Anyone who cares about what schools and colleges teach and how their students learn will be interested in the memoir(回忆录) of Ralph W. Tyler, who is one of the most famous men in American education.
Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education.
Graduate work at the University of Chicago found him connected with honorable educators Charles Judd and W. W. Charters, whose ideas of teaching and testing had an effected on his later work. In 1927, he became a teacher of Ohio State University where he further developed a new method of testing.
Tyler became well-known nationality in 1938, when he carried his work with the Eight-Year Study from Ohio State University to the University of Chicago at the invitation of Robert Hutchins.
Tyler was the first director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, a position he held for fourteen years. There, he firmly believed taht researchers should be free to seek an independent(独立的) spirit in their work.
Although Tyler officially retired(退休) in 1967, he never actually retired. He served on a long list of educational organizations in the United States and abroad. Even in his 80s he traveled across the country to advise teachers and management people on how to set objectives(目标) that develop the best teaching and learning within their schools.
1. Who are most probably interested in Ralph W. Tyler’s memoir?| A．Top managers. | B．Language learners. |
| C．Serious educators. | D．Science organizations. |
| A．Attracted to teaching. |
| B．Tired of teaching. |
| C．Satisfied with teaching. |
| D．Unhappy about teaching. |
| A．The University of Chicago. |
| B．Stanford University. |
| C．Ohio Stater University. |
| D．Nebraska University. |
| A．To advise teachers and management people. |
| B．To set objectives. |
| C．To develop the best teaching and learning within their schools. |
| D．To served on a long list of educational organizations. |
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【推荐1】You may probably meet most of the powerful graduation speakers, here who are well-known people in their fields. I think the schools couldn’t have picked better speakers than them, because they set good examples, deeply inspiring us in our daily life.
Steve Jobs, Stanford University:
“Remembering you’re going to die, and the best way I know is to avoid the trap of thinking that you have something to lose. There is no reason not to follow your heart. Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice...”
Oprah Winfrey, Stanford University:
“I consider the world, this Earth, to be like a school... And the secret I’ve learned to get ahead is being open to the lessons from the grandest universe of all. Don’t react against a bad situation. And the solution will arise from the challenge. So don’t give up easily, acting with responsibility... ”
Bono, University of Pennsylvania:
“For four years you’ve been buying, trading, and selling everything you’ve got in this marketplace of ideas. Your pockets are full, even if your parents’ are empty, and now you’ve got to figure out what to spend it on... The world is more flexible than you think and it’s waiting for you to hammer it into shape...”
Michael Dell, University of Texas at Austin:F
“Now it’s time for you to move on to what’s next and obtain your desire. But you must not let anything prevent you from taking those first steps. Don’t spend so much time trying to choose the perfect opportunity, or sometimes you’ll miss the right opportunity. Recognize that there will be failures and obstacles(障碍).But you will learn from your mistakes and the mistakes of others. ”
1. Which of the following can best describe what Steve Jobs says?| A．Never give up. | B．Don’t live your life in regret. |
| C．To go all out to achieve our goals. | D．True knowledge comes from practice. |
| A．Michael Dell. | B．Bono. |
| C．Steve Jobs. | D．Oprah Winfrey. |
| A．acceptable | B．reasonable |
| C．changeable | D．suitable |
| A．Some social skills. | B．Some life lessons. |
| C．Some well-known people. | D．Some effective solutions. |
【推荐2】With their beautiful feathers, roosters might be forgiven for secretly taking quick looks in the mirror—especially as research now suggests the birds may be able to recognise themselves.
The ability to recognise oneself in the mirror has so far been found in a handful of animals, including elephants, dolphins, and certain fish and birds. Sonja Hillemacher, one of the authors of the study at the University of Bonn, said animals that can recognise themselves in a mirror often seemed to have more advanced cognitive abilities, and that there was a link to social and emotional wisdom, as well as self-awareness. “This ability is a basic aspect of cognition. It is also important for us,” she said.
Writing in the journal Plos One, Hillemacher and her colleagues note that roosters tend to call out to their fellow chickens if they see a threat. If a rooster is alone, however, it does not usually raise the alarm as it could draw the enemy’s attention.
In the experiment, the team placed a rooster in an indoor space and then placed a mirror, or another rooster, or nothing. The team then showed the image of a flying hawk (鹰) onto the ceiling in the space.
The results from 58 roosters found that the birds made far more alarm calls when they could see another rooster nearby, with 1.33 alarm calls per bird on average over three tests, than when alone (0.29 calls on average) or faced with the mirror (0.43 calls on average). In the follow-up experiment, the team found a similar reduction in calls when they placed a second rooster out of sight behind the mirror. The team said the findings suggest the birds did not regard their reflection as another rooster, even when there was also the presence of smell and sound of a second bird, which proves that roosters may recognise themselves in a mirror.
1. What does the new study led by Sonjn Hillemacher show?| A．Only a few animals can recognise themselves in a mirror. |
| B．Some animals have cognitive abilities similar to humans. |
| C．Roosters will enjoy their own beauty when looking in a mirror. |
| D．Roosters may have the ability to recognise themselves in a mirror. |
| A．To stress the importance of the research. | B．To provide the scientific basis for the research. |
| C．To explain reasons for carrying out the research. | D．To offer details of the preparation for the research. |
| A．A flying hawk was put in an indoor space. | B．A second rooster was placed near a mirror. |
| C．Different conditions were set to test the roosters. | D．Separate areas were needed to group the roosters. |
| A．They made only a bit more alarm calls with a second rooster in sight. |
| B．They made fewer alarm calls when faced with a mirror than when alone. |
| C．They made more than one alarm call in each test with another rooster in sight. |
| D．They made similarly fewer alarm calls when another rooster was hidden nearby. |
【推荐3】I have always loved the Arthurian legend (传奇), as there is something quite special about King Arthur, and of course Merlin, my favourite character from the stories.
Death of an Empire is the second volume in MK Hume’s “Merlin” series which details Merlin’s life from birth. Merlin travels across the Roman Empire in search of his father, a voyage of discovery to understand just who he was. Eventually Merlin gets involved in the fight against the Hun’s invasion (入侵) of Europe at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plain.
Serving under the General Flavius Aetius, Merlin builds a reputation by saving the lives of thousands of soldiers. When he finally reaches Rome, he saves many more. But a far deadlier conflict between Emperor Valentinian and Senator Petronius Maximus is around the corner and Merlin must use all his strength to carry out his work.
If I had to choose just one word to describe this novel, there would be no other choice than “immersive (身临其境的)”. There has clearly been a serious amount of research carried out by the author. Combined with the descriptive prose and imaginative story, the book really does attract you from almost the very start. The story really does feel like you are a part of it as Merlin travels across the Roman Empire.
The author does a great job of mixing the rich history with established Arthurian legend. The battle scene is handled very effectively. The author employs a very effective form to show the main fight and this not only adds a degree of tension and a good level of excitement but almost makes you feel like you are right there hearing about what happened.
Death of an Empire is a very fine novel, a wonderfully rich tale and a rewarding story.
1. Why does Merlin travel across the Roman Empire?| A．To visit King Arthur. | B．To enjoy a nice view. |
| C．To get a well-paid job. | D．To find out his origin. |
| A．It is a mixture of history and legend. |
| B．It features difficult language. |
| C．It speaks highly of an emperor. |
| D．It is a masterpiece of Merlin. |
| A．An effective description. | B．A long-running battle. |
| C．A wonderful feeling. | D．A well-known legend. |
| A．A news report. | B．A history story. |
| C．A book review. | D．A science fiction. |
【推荐1】For many people, bookstores are wonderful places. That’s because the books on the shelves can take you away to magical lands, help you learn a foreign language, or cook a delicious meal. But when your community is too small to house a brick bookstore, you have to come up with another idea. A mobile bookstore was the result. That is the case for Rita Collins, 70, who dreamed of opening a used bookstore after retiring from teaching.
A business planning class from the American Booksellers Association convinced Collins to give up her idea of opening a bookstore in the small town where she lives. Her town, Eureka, Montana, only has a population of 1,517. Collins asked her instructors about a traveling bookstore on wheels and they doubted her idea. But she insisted on it.
Collins was inspired by Dylans Mobile Bookstore, a traveling bookstore in Wales run by Jeff Towns. She contacted Jeff for advice but she was largely on her own when it came to building her bookstore. First, she had to find a vehicle large enough to stand in. Then she had to have it refitted with shelves that would hold the books at a 15-degree angle so that they would stay in place while traveling. Collins named her bookstore St. Rita’s Traveling Bookstore, which has been on the road since 2015.
At first, she drove through Montana and then she made her first cross-country trip in 2016. After she retired in 2017, it became a full-time job. Collins and her bookstore have visited 30 states, stopping at festivals and events along the way. Collins loves meeting people and making connections. While she loves what she does, Collins doesn’t think she can keep doing it. In several years, she hopes to pass her traveling bookstore onto another book lover who shares the same interest and will keep it on the road.
1. Why did Collins abandon opening a bookstore?| A．It cost a lot of money. | B．It was not promising. |
| C．It would be out of date. | D．It was not approved. |
| A．To beautify the mobile bookstore. | B．To make it easy to move on the road. |
| C．To keep the bookstore's balance. | D．To protect the books from falling down. |
| A．Merciful, careful and delightful. | B．Intelligent, patient and reasonable. |
| C．Determined, perseverant and social. | D．Generous，considerate and lovely. |
| A．Bookstore on Wheels | B．Sacrificing for a Bookstore |
| C．Cross-Country Bookstore | D．A Bookstore Promoter |
【推荐2】Dutch cookbook writer Joke Boon suffers from anosmia—the inability to smell. She lost her sense of smell at the age of four. And although her tongue has kept its taste perception (感知), the lack of smell means that she can only distinguish the five basic flavors sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami—as well as fat. Doctors say she has lost around 94% of her tasting perception.
Despite this, she has written five cookbooks. So how does someone without a sense of smell experience food? For Boon, it’s mainly with her brain—by employing a facial nerve.
“You know the feeling when you eat too much wasabi (芥末酱) at once?” says Boon. “I use this nerve a lot to ‘taste’ my food. I can also feel ginger and pepper this way.”
The look of food is important, too. “Color is very important”, she says. “I don‘t like white food because for me white equals no flavor. The texture (质地) and sound of food have big roles, too. A walnut makes a different sound than a hazelnut.”
“It’s to do with the amount of fat—a hazelnut gives a hard sound, a walnut more of a soft sound. When you listen, you also hear the difference between a carrot and an apple.”
Despite her condition, Boon has always liked to cook. “Food was very important during my childhood,” she says. “Even though I couldn‘t taste anything, I wanted to participate. I started experimenting when I was a student and began to write down my recipes (菜谱).”
Boon’s message for those who’ve lost their sense of smell: focus on stimulation of the trigeminal nerve, and taste with your brain and your intellect. Cook your own food, so you can decide what‘s in it. “Not being able to smell is unpleasant,” she admits. “But you can live a pleasant life if you know how.”
1. What does the underlined word “distinguish” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?| A．Tell. | B．Enjoy. | C．Smell. | D．See. |
| A．The texture of food. | B．The look of food. |
| C．The sound of food. | D．A facial nerve. |
| A．Their tastes are different. | B．Their colors are different. |
| C．Their sounds are different. | D．Their smells are different. |
| A．Boon’s fight against anosmia. | B．How to enjoy life to its fullest. |
| C．People suffering from anosmia. | D．Cooking food in different ways. |
【推荐3】The Importance of Failure
When the world-famous author J.K. Rowling gave a speech at a Harvard University graduation ceremony, some may have a little surprised by the topic she chose: “The Benefits of Failure”.
Rowling’s first novel was rejected by 12 publishers before it was finally published, yet paradoxically, it was this experience that helped her to succeed: “Failure taught me things about myself that I could have learnt no other way. I discovered that I had a strong will, and more discipline than I had expected.”
The late Apple CEO Steve Jobs experienced failure early in his career, when he was fired form the company he had co-founded. He felt despair and rejection. However, it was, in his view, “the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods in my life.”
Even Bill Gates has experienced failure. His first company was called Traf-O-Data, but unfortunately, its product didn’t work. It was a total disaster. But what Gates learnt from this experience helped lay the groundwork for the global success that is now Microsoft. He didn’t make the same mistake twice.
Talented fashion designer Vera Wang has built a global fashion empire, yet life wasn’t always so straightforward. A dedicated ice skater as a young woman, Wang was bitterly disappointed when she did not make the 1968 US Olympic team. She gave up sport and joined Vogue as an assistant editor, but was crushed. After 15 years at the magazine, she was passed over for promotion to editor-in-chief. However, this setback prompted her to set up her own bridal fashion label. The rest is history.
Ang Lee, a worldwide-famous director, wasn’t successful either as a student or as an actor. Twice failing the college entrance examination at home, Lee turned to study drama in the US, but his poor English prevented his form becoming an actor. After being accepted for a directing major, Lee spent six years looking for opportunities to direct a film, but was only asked to look after filming equipment. He then spent most of his time writing plays which were rejected by more than 3- companies within two weeks. During six years with no income, he had to depend on his wife. In the end, whit his wife’s encouragement and his determination, all his efforts finally paid off.
All these individuals share something in common: At tough moments in their lives, they showed grit. But what is “grit” exactly? Put simply, it’s a passion for something and the determination to work hard and to stick with it. It’s very easy to give up when we his setbacks, but people who have grit keep going.
So. how can we become “grittier”? This is where the importance of failure comes in” If we can learn how to manage failure, we’ll learn how to succeed. By working through a series of failures, we’re better prepared for the bigger challenges we’ll face int the adult world: We’ll have the resilience we need to keep going. We’ll have true grit.
1. What did J.K. Rowling learn from her failures?2. Please paraphrase the underlined sentence.
3. According to the passage, please decide which part of the following statement is false, then underline it and explain why.
The people in the text have in common in that they all had great talent in what they had done.
4. What can we learn from failure? / How can we learn from failure?
