B．she had passed the ball to another person |
| C．she hadn’t missed the goal |
| D．she hadn’t got control of the ball |
| A．was determined to go to university |
| B．often turned to his parents for advice |
| C．looked up to everything that his parents said |
| D．thought he could make good decisions for himself |
【推荐2】Beijing Daxing International Airport, also known as Beijing New Airport, is the biggest airport in the world. It has been listed as the top of “seven modern wonders in the world”.
Beijing owns Beijing Capital Airport in the northeast of the city, which is the second busiest airport in the world and handled 101 million passengers last year. But the number of passengers in Beijing could reach 170 million by 2025, meaning that the overcrowded Capital airport couldn’t meet the huge air traffic needs in the future. So Beijing Daxing International Airport was built in less than five years at a cost of 120 billion ($17 billion). And it was put into operation on September 30, 2019. It is expected to handle up to 45 million passengers per year by 2021 and reach an outstanding 100 million in the future.
Daxing Airport lies in the capital’s south side to serve the needs of the Chinese capital and the neighboring areas of Hebei and Tianjin. The new Beijing-Xiong’an Intercity railway connects Daxing airport to Beijing city center in 20 minutes while the new Daxing airport subway Line will take you to Beijing in only 19 minutes. Moreover, Daxing airport taxis will take you to your destination in comfort. And you can also use the six less expensive Daxing airport bus lines.
Daxing Airport is one of the most technologically high-level airports in the world. It looks like a large “starfish”, which makes the walking distance to each gate no more than 600 meters. In order to reduce the waiting lines and all the passengers’ trouble, the new Beijing airport has used modern ways for travelers’ and luggage checking-in. And it is planned to operate in the most environmental-friendly way possible.
1. What is the main reason for building Daxing Airport?| A．To serve the needs of more airlines. |
| B．To serve the needs of more foreigners. |
| C．To serve more airplanes to take off and land. |
| D．To serve the expected larger number of passengers. |
| A．It has no-subway to connect it with Beijing. |
| B．Its shape is easy for passengers to get to their gates. |
| C．It gives passengers more waiting time for check-in. |
| D．It is the most highly technological airport in the world. |
| A．To give an introduction to Daxing Airport. |
| B．To explain the advantages of Daxing Airport. |
| C．To attract more people to visit Daxing Airport. |
| D．To tell publicly the opening of Daxing Airport. |
【推荐3】Counseling（咨询）Services
Counseling Services is a place on campus where you can find someone to talk when you're feeling hopeless, lonely, depressed, confused, upset over a relationship, or just anxious. If you or anyone you know has been disturbed by recent events,please come to Counseling Services，which can provide a safe and comfortable environment for all students.
Service Time
Counseling Services will be closed from Monday. December 21st 2020 through the beginning of Spring Term 2021. But we will continue to provide Tele-health services by phone and email Monday through Friday from 8:00 .AM to 4:30 PM. We will be fully closed on the following dates: December 24th. 25th. 30th. 31st. January 1st. 2021.
Appointment
To make an appointment, call （715） S36-552I during our business hours: Monday-Friday S:00 AM-12:00 PM. 1:00 PM to 4:30 PM. We are open 8:00 .AM to 6:00 PM on Wednesdays.
What You Can Get
In addition to services on phones or on line. you can now check out our Attacking .Anxiety and Depression Workshop Videos, or see what our office is up to on Instagram and Facebook. We have also been collecting COVID-19 specific online resources.
If you want to know more, please click here.
1. Who may need Counseling Services?| A．Anyone living alone. |
| B．Pupils wanting to live comfortably. |
| C．Students suffering from anxiety. |
| D．Students feeling hopeful. |
| A．Wednesday. | B．Friday. |
| C．Monday. | D．Tuesday |
| A．A textbook. | B．A guidebook. |
| C．A magazine. | D．A website |
