【推荐1】When we see cute babies, or adorable baby animals, many of us feel a strong urge to squeeze or pinch them or even bite them. Scientists call this strange response “cute aggression”.

Stavropoulos’s team gathered 54 people to look at 32 pictures of four sets. One set contained photos of cute baby animals. Another set contained pictures of less-cute, fully grown animals. The other two sets were photos of human babies which were digitally edited. One set was changed to emphasize features we find cute, such as big eyes and full cheeks. The other was edited to reduce those features.

The scientists found that the participants had much more feelings of cute aggression towards images of baby animals than those of adult animals. Surprisingly, this difference was not seen from the two sets of human baby pictures in comparison.

To assess cute aggression, the participants were asked questions about the degree of wanting to aggress the subjects of the photos, and of wanting to care for them. Scientists suspect these rosponses are associated with not only the brain’s emotional systems, but also its reward systems, which adjust motivation, pleasure and feelings of “wanting”.

Cute aggression may give humans the highly adaptive ability to control emotional response. To limit the motivation of positive feelings, the brain gives commands of the aggression. In other words, the brain throws in a bit of aggression to keep the good feelings from becoming uncontrolled. “If you find yourself fascinated by how cute a baby is, -so much so that you simply can’t control it-that baby is going to starve.” It stops us from investing too much energy into cute things. So, there is no need to feel bad for the desire to pinch them at the sight of cute babies. It’s not because we’re mean people. The “unfriendly” movement of our fingers is just our brain’s way of making sure nothing gets too cute to handle.

1. What was found in Stavropoulos’s experiment?

A．Human’s brain has two systems.

B．Cute aggression exists in every human being.

C．Cute aggression varies towards different subjects.

D．Humans like to aggress animals rather than care for them.

2. How does Stavropoulos find cute aggression?

A．It is a normal response in the brain.	B．It is still a mystery.
C．It does harm to the animals.	D．It makes humans become mean.

3. What is the author’s attitude towards cute aggression?

A．Doubtful

B．Supportive

C．Disapproving

D．Unclear

【推荐2】Ambition (志向，抱负) is a necessary quality in life. It is the force which drives us on to use whatever talent we have got.     1    , these talents will not be used for our own and others’ benefit. Without ambition we are just jellyfish that flop though life. We only react to events: we don't try to control them.

    2    . First of all, it can be unrealistic. We may not be able to see the limits of our own abilities, so we do ambitious things that are completely beyond us. Some people can see our good qualities and our limitations objectively. They may tell us that we haven’t the ability We refuse to take their evaluation. We keep on trying. Many years and many disappointments later we are forced to accept their judgment. But what a waste of time our ill-founded ambition has caused us!

Besides, our ambition can be too concentrated. We devote our attention to one narrow aim, such as getting distinctions in our science subjects. Everything that may draw us away from this aim is cutout of our lives. In the end we get our distinctions. But we are isolated beings who only care about particular examination. And we probably won’t make good scientists.     3    .

And our ambition can be limited to lifeless objectives.    4    . Persons who feel inferior try to make up by seeking the respect of others through owning these artificial signs of worth.

    5    . But, like all blind forces, it must be directed if not to cause disaster.

A．Still, ambition can have several disadvantages

B．Because our ambition may make us among selfish people

C．Unless we have got some degree of ambition

D．Since we don’t have the breadth of view necessary for greater success

E．Ambition is necessary in the lives of individuals

F．As long as tightly controlled by the head and the heart

G．We want to gain money, or power, or membership of some circles

【推荐3】Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Most people don’t need science to appreciate the importance of a mother’s love.

But to understand how early maltreatment can derail a child’s development requires careful study. In a famous research, Harry Harlow had demonstrated that proper psychological and physical development of infants requires nurturing and attention from a parent.     1     In that research, socially isolated monkey babies that were removed from their mothers were found to be clinging to a cloth-covered surrogate(替代的) mother for comfort.

Such experimentations sound cruel. They, however, have been critical in helping change policies in human orphanages( 孤儿院 ) in the U.S. For centuries some orphanages treated infants equally inhumanely. Despite early evidence that orphanage infants were far more likely to die than others, supporters argued that it didn’t matter whether children had “parents” specially devoted to them at the orphanage.     2     Orphans were supposed to be in positive mental and physical health until adoptive parents were found. Babies, they said, couldn’t remember anyway.

The harrowing consequences of these theories were most vividly brought to light in Romania in the 1980s and ‘90s. A ban on abortion（流产 ) led to a surge in orphanage babies. Simply being fed and changed without individualized affection, some babies present serious problems. Many developed violent behaviors, repetitively rocking or banging their heads. Some were cold and withdrawn or indiscriminately affectionate.     3     Their head sizes were especially small.

They even had problems with attention and comprehension. The longer these children were left alone, the more damage was seen.

The lack of a secure attachment relationship in the early years has destructive consequences for both physical and mental health later in life, with long-lasting effects. The persistence of these effects emphasizes the need to intervene early in life. The Nobel-prize-winning economist James Heckman, has long argued that investing in early childhood education provides a greater return for society than virtually any other type of spending. It is obviously reflected in increased educational success and productivity,. The reduced crime, addiction, distress and disorder point to the same theory. Early life conditions critically affect adult life.     4     Remove it and the harm is great.

A．The appropriate feeding and caring styles were greatly rewarded in all aspects.

B．It was claimed that simply feeding and changing them would be adequate.

C．Some, however, demonstrate little influence with roughly ordinary behavior pattern.

D．Maternal attachment plays a fundamental role in shaping who we are.

E．Necessities are not just the availability of food and water.

F．And they simply didn’t grow like normal infants.

【推荐1】In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an unclear and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience. Opportunities for misinterpretation are everywhere.

Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as early forms of science and are full of potential. But it takes collective inspection and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.

Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and battle between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.

Two problems exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of current knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies repetition and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or contradiction by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”

1. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ________.

A．uncertainty and complexity	B．misconception and falsehood
C．logicality and objectivity	D．systematicness and regularity

2. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires ________.

A．strict inspection

B．shared efforts

C．individual wisdom

D．persistent innovation

3. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that ________.

A．scientific claims will survive challenges	B．discoveries today inspire future research
C．efforts to make discoveries are justified	D．scientific work calls for a critical mind

4. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?

A．Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Discovery	B．Collective Inspection in Scientific Discovery
C．Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science	D．Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science

【推荐2】An international team of researchers from the University of Oxford have found that the way people use the Internet is closely tied to the seasonal movements in the natural world. Their online species searches follow the patterns of seasonal animal migrations (迁徙).

Migratory birds ( 候 鸟 ) flood back to where they reproduce every spring. That migratory behavior is accompanied by some human behavior. “In English-language Wikipedia ( 维基百科), the online searches for migratory species tend to increase in spring when those birds arrive in the United States,” said the lead author John Mittermeier.

And not just birds. Mittermeier and his team surveyed nearly 2.5 billion Wikipedia search records, for 32,000 species, across 245 languages. They also saw variable search rates for insects, horsetails and flowering plants. Seasonal trends seemed to be widespread in Wikipedia behavior for many species of plants and animals.

This finding suggests new ways to monitor changes in the world’s biological diversity. It also shows new ways to see how much people care about nature, and which species and areas might be the most effective targets for conservation.

Mittermeier is encouraged by the search results. He commented, “I think there’s a concern among conservationists (生态环境保护者) that people are losing touch with the natural world and that they’re not interacting with native species anymore. And so in that sense, it was really exciting and quite unexpected for me to see people’s Wikipedia interest closely related to changes in nature.” Richard Grenyer, Associate Professor from the University of Oxford, says search data is useful to conservation biologists, “By using these big data approaches, we can direct our attention towards the difficult questions in modern conservation: which species and areas are changing, and where are the people who care the most and can do the most to help.”

1. What have researchers found about species searches?

A．They strengthen ties among people.	B．They affect the animal movements.
C．They reflect animal migration seasons.	D．They differ in language backgrounds.

2. What is the purpose of writing Paragraph 3?

A．To further support the research findings.

B．To show the variety of species searches.

C．To summarize the research process.

D．To present researchers’ heavy work load.

3. How does Mittermeier feel about the search results?

A．Sad about people’s not getting close to nature.

B．Worried about Wikipedia behavior.

C．Amazed at people’s care about nature.

D．Satisfied with Wikipedia’s service.

4. From which is the text probably taken?

A．A scientific magazine.	B．A biology textbook.
C．A biography.	D．A travel brochure .

【推荐3】How many phone numbers can you remember by heart? It’s probably fewer than you would like. Actually, you’re not alone. Some said that they couldn’t recall the phone numbers of their friends and neighbors. And others said that they couldn’t remember their relatives, phone numbers. In their eyes, there is no point in filling their heads with phone numbers if they’re all stored in smart phones that are with them almost all the time.

In fact, most people are suffering from a sort of digital amnesia(健忘). More than 90%℉ those agreed that they used the Internet as an online extension of their brains. Rote memorization(死记硬背) was once an important part of education, but we just need a click the computer or slide now. That’s making us worse at remembering things.

However, I believe that there are more risks to this new world of memory beyond losing our ability to recall some information such as who the 15th President was. That kind of information may always be a click away, but the important things are personal ones, like the way your parents smile at your wedding. It’s harder to recall or find online. If you’re relying on yourself to keep track of those memories, they will be much more meaningful.

1. Paragraph 1 is mainly used to ________.

A．serve as the background of memory	B．introduce the topic
C．explain a new research	D．study people’s memory

2. What’s the main cause of people’s suffering from digital amnesia?

A．Dealing with too many things.

B．Seldom thinking about questions.

C．Relying on the Internet too much.

D．The changes of their meme.

3. What’s the author’s attitude towards people’s memories now?

A．Worried.

B．Optimistic.

C．Disappointed.

D．Confident.