From raindrops in the Rockies to the very food on our plates, we’ve woven a complicated web for ourselves out of plastic. It’s strong and flexible and cheap. It’s also a great danger for the planet, though.
But new research from Aalto University and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland suggests there may be a way to deal with this mess—with a little help from spiders, and our environmental heroes, trees.
In a paper published this month in Science Advances, the scientists claim to have developed a new material by sticking cellulose (纤维素) fibers from wood to the silk protein found in spider webs. The result? A strong, flexible material that could do everything plastic does better — except, of course, block up the planet. In other words, they dug into nature’s cookbook to combine just the right ingredients to create a material that does all things plastic does — but what matters most is that, since it’s entirely biodegradable (可生物降解的), it goes back to nature when its job is done.
The bio-material is so effective, researchers are consider using it as a possible replacement for plastic in everything from the medical and textile industries to packaging. Then, how many hard-working spiders would we need to increase its production to that of plastic? For their research, the Finnish scientists didn’t use a single thread of spider silk, but rather produced webbing from bacteria with synthetic (合成的) DNA.
“Because we know the structure of the DNA, we can copy it and use this to produce silk protein molecules (分子) which are chemically similar to those found in spider web threads,” lead researcher Markus Linder of Aalto University explains in the release. “The DNA has all this information contained in it.”
1. Why do the researchers develop the new material?A.To find a cheaper way to produce plastic. |
B.To make the web woven out of plastic stronger. |
C.To make better use of the silk protein from spiders. |
D.To solve the mess caused by using too much plastic. |
A.Highly-effective. | B.Environment friendly. |
C.Low-cost. | D.Easy-to-produce. |
A.Using synthetic DNA. | B.Raising plenty of spiders. |
C.Planting lots of trees. | D.Introducing hard-working spiders. |
A.Fashion. | B.Health. |
C.Science. | D.Environment. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】The world’s first robotic self-portraits (自画像), painted by an robot called Ai-Da, have been displayed at a new art exhibit in London. The surprisingly accurate images question the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in human society and challenge the idea that art is totally a human trait (特征), according to her creators.
Ai-Da is a life-size android artist powered by AI that can paint, sculpt, and talk Ai-Da is designed to look and act like a human woman with a female voice. She is named after Ada Lovelace, the pioneering English mathematician who is considered one of the first computer programmers.
In the past, Ai-Da’s work was made up of abstract paintings based on complex mathematical models, and her first exhibition raised over $ 1 million in art sales. Now Ai-Da has created what are believed to be the first self-portraits made by a machine.
Three of these robot selfies went on display at the Design Museum on May 18 in an exhibition titled “Ai-Di: Portrait of the Robot,” which is free to the public and will remain on display until Aug. 29.
“These images are meant to unsettle,” said Aidan Meller, the gallery owner behind the creation of Ai-Da. “They are meant to raise questions about where we are going. What is our role as humans if so much can be copied through technology?”
Ai-Da’s new self-portraits are a combination of constantly updated AI, inbuilt programming and advanced robotics. Her eyes are actually cameras that allow her to “look” at what she is painting or sculpting, in this case, herself, and copy it. Ai-Da did not decide to create the self-portraits; rather, her creators gave her those instructions. Ai-Da’s creators hope that her existence will make us think more about the role of technology, in particular, AI, in our everyday lives.
1. What is special about the displayed self-portraits by Ai-Da?A.It features surprising images. |
B.It challenges traditional crafts. |
C.It poses academic questions. |
D.It makes history in art exhibition. |
A.To enhance Ai-Da’s sense of achievement. |
B.To increase the gallery’s popularity with locals. |
C.To raise money for creating abstract paintings. |
D.To arouse people s reflection on the role of technology. |
A.She helps creators make decision. |
B.She is trained in photo techniques. |
C.She has no self-awareness actually. |
D.She is programmed to auto updates. |
A.The Far reaching Impact of Art |
B.The Essential Role of High-tech |
C.An Art Exhibit: Selfies without a Self |
D.Ai-Da The First AI-powered Robot Artist |
【推荐2】Selfies(自拍)are developing daily and people are looking for the most creative ways to record their precious memories. It started with standard selfies taken with smartphones, then there was an era of selfie sticks. It's finally time to bring this selfie trend another step further and introduce a game-changer that is taking the world by storm!
Thousands of people suddenly started uploading their incredible aerial(飞行)selfies that left everyone wondering:how can I achieve the same? Soon, word about this device got out and the new type of selfie went around the world!
DroneX Pro is a pocket-size device that allows you to take ultimate(终极)selfies from crazy angles! This idea came up to two German engineers who love drones(无人机)but got fed up with carrying heavy ones. They wanted to create a device withoutditchingthe most valuable features of high-quality drones and that's how DroneX Pro was born! It is the same size as your smartphone yet provides you with the opportunity to achieve similar results as those bird's eye view shots taken with any professional drone!
DroneX Pro is easy to use, and takes no special knowledge to set up! All you have to do is charge the battery, install the app and in less than 10 seconds you'll be ready to go! Flying the drone is even easier! Smooth controls make it feel very natural-even kids are able to figure it out in no time!
Convenience, price, HD camera and controls designed to perfection make DroneX Pro most trustful. It ensures high-quality pictures, videos, and even the opportunity to live stream your adventures! You can completely forget the technical details of the flight and fully concentrate on the important things. It takes your pictures to the whole new level without difficulties and at the lowest expense! This new device is completely changing the way people take selfies.
1. Why are selfie developing quickly?A.Technology develops fast. |
B.More people like to take photos. |
C.More people are addicted to showing off. |
D.People want to record their valuable moments. |
A.Losing. | B.Adding. | C.Carrying. | D.Getting. |
A.It is quite cheap. | B.It is of high quality. |
C.It is easy to handle. | D.It can be a toy for kids. |
A.A diary. | B.A notebook. | C.A magazine. | D.A novel. |
【推荐3】In 1920, Johnson and Johnson’s employee Earle Dickson created the first bandage to cover the frequent burns and cuts his wife Josephine inflicted on herself while cooking. The hand-made prototype(雏形) was instantly adopted by his employer and marketed as Band-Aid, a brand that has become the same with the word bandage. However, while the strips may now look different from Dickson’s creation, they still perform the same job—prevent bacteria from entering the wounds.
What bandages that now come in all shapes, colors and sizes are unable to do is protecting the body from the germs already present in the wounds. Nevertheless, that may soon be a thing of the past, thanks to anew bandage that not only acts as a barrier between outer bacteria and the wound, but also sucks out the ones already present.
The brilliant technology is being studied by Martina Abirgo. The team began by creating nanofibers(纳米纤维) using a technique called electrospinning(静电纺丝). Used to build artificial tissue, it produces strands that are 100 times thinner than a single human hair. The nanofibers were then interwoven to create the smart bandage.
The mesh(网状物) was then put to test on a bacterium known to cause wound infections. The researchers noticed that the germs were immediately drawn to the fibers. What was interesting was that the bandage was most effective when the nanofiber's diameter was the same size as that of the individual bacterium. When the threads were thinner, fewer of the bacteria attached and those did die as they tried to wrap themselves around the fiber.
For their second test, the scientists coasted the net with compounds. They then tested its effectiveness in drawing out the E.coli(大肠杆菌) bacterium that is common in chronic wounds. They found that the bacteria quickly attached themselves to the mesh regardless of the size of the fiber
Though such a bandage would certainly be real cool for everyday playground scrapes and cuts, the technology is a lifesaver for people with damaged immunity levels. These include patients afflicted with diseases like diabetes and cancer. The researchers believe the technology could also be used to create protective clothing.
1. What is the problem with the bandages on the market now?A.They can’t prevent bacteria entering the wound. |
B.They can’t kill the germs in the wound. |
C.They can’t be made into all shapes and sizes. |
D.They infect a wound with disease germs. |
A.The bacteria fail to attack the immune system. |
B.The bacteria are prevented from entering the wounds by nanofibers. |
C.The bacteria are sucked out by the innovative nanofibers. |
D.The bacteria are separated from the nanofibers. |
A.associated with. | B.exposed to. |
C.dying of. | D.suffering from. |
A.A Smart Bandage Extracts Bacteria from Wounds. |
B.Traditional Bandage Is an Amazingly Clever Invention. |
C.Scientists Test New Bandages on Bacteria. |
D.Diseases Can Be Prevented by Smart Bandages. |
【推荐1】Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.
While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately (适当地) to the user.
The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions, it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.
Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company’s “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product’s location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.
The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,” said Breazeal.
1. How are social robots different from household robots?A.They can control their emotions. | B.They are more like humans. |
C.They do the normal housework. | D.They respond to users more slowly. |
A.Communicate with you and perform operations. |
B.Answer your questions and make requests. |
C.Take your family pictures and deliver milk. |
D.Obey your orders and remind you to take pills. |
A.A new design idea of household robots. | B.Marketing strategies for social robots. |
C.Information on household robots. | D.An introduction to social robots. |
【推荐2】Pollution's serious effects on the environment have become more obvious in recent years. Most scientists agree that efforts are necessary to protect our environment from further harm. As we know, the construction industry consumes a large quantity of energy and resources and creates a huge amount of pollution. So green buildings are in great need.
The environmental benefits of building green include the protection of ecosystems and biodiversity(生物多样性), improved air and water quality, less waste flowing into streams and the protection of natural resources. Green buildings can also result in lower operating costs because they typically use less energy and fewer materials and improve indoor air quality, improving the health of people who live there.
The process of building green includes technical and artistic planning with nature protection in mind. Building designs often reflect the surrounding environment and natural resources and use renewable building materials such as bamboo and straw. In addition, recycled resources found locally are used for green buildings, reducing the cost and air pollution associated with transporting materials long distances.
Careful site selection is important to minimize(最小化)human effect on the surrounding environment. For example, placing a structure in an area that allows it to take advantage of cool breezes(微风)and sunlight can reduce energy use and expenses. More energy and expense are needed for larger buildings as well, so it is important to build small.
Green roofs are another feature of green houses that reduce energy use and cost. These roofs are partially or completely covered with plants, which helps to keep heating and cooling costs low, prevent water running off and deal with pollutants.
Other features of green buildings often include energy and water protection, recycling and waste reduction. In addition, renewable energy sources such as solar power, water power and wind power are used for heat and electricity, which greatly reduces costs and decreases the influence on the environment.
1. Which advantage is not included about the building green?A.To upgrade the quality of air and water. |
B.To reduce the waste flowing into streams. |
C.To protect the ecosystems and biodiversity. |
D.To enhance our human being's life quality. |
A.Small | B.Large. |
C.Warm. | D.Cool. |
A.To fit the environment, | B.To lower expenses |
C.To collect nature water. | D.To keep warm or cool. |
A.Environmental benefits. | B.Building green. |
C.Promoting energy efficiency. | D.Ecosystems and biodiversity. |
【推荐3】“There’s a bird in the house!” is not a phrase generally spoken in a tranquil voice. More often, it usually leads to a frightened cry. Here’s what you need to know about handling this situation calmly and effectively.
The first thing to do is relax. Your nervous cries are only going to scare the poor thing, probably making it much more alarmed. Drive out any pets or keep any additional family members away that may add to the confusion. Turn off any ceiling fans and put lids over hot pots.
Since the bird is going to head for light, it’s important to close the curtains on all windows except one—the one you will now open as widely as possible to provide a larger opening for the bird. Close the extra doors to prevent the bird from heading elsewhere in the house. If there’s no door, you may have to do this by standing in the doorway holding up something to close it off.
Turn off any lights to darken the room and neighboring rooms as much as possible, which will allow the light of the open window or door to guide the bird out. The brighter the exit is, the better it becomes. The little guy should find its way out and leave the room within seconds. If a large amount of time has passed and the bird remains inside, you can hold up a piece of sheet or cloth to try to direct the bird toward the window or door. Some suggest throwing a towel on the bird, but this should only be done as a last effort.
You can also calmly chase the bird around the room to tire it out. Eventually, it will stop flying and rest on a place, at which point you might be able to put it gently into a box using a towel. Cover the box with the towel and carry it outdoors to release. Never strike a bird with a broom.
If all else fails, ask a wildlife removal professional for help.
1. What does the underlined word “tranquil” mean in the first paragraph?A.nervous. | B.calm. | C.excited. | D.cheerful. |
A.Throwing something on the bird. | B.Asking your brother to help you. |
C.Closing the curtains on all windows. | D.Chasing the bird around to tire it out. |
A.Different Attitudes to a Trapped Bird. |
B.How to Get a Bird out of Your House. |
C.How to Protect the Birds in Your House. |
D.Different Ways to Catch a Bird in Your House. |
A.A scientific journal. | B.A history textbook. |
C.A travel magazine. | D.A design handbook. |