El Niño, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Niño sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.
The weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Niños, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Niño in 1997-1998 helped America’s economy grow by $15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests: farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.
But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Niño may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.
The most recent powerful Niño, in 1997-1998, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Niños come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster- relief funding(救灾资金) in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite the evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.
Simple improvements to infrastructure ( 基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr. Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Niño’s harmful effects --- and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Niño, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.
1. What can we learn about El Niño in the first paragraph?A.It is named after a South American fisherman. |
B.It takes place almost every year all over the world. |
C.It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean. |
D.It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas. |
A.Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall. |
B.Droughts become more harmful than floods. |
C.Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses. |
D.Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically. |
A.more investment should go to risk reduction |
B.governments of poor countries need more aid |
C.recovery and reconstruction should come first |
D.victims of El Niño deserve more compensation (补偿) |
A.To introduce El Niño and its origin. |
B.To urge people to prepare for El Niño. |
C.To explain the consequences of El Niño. |
D.To show ways of fighting against El Niño. |
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【推荐1】Water flying through the air, loud music, and an excess of brightly-coloured shirts can only mean one thing – it’s Songkran, the traditional Thai New Year.
Though several countries throughout Southeast Asia observe this Lunar New Year celebration, Thailand’s wet and wild festivities have gained global attention with international travellers flocking to the kingdom to experience city-wide water fights.
The dates for Songkran are 13–15 April each year, though sometimes the national holiday is extended if it falls on a weekend. Traditionally, each day was coupled with different customs, such as cleaning the house or preparing food for local monks. Many people still follow these practices, but not necessarily on specific days.
In its simplest form, Songkran is a time where families come together. Those living and working away from their family home will travel to spend a few days with their relatives. Younger generations will pour silver cups of jasmine-scented water over the hands of older family members, and everyone will show their respect to Buddha statues by doing the same.
Thais are typically calm, modest people, but they also place great importance on fun and Songkran is seen as a time to let loose. April is typically the hottest time of the year and everyone can use a break from the heat as well as the usual social conventions.
The custom of water splashing seems to have evolved from the tradition of people dipping their fingers into the bowls of fragrant water and sprinkling them on others as a show of respect. Over time, the gentle water blessings gradually became mass water fights where everyone grabs a water gun or bucket to spray and splash all around, filled with a sense of fun and playfulness.
1. How long will Songkran usually last if it meets the weekend?A.Three days | B.Four days. | C.Five days | D.Six days |
A.settle down | B.go ahead | C.run away | D.gather together |
A.They want to pay respect to Buddhas. | B.They want to wash their dirty hands. |
C.They want to rid the dirt of statues. | D.They need a way to let loose. |
【推荐2】Will printed newspapers disappear one day? It’s quite possible. Here are some reasons.
First of all, printed newspapers aren’t the only way to get information. You can find the information on the Internet. Besides, you can read a lot of information online for free, which makes the Internet even more attractive.
Lots of people are becoming Internet users, and most of Internet users read news online. For example, I usually get new information about events that happen in the world by reading short messages on Twitter. As far as I know, students in our university hardly read newspapers. One can argue that older generations may have been used to reading printed newspapers and do not want to change anything, but research proves the opposite. According to a study, the number of Internet users between the ages of 70 and 75 has increased from 26% to 45% within four years.
Where do newspapers get their money? The answer is “advertisers”. But will advertisers continue to put ads in printed newspapers that are unlikely to be popular with the public? It is unwise to print ads in a newspaper, especially when you have a lot of other opportunities. Online advertisements are becoming more and more prevalent. After all, it is easier to track how many clicks have been made on this link than to find out how many people have actually read a newspaper and paid attention to advertisements.
Moreover, printed newspapers have some effects on our environment. Tons of wood are needed to produce the papers, and lots of electricity and fuel can be used to transport them.
1. What does the author want to show by mentioning the study in Paragraph 3?A.Printed newspapers are losing their readers. |
B.Old people have difficulty accepting new things. |
C.Printed newspapers are the main source of news for people. |
D.Old people enjoy the feeling of reading a printed newspaper. |
A.Interesting. | B.Expensive. | C.Popular. | D.Confusing. |
A.They have great advantages. |
B.They are important to people. |
C.They are a cheap way to get news. |
D.They are not environmentally-friendly. |
A.Why printed newspapers may disappear. |
B.How the Internet changes people’s way of reading. |
C.How printed newspapers influence people’s lifestyles. |
D.Why the Internet is more popular than printed newspapers. |
【推荐3】During the pandemic, masks and other forms of personal protective equipment (PPE) have become familiar fixtures of our daily lives. They have helped ensure the safety of ourselves and our loved ones. Yet, the improper disposal of PPE has contributed to a hazardous trend — the accumulation of medical waste and the littering of our planet.
Every month, we use nearly 129 billion masks. In a recent report, the United Nations found that from March 2020 to November 2021, around 87,000 tons of used masks and gloves have become non-disposable waste.
This is very worrying, as the waste traps animals and affects the health of our communities. When not properly discarded (丢弃), PPE waste may be blown into local rivers and streams or mistaken by birds as materials for building nests. It is harmful to the environment because most PPE is made from plastic fibers. These fibers can never fully degrade, and instead, break down into microplastics and nanoplastics that linger in our oceans.
At present, many healthcare facilities do not have systems that can deal with the increasing amount of medical waste. As a result, facilities have resorted to burning medical waste. This can put healthcare workers at a higher risk of catching the disease, and communities near landfills (废弃物品填埋场) can be influenced by the poisonous air from the burn pits.
Instead of traditional masks, the United Nations recommends using safe, biodegradable masks or washable cloth masks as an alternative. Sealing used masks and gloves in a separate bag and cutting mask straps before throwing them away can also prevent PPE from ending up in unintended locations, such as sewage systems on streets.
However, it is important to note that masks should not be placed in household recycling bins because most garbage collection systems in cities are unable to dispose of the materials. Ultimately, knowing how to responsibly discard our PPE can help us not only protect the environment but also ourselves and other individuals in our community.
1. What does the underlined word “hazardous” in Paragraph 1 mean?A.Welcome. | B.Clear. | C.Dangerous. | D.Gradual. |
A.Its amount is decreasing on an annual basis. |
B.Its fibers can permanently stay in the ecosystem. |
C.It can be burned by healthcare workers without pollution. |
D.It can be degraded by the majority of healthcare facilities. |
A.The components of the used masks should be recycled. |
B.The used masks should be mixed with household trash. |
C.The raw material of traditional masks should be reconsidered. |
D.The community should build sewage systems to collect used masks. |
A.To appeal to people to recycle. | B.To explain a social phenomenon. |
C.To stress the importance of PPE. | D.To introduce an environmental problem. |
【推荐1】A 2020 study in the journal Science concluded that marine heat waves have increased more than 20-fold as a result of climate warming. The authors found that in the first decade after satellites began recording ocean temperatures (i.e., after 1981), there were 27 large marine heat waves, with an average duration of 32 days and an average peak temperature anomaly of 8.5°F; in the 2010s, there were 172, which lasted 48 days on average with an average peak temperature almost 10°F above normal.
Much remains unclear about marine heat waves. For example, explains Nicholas Bond, research scientist at the University of Washington and Washington’s state climatologist, there is the question of why so many persist for weeks or months. “There must be something else going on that helps maintain them,” he says. He notes that one explanation is that as the ocean surface warms, it radiates heat into the atmosphere that prevents cloud cover from forming, exposing the seawater to increased sunlight and further warming.
However, enough is known about marine heat waves for scientists to be gravely concerned about their potential impacts. Of special note is the fact that those impacts can last long after the heat waves have disappeared. After three years of the Blob, the waters of the northeastern Pacific began to cool in 2016; but years later, scientists are still determining the extent to which the region’s ecosystem is likely to return fully to its pre-Blob status. Similarly, notes Scannell, who is a data scientist with Jupiter Intelligence, Inc., following the 2010-11 Western Australia event, “lots of kelp(巨藻) forests died, and it takes literally decades for those ecosystems to bounce back”.
Eric Oliver, a scientist from Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia, Canada, expressed his own opinion about the potential impact of the heat waves in tropical waters. “I think that’s really a tough issue,” he says. Life in the tropics, he notes, is adapted to “quite a narrow range of temperatures. So that’s where things can get really messy. We can have complete shifts in tropical systems.”
1. What can we infer from the figures listed in para. 1?A.The problem of marine heat waves is becoming worse. |
B.The satellites enable scientists to record ocean temperature precisely. |
C.Climate change is the main cause of the marine heat waves. |
D.Marine heat waves have been found by scientists for about 30 years. |
A.Various factors that lead to marine heat waves. |
B.The possible impacts of a warm ocean surface. |
C.The possible reason why marine heat waves last long. |
D.Scientists’ efforts in exploring the causes of heat waves. |
A.The impact will disappear shortly after the sea water cools. |
B.It takes long before the ecosystem makes a complete recovery. |
C.Scientists have known enough to restore the impact. |
D.The northeastern Pacific and Western Australia are the worst cases. |
A.Concerned. | B.Indifferent. | C.Doubtful. | D.Optimistic. |
【推荐2】Baby girls make their way directly for dolls as soon as they can crawl(爬), while boys will head for the toy cars, a study has shown. The findings, the first to show differences in very young babies, suggest there is a biological basis to their preferences.
Psychologists Dr. Brenda Todd from City University London carried out an experiment involving 90 infants aged nine months to 36 months. The babies were allowed to choose from seven toys. Some were typically boys’ toys: a car, a digger, a ball and a blue teddy. The rest were girls’ toys: a pink teddy, a doll and a cooking set. They were placed a meter away from the toys, and could pick whichever toy they liked. Their choice and the amount of time they spent playing with each toy were recorded.
Of the youngest children (nine to 14 months), girls spent significantly longer playing with the doll than boys, and boys spent much more time with the car and ball than the girls did. Among the two and three years old, girls spent 50 percent of the time playing with the doll while only two boys briefly touched it. The boys spent almost 90 percent of their time playing with cars, which the girls barely touched. There was no link between the parents’ view on which toys were more suitable for boys or girls and the children’s choice.
Dr. Brenda Todd said: “Children of this age are already exposed to much socialization. Boys may be given ‘toys that go’ while girls get toys they can care for, which may help shape their preference. But these findings agree with the former idea that children show natural interests in particular kinds of toys. There could be a biological basis for their choices. Males through evolution have been adapted to preferring moving objects, probably through hunting instincts(本能), while girls prefer warmer colors such as pink, the color of a newborn baby.”
1. Baby boys and girls have different toy preferences probably because________.A.baby boys are much more active |
B.baby girls like bright colors more |
C.there is a natural difference between them |
D.their parents treat them differently |
A.Nine-month-old baby boys don’t play with dolls at all. |
B.Two-year-old baby girls sometimes play with cars and balls. |
C.Parents should teach their babies to share each other’s toys. |
D.The older the babies are, the more obvious their preference is. |
A.a teddy | B.a car | C.a doll | D.a ball |
A.health | B.science | C.culture | D.entertainment |
【推荐3】The sounds of the Northern Lights have been a mystery to scientists for over a century. But now it seems that a researcher has figured out how auroras (极光) really make sounds.
“It has pretty much been confirmed all over the world,” historian Fiona Amery said. “ In Canada, Norway and Russia, they are all hearing very much the same sounds.”
“The auroras can occur hundreds of kilometers above the ground,which strengthens opinions that their sounds are just a false impression,” said Fiona. Many scientists argued that auroras were too far away to hear and that any sound would take several minutes to reach the ground, so it was impossible for them to change in time with the auroras.
However, other scientists were convinced that the Northern Lights really made noises. In the 1920s, Canadian astronomer Clarence Chant first suggested a mechanism by which they could occur: The motion of the aurora caused changes in the electrification of the atmosphere that created crackling sounds close to the ground. Almost 100 years later, Clarence’s suggestion seems close to what could be the true reason for the sounds.
In 2012, an expert named Unto Laine showed a recording of auroral sounds after years of monitoring auroras. In 2016, he announced the mechanism that makes the sounds: an inversion layer (逆温层) of cold air in the atmosphere that can form below an aurora and a short distance above the ground in calm weather.
Unto argues that visible changes in the aurora cause changes in the inversion layer, causing accumulated electricity to discharge as sparks (火花) that create sounds that can be heard. That explains how the sounds correspond with the aurora’s visible movements — they begin to happen in the inversion layer only about 75 meters above the observer.
1. What are the words Fiona said in Paragraph 2 mainly about?A.The existence of the sounds of the Northern Lights. |
B.The need to make full use of the Northern Lights. |
C.The problems caused by the Northern Lights. |
D.The cause of the Northern Lights. |
A.It matched a lot of old ideas. | B.It was well recognized then. |
C.It might be of great value. | D.It was a total failure. |
A.By listing research numbers. | B.By making comparisons. |
C.By providing explanations. | D.By giving examples. |
A.Can We Enjoy the Northern Lights? |
B.Do the Northern Lights Make Sounds? |
C.Why Should We Study the Northern Lights? |
D.How Do the Northern Lights Come into Being? |