Are you diligently exercising but seeing no result around your midsection（上腹部）? It's not just you. Two new studies may explain why many people who begin exercise programs often lose little to no weight in the long run.
In the first study, published in the online science journal PLoS One, researchers compared the daily energy consumption of Westerners and the Hadza, a population of hunter-gatherers living in northern Tanzania. Many believe modern Westerners burn fewer calories than in the past because their lives have become more sedentary（久坐的）. The Hadza, who are generally very thin, hunt and look for food without modern tools such as vehicles or guns. Men walk about seven miles each day, while women walk about half that.
What was surprising was that although the Hadza seem to be more active, the researchers found little difference in calories burned between the Hadza and the Westerners.
The second study, published in Obesity Reviews, analyzed the effect of exercise interventions on body composition. The researchers found that—contrary to popular belief—when people exercise but keep their energy intake constant, their resting metabolic（新陈代谢的）rate actually goes down. Exercises who ate more calories than they usually do did burn more fat than predicted, but some overate and negated the effects of their hard work.
These studies suggest two things: exercise programs may not lead to as much calories burn as you would think, and many people start eating more when they exercise, and they may eat too much.
Bottom line, if you start exercising to lose weight, you won't succeed with the mentality of “I can eat anything because I'll burn it off later.” You will have better results if you choose a healthy diet of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, lean proteins and healthy fats while exercising. Although these two studies show that diet may be more important than exercise for weight loss, don't discount the other benefits of exercise, including decreased stress and anxiety, improved mood and reduced risk of cardiovascular（心血管的）disease, diabetes and some cancers.
1. What dose the two studies show in common?| A．Exercises are of great benefit. |
| B．Exercises make people eat too much. |
| C．Dieting may be not so helpful for weight loss. |
| D．Exercises do not necessarily lead to weight loss. |
| A．Improved. | B．Doubled. |
| C．Denied. | D．Aroused. |
| A．a science magazine | B．a book review |
| C．a health guideline | D．a news report |
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【推荐1】Have you ever heard of a bug（虫子）called the cicada（蝉）?Well,a special kind of these bugs live underground in the US for most of their lives.They have an interesting bio-clock.
Every 17 years,billions of the noisy Brood V cicadas will swarm（涌现）to northeastern parts of the US, including New York,Ohio and Pennsylvania.
While they can be kind of annoying,these bugs don't harm humans.
| A．They feed on leaves and roots. |
| B．It tells them when to go above ground. |
| C．What makes Brood V cicadas so special? |
| D．But they do make a lot of noise during their time above ground. |
| E．After about four to six weeks,the mother and father cicadas will die. |
| F．For a different brood of cicadas,mating season is just around the corner. |
| G．There are other kinds of cicadas that come around once a year or every 13 years. |
【推荐2】Some people say house dust is mostly human skin cells, but it’s only a little bit true.
That list is based on the Canadian House Dust Study, in which researchers collected dust samples from 1,025 Canadian homes. The proportions(比例)of the components vary from household to household. A house near a busy road, for example, is likely to harbor a high level of outdoor pollutants from car exhaust(废气).
The commonly-cited statement that 70% to 80% of house dust is human skin cells is likely not true for most houses.
People do drop lots of skin cells as they go about their business.
| A．But our body needs all kinds of nutrients |
| B．Skin cells are part of the makeup(组成)of house dust |
| C．The skin helps people maintain the right internal temperature |
| D．A newly-built house might have much dust from construction |
| E．The average adult loses about 500 million skin cells each day |
| F．It may not be a bad thing to have some dead skin in your home |
| G．According to a study of house dust, 60% of the components of the dust were from inside |
【推荐3】The simple exercise of sitting down and standing up again without holding onto anything could suggest how long you have to live. This is the belief of a group of physicians, who came up with the “sitting-rising test (SRT)” to measure their patients’ flexibility and strength.
They developed a scoring system for the test and found that those who scored three points or fewer out of ten were more than five times as likely to die within six years as those who scored more than eight points.
Claudio Gil Araujo of Gama Filho University in Brazil was among the doctors who originally developed the SRT to quickly assess the flexibility of athletes, but he now uses it to persuade his patients that they need to stay active to maintain their muscles and balance, and live longer.
As we grow old, our muscles tend to become weaker and a loss of balance means we are increasingly likely to fall.
Current ways to test frailty (衰弱) can be time-consuming, impractical and inaccurate for minor surgery, but experts are keen to keep older people moving.
Dr. Araujo says that anyone can take the SRT because no equipment is needed.
In a study, the researchers described how 2,002 adults aged between 51 and 80 took the SRT. They found that patients who scored fewer than eight points out of ten on the test were twice as likely to die within the next six years, compared with people with better scores. One point was taken off each time people used their hands or knees for support to either sit down or stand up, while half a point was taken off for losing their balance. The experts found that people who scored three points or fewer were more than five times as likely to die within the same period. They wrote in the study, “Musculoskeletal (骨骼肌的) fitness, as assessed by the SRT, is a significant predictor of the death rate in 51-80-year-old subjects.” The study found that every point increase in the test was linked to a 21 per cent decrease in the death rate from all causes.
1. What’s the best title of the passage?| A．The advantages of taking exercise |
| B．A simple exercise can predict your lifetime |
| C．How to help you live longer |
| D．A simple exercise can measure your flexibility and strength |
| A．To evaluate the flexibility of athletes quickly. |
| B．To maintain patients’ muscles and balance. |
| C．To make patients stay active. |
| D．To make people live longer. |
| A．Time-consuming. | B．Impractical. |
| C．Uncomfortable. | D．Inaccurate. |
| A．The effect of the SRT. |
| B．The findings of the study. |
| C．The calculation method of the scores of the SRT. |
| D．The difficulties of the study. |
【推荐1】What is the most popular way to travel in the whole world，not counting a human being's two legs？You say by car？No.Train？Wrong again.Airplane？I'm sorry，but you're not even close.The most popular way of going from one place to another is by bicycle.And it is a surprise to most Americans.After all，we see thousands of cars each day.We don't see nearly as many bikes.
In the United States most bike riders are either young people or adults bicycling for exercise.About nine million bikes are sold in America each year.Nearly three million are sold to adults.The rest are to children.But in the rest of the world，far more people use the bike as their main way of traveling.They ride bikes to work，to school，and to stores.
Bicycles have been around for a long time-about 300 years.You would not like to ride around on those early bikes，though.They didn't have any pedals(脚蹬).The riders had to push along with their feet.And this bike only went straight ahead.There was no way to turn the front wheel.If the rider wanted to change direction，he or she had to get off and move the bicycle.When pedals were put on the front wheels，riding became easier.The most popular kind of bike in the late 1800s had a very high front wheel and a small back wheel.It was a long fall to the ground!
Another problem was that there were no rubber tires(橡胶轮胎).So bike was called the "Boneshaker" at that time. Then in the 1880s，air-filled rubber tires were put on the bicycle's wheels, which made people feel more comfortable. Since then the bicycle has not changed very much.Of course bikes come in different shapes and colors now，but the main design is still the same.
1. Compared with those in America，bikes in the rest of the world .| A．are much cheaper | B．are more popular |
| C．are mainly used by children | D．are mainly used to do exercise |
| A．They were too large. | B．They were dangerous. |
| C．They were hard to control. | D．They were too high for many people. |
| A．uncomfortable | B．slow | C．broken | D．old |
| A．warn readers about bicycle safety. |
| B．introduce the new shapes of bicycles. |
| C．encourage readers to bicycle for exercise. |
| D．tell readers the history of bicycles. |
【推荐2】Bumblebees(大黄蜂）aren't simply dancing around our gardens.Now,a new study suggests that bumblebees force plants to flower by making small bites in their leaves.
Consuelo De Moraes,a scientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, noticed bumblebees making tiny bites in the leaves of their greenhouse plants.The insects didn't seem to be carrying off the bits of leaves to their nests or eating them.
Supposing the bees were causing the plants to flower,Consuelo De Moraes and his team set up a series of experiments.They placed flowerless tomato plants and two kinds of worker bees in cages.The bees fed with enough pollen(花粉）seldom damaged the plants,while the ones without having pollen for three days busily did so.Scientists then removed the plants after the bees made five to ten holes in their leaves.The small holes caused the tomato plants to flower a month sooner than usual.
＂In a sense,the bees are signaling,'Hey,we need food.Please speed up your flowering, and we'll pollinate(授粉）you."said Lars Chittka,a behavioral scientist at Queen Mary University of London.
To make sure that their discoveries didn't result from the man-made conditions in the lab, the scientists placed bumblebees and a variety of flowerless plant species on their Zurich rooftop in late March 2018.The bees were free to fly as far as they could.Yet they set to work damaging the leaves on all the non-flowering plants nearest to their nests.The bees lost interest in this activity toward the end of April as more flowers came out,according to the study.
The research is of great value,for it can increase the human food supply.However,some questions remain to be answered,like"Why do the bites cause the plants to flower?"and ＂Does flowering early lead to higher fitness for the plants?"
1. Why did the bumblebees bite the leaves?| A．Because they wanted to eat the leaves. |
| B．Because they were to get pollen to eat. |
| C．Because they were exercising to be stronger. |
| D．Because they would carry the leaves to the nests. |
| A．Dancing on the leaves. |
| B．Flying as far as they could. |
| C．Making small holes in the leaves. |
| D．Damaging the flowers near their nests. |
| A．Humans may produce more food. |
| B．Bumblebees can have more to eat. |
| C．Some plants can have more flowers. |
| D．Some plants will gain higher fitness. |
| A．Bumblebees speed up plants flowering by biting leaves. |
| B．Human food supply will largely depend on bumblebees. |
| C．Bumblebees like to damage the plants nearest their nests. |
| D．Rooftop plants flower more than the ones in greenhouses. |
【推荐3】Once common in flower — rich grasslands across the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, the rusty patched bumblebee now buzzes about in only 0.1 percent of its historical range — a trend documented among many other North American bee populations as well. There are nearly 4, 000 native bee species in North America, including 47 species of bumblebees. and many are at risk of extinction.
A photographer, Clay Bolt wanted to highlight this sad situation. He decided to start by focusing on the rusty patched bumblebee, telling its story through photographs and a 2016 film titled A Ghost in the Making.
“It broke my heart to think that if something wasn’t done to protect it, specimens(标本) in museums would be all we had left,” Bolt says. “I can use my photography and filmmaking skills to really bring attention to this species,”
His efforts, and those of conservationists, paid off. In 2017, thanks to a petition(请愿) filed by the Xerces Society and the Natural Resources Defense Council, the rusty patched bumblebee became the only bee in the continental United States to get protection under the Endangered Species Act.
Large — scale agriculture has contributed to this decline. Changes of beds natural feeding and nesting habitat to corn and soybear, fields, plus heavy pesticide use, have not only reduced native bee populations but also done harm to the insects reproduction and colony(种群) growth.
Scientists are also concerned about a fungal pathogen(真菌病原体), Nosema bombi, detected in several North American bumblebee populations, including the rusty patched bumble bee. Commercial breeding(饲养),which brings together tens of thousands of queen bumblebees from the wild to start colonies close to each other, may have allowed the naturally occurring pathogen to spread among and between species. “These — colonies would get taken out to farms and the pathogen could spread to wild populations.” says entomologist Sydney Cameron at the University of Illinois Urbana — Champaign.
Extreme temperatures, driven by climate change, are also linked to bumblebee declines. In a recent study, researchers found these bees missing from many locations where they had previously been recorded. Those sites experienced increased warming and more frequent unusually hot days over time.
1. How did Clay Bolt contribute to the protection of rusty patched bumblebees?| A．By exhibiting specimens of them. |
| B．By studying their historical range. |
| C．By documenting their feeding habits. |
| D．By promoting awareness of their protection. |
| A．To encourage visitors to visit museums. |
| B．To support the Endangered Species Aet. |
| C．To draw attention to scientific research. |
| D．To emphasize the necessity of timely protective actions. |
| A．Oversized colonies. | B．Spread of disease. |
| C．Destroying habitats. | D．Harming agriculture. |
| A．From phenomena to causes. | B．From problems to solutions. |
| C．From examples to a general law. | D．From evidences to a conclusion. |
