Oxygen. Clean air. Shade. Trees provide people with all sorts of benefits. A major one: removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and storing it. That makes trees an important part of the fight against climate change. But they only hold onto carbon as long as they’re alive. Once they die, trees release that CO2 back into the atmosphere. This movement of carbon between forests and the atmosphere is called a carbon flux, notes Roel Brienen, a forest ecologist at the University of Leeds.
“These fluxes affect the amount of carbon a forest can store,” he explains. It’s like the way a bank account works. Forests store carbon the way a bank account stores money. If you spend more than you make, your bank account will shrink. And it will grow if you put more money into the account than you take out. Which direction a forest’s “carbon account ” goes has a huge influence on climate.
Recent studies have found that trees around the world are growing faster than ever. Rising atmospheric CO2 is probably driving that rapid growth, Brienen says. High levels of this gas are boosting temperatures, which speed tree growth. Brienen also found that fast-growing tree species, in general, live shorter lives. That quickens their release of carbon back into the air which is disappointing news for global warming. Brienen then examined what factors might influence tree growth, including rainfall, soil type and how crowded a forest was. None was linked to early tree death.
Levels of carbon in our forests could return to those from before the increases in growth, Brienen says. That does not mean planting trees won’t help fight climate change, but which trees are used could have a big impact. A forest of mostly fast-growing trees would store less carbon over the long term. It would therefore have less value for carbon storage projects.
“We must understand, however, that the only way to bring down CO2 levels is to stop emitting (排放)it into the atmosphere,” says Brienen.
1. How does the author explain “a carbon flux”?A.By giving examples. | B.By making a comparison. |
C.By describing the process. | D.By analyzing cause and effect. |
A.An increase in CO2 levels. | B.Crowdedness of a forest. |
C.Rich carbon in the soil. | D.The long rainy season. |
A.Plant as many trees as possible. |
B.Remove dead trees from forests. |
C.Plant trees with a long growth cycle. |
D.Ban the emission of gases into the atmosphere. |
A.Fast-growing trees may add to climate crisis |
B.Climate change is cutting the number of trees |
C.Is planting trees the answer to climate change? |
D.What are the best carbon-trapping trees to plant? |
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【推荐1】The African elephant holds the record for sleeping the least among mammals — about two hours a day — but now, the elephant seal is giving its namespace a run for its money. Recent experiments on elephant seals showed the animals averaged only two hours of sleep per day during the seven months out of the year they spent at sea.
Jessie Kendall-Bar, a Ph. D. at the University of California, discovered elephant seals’ special ability. She found in the open ocean, elephant seals sleep less than two hours per day. While on land, they sleep more than 10 hours a day. “That’s really special,” she says. Previous observations had shown that elephant seals in the open ocean surface for a couple of minutes at a time. So scientists knew that they must be sleeping underwater. But they knew very little about it.
To find out more, Kendall-Bar developed a headcap to gather data about the animals’ brain waves, heart rates, dive (潜水) depths, and movements to determine when they were sleeping. She discovered that seals do not sleep in two-hour bursts. Instead, they take some “catnaps (小睡)” lasting less than 20 minutes each. Starting at the surface, adult seals take 10-minute dives at great depths, usually from 300 to 1,000 feet.
At this point, the animals enter the first stage of sleep, or slow-wave sleep. Then, they fall into REM sleep, when their bodies turn upside down. It seems REM sleep at great depths is risky because of the inability to escape at that moment. “It is just scary to imagine an animal doing this underwater in that state,” says study co-author Terrie Williams.
But what’s likely happening is that the seals are sleeping at great depths where their primary hunters — sharks and killer whales — hardly appear. “The elephant seal is basically using its ability to div e really deep as a protective mechanism (机制),” says Kendall-Bar. “It doesn’t have to keep one eye open or stay awake. It’s sleeping with its entire brain.”
1. Why does the author start the text with the African elephant?A.To point out the sleep problems of animals. |
B.To introduce elephant seals’ sleeping patterns. |
C.To praise elephant seals’ great ability to survive. |
D.To stress the importance of getting enough sleep. |
A.Their sleep habits vary by location. |
B.They spend a long time playing in the sea. |
C.They can enter a stage of deep sleep quickly. |
D.Their brain waves are slower than other large animals’. |
A.It’s a common group activity. | B.It can increase their heart rates. |
C.It’s made up of a series of short sleep. | D.It helps them develop their swimming ability. |
A.To get sufficient food easily. | B.To escape from loud noises. |
C.To maintain their body temperature. | D.To avoid attack from natural enemies. |
【推荐2】As we all know, trees are always stationary: they stay more or less where you plant them, and no one worries about finding a tree wandering around a park or back yard.
However, there is one special exception, some say:the so called walking palm tree (棕榈树) was found in the rainforests of Central and South America. Many people believe it can really walk around. This is because of its unusual root system: while most trees have one trunk, the palm breaks into many smaller roots a few feet off the ground, giving it the appearance of many little legs.
The amazing walking ability of the palm tree has always been told by rainforest guides to tourists for years, and appears in many sources of documents as an amazing plant adaptation. As journalist Sherry Seethaler writes in her book Curious Folks Ask 2: “Screen writers searching for the perfect B-movie (小成本电影) plant hero could take inspiration from the walking palm, The tree slowly walks from shade to sunlight by growing new roots toward the light.”
A tree that walks in search of the sun is a fascinating, strange story. And it's not true either; the tree is real enough, but it doesn't walk. It sits where it began to grow, not moving except under the force of wind or an axe.
Biologist Gerardo Avalos is one of the world's top experts on the Socratea exorrhiza. His analysis of the plant and its roots shows that the walking tree can't walk because its roots don't move. A few roots on one side or another may die off, but the trunk itself remains, well, rooted to the spot.
“My paper proves that the belief of the walking palm is just a myth,” Avalos said. “Thinking that a palm tree could actually track the sunlight changes by moving slowly over the forest floor…is a myth that tourist guides find amusing to tell visitors to the rainforest.”
1. What does the underlined word “stationary” in Paragraph 1 mean?A.Not standing. | B.Not moving. | C.Not growing. | D.Not dying. |
A.It has no roots underground. | B.It appears to have several trunks. |
C.It grows a few feet off the ground. | D.It appears to have many little legs. |
A.It wanders around the rainforest at night. |
B.It grows in Central and North America. |
C.It is a popular attraction among visitors. |
D.It grows well in the shade of the rainforests. |
A.The palm tree cannot actually walk at all. |
B.The palm tree can move its roots. |
C.The palm tree cannot track the sunlight. |
D.The palm tree cannot keep its trunk growing. |
【推荐3】Some people say house dust is mostly human skin cells, but it’s only a little bit true.
That list is based on the Canadian House Dust Study, in which researchers collected dust samples from 1,025 Canadian homes. The proportions of the components vary from household to household. A house near a busy road, for example, is likely to harbor a high level of outdoor pollutants from car exhaust.
The commonly-cited statement that 70% to 80% of house dust is human skin cells is likely not true for most houses.
People do drop lots of skin cells as they go about their business.
A.Skin cells are part of the makeup of house dust |
B.But our body is made up of far more cells than that |
C.The skin helps people maintain the right internal temperature |
D.A newly-built house might have much dust from construction |
E.The average adult loses about 500 million skin cells each day |
F.It may not be a bad thing to have some dead skin in your home |
G.According to a study of house dust, 60% of the components of the dust came from indoors |
【推荐1】Chemical engineers at UNSW Sydney have found a way to make "green" ammonia (氨) from air, water and renewable electricity. In a paper published in Energy and Environmental Science, the authors say that ammonia synthesis (合成法) was one of the critical achievements of the 20th century. When used in fusiliers that significantly increase the output of food crops, it enabled agriculture to sustain an ever-expanding global population.
But since the beginning of the 1900s when it was first employed, production of ammonia has been energy intensive- requiring temperatures higher than 400℃ and pressures greater than 200 atm-and all powered by fossil fuels. Dr. Emma Lovell, a co author on the paper from UNSW, says the traditional way to make ammonia- known as the Haber- Bosch process- is only cost-effective when it is produced on a massive scale due to the huge amounts of energy and expensive materials required and it produces more CO2 than any other chemical-making reaction.
“In addition to the big carbon footprint left by the Haber Bosch process, having to produce millions of tons of ammonia in centralised locations means even more energy is required to transport it around the world, not to mention the risks that go with storing large amounts of it in the one place,” says Dr. Lovell. “And we saw tragically in Beirut recently how potentially dangerous storing ammonium nitrate (硝酸盐) can be. ”
Dr. Lovell and her colleagues therefore looked at how to produce it cheaply, on a smaller scale and using renewable energy. Their new production method does not rely on fossil fuel resources, nor give of CO2.
“And once it becomes available commercially, the technology could be used to produce ammonia directly on site and on demand- farmers could even do this on location using our technology to make fertilisers- which means we negate the need for storage and transport There's a huge benefit to society as well as the health of the planet,”Dr. Lovell says.
1. What do we know about the Haver-Bosch process?A.It does harm to the earth. |
B.It requires green materials. |
C.It uses less energy and is cheap. |
D.It transforms fossil fuels into ammonia. |
A.To remind people to protect the environment. |
B.To give an example of the risk in ammonia storage. |
C.To convince farmers to transport ammonia elsewhere. |
D.To stress the choice of a proper centralised location. |
A.Inspect. | B.Avoid. | C.Suit. | D.Accept. |
A.To solve a problem. | B.To explain a process. |
C.To advocate a theory. | D.To introduce a method. |
【推荐2】Film Puts Justifiable Defense in Spotlight
The film, Article 20, directed by Zhang Yimou, draws its name from Article 20 of the Criminal Law, which focuses on the sometimes controversial legal concept of justifiable defense. Drawing inspiration from real-life cases of justifiable defense, the film gained widespread attention and struck a chord with the public during the Spring Festival holiday. The movie calls for a de tailed interpretation of legal terms and urges against compromising on unlawful conduct.
According to the Criminal Law, when a person, faced with an unlawful attack, takes action to protect his or her own rights or interests or those of others, and the attacker is thereby harmed, the defender will be considered to have acted in justifiable defense and will not bear criminal responsibility. For some time, justifiable defense has been regarded as a “dormant clause” (沉寂条款), due to the influence of misconceptions, such as “whoever is injured or killed is right”.
But the true meaning of the law should be to increase the responsibility for wrongdoers, rather than burdening good people. Recent cases have shown that, for ordinary citizens, justifiable defense is no longer a pipe dream. A high-profile case in Kunshan, Jiangsu province, in 2018 served as a wake-up call and caught the attention of authorities regarding such cases. In that case, a traffic argument led to a motorist who took a knife with him confronting another man. The motorist was killed, and police and judges determined that the defender’s actions constituted justifiable defense. Since then, the justifiable defense clause has been applied in several places across the nation. The concern over justifiable defense reflects the public’s demand for fairness, justice, security and rule of law.
Luo Xiang, a renowned professor of criminal law at China University of Political Science and Law, said in a recent comment about the film Article 20 that the public and judges should avoid taking a “godlike” perspective. Instead, they should consider the situation in which the defender was involved, empathize with the defender’s position, and stop themselves from making excessive demands on the defender, Luo said.
1. Why did the film Article 20 attract the audience’s attention?A.It was released during the Spring Festival holiday. |
B.It is named after one article in the Criminal Law. |
C.It explores real-life cases of justifiable defense. |
D.It was directed by Zhang Yimou. |
A.the victim gave up his legal rights |
B.the robber kept silent about the robbery |
C.the robber was hurt worse than the victim |
D.the victim knifed the armed robber to stop the ongoing crime |
A.Making comparisons. | B.Listing reasons. |
C.Explaining misconceptions. | D.Providing evidence. |
A.Take a “godlike” viewpoint with the public. |
B.Put oneself in the defender’s shoes. |
C.Demand more from the defender. |
D.Side with the attacker. |
【推荐3】Scalloped hammerhead sharks (扇贝锤头鲨) hold their breath to keep their bodies warm while they’re diving into cold water, a study has found.
Researchers from the University of Hawaii knew that scalloped hammerhead sharks do deep dives at night. They assumed that the sharks dove to hunt, since they had found deep-water squid (乌贼) in the stomachs of some sharks. However, hammerheads are cold-blooded, which means their temperature is controlled by their environment rather than their bodies. Getting very cold affects how well the animals’ brains and muscles can work. With temperatures in the deep ocean as low as 41°F(about 5°C), the scientists were confused as to how the sharks could do these deep dives and come back unharmed. To find out more, scientist Mark Royer and his team caught three hammerhead sharks. They attached instruments to the sharks’ fins (鳍) in order to take the temperature of the water and record the sharks’ speed and movements. The instruments showed that the sharks dove to about 2, 600 feet below the surface. However, the animals’ body temperature didn’t drop until they started to return to the surface of the water. The scientists think they might be able to explain why.
Like most fish, sharks get their oxygen from water, which washes through gills (鳃) on the side of their heads. Inside the gills, lots of blood vessels absorb oxygen from the water. Because blood temperature affects body temperature, the gills are the area in which the shark is most likely to lose heat. Royer said that if the deep-diving sharks didn’t get cold, they must have closed their gills. In other words, they were holding their breath as they dove, just like humans do when they swim underwater.
Video footage of a shark swimming more than 3, 000 feet deep with closed gills seems to prove the theory. Other scientists want to study the question more closely, however, because fish’s bodies aren’t usually adapted to hold their breath. Royer called the finding a “complete surprise”.
1. Why do scalloped hammerhead sharks dive deep?A.To find food. | B.To stay cold. | C.To hold breath. | D.To keep healthy. |
A.Catching younger sharks. | B.Providing oxygen for sharks. |
C.Monitoring sharks’ condition. | D.Keeping sharks from being harmed. |
A.the gills are closed. | B.they hold their breath. |
C.blood vessels absorb oxygen. | D.they hunt for food |