According to a recent study, however, if you really think about it, something about that simple answer doesn’t quite make sense. In fact, it turns out that sometimes it’s having will power that really gets you into trouble.
Think back to the time you took your very first sip (啜饮) of beer. Disgusting, wasn’t it? When my father gave me my first taste of beer as a teenager, I wondered why anyone would voluntarily drink it. And smoking? No one enjoys their first cigarette — it tastes awful. So even though smoking, and drinking alcohol or coffee, can become temptation (诱惑) you need will power to resist, they never, ever start out that way.
Just getting past those first horrible experiences actually requires a lot of self-control. Ironically (讽刺的是), only those who can control themselves well, rather than give in to them, can ever come to someday develop a “taste” for Budweiser beer, Marlboro cigarettes, or dark-roasted Starbucks coffee. We do it for social acceptance. We force ourselves to consume alcohol, cigarettes, coffee and even illegal drugs, in order to seem experienced, grown-up, and cool.
These bad habits aren’t self-control failures — far from it. They are voluntary choices, and they are in fact self-control successes. Self-control is simply a tool to be put to some use, helpful or harmful. To live happy and productive lives, we need to develop not only our self-control, but also the wisdom to make good decisions about when and where to apply it.
1. What do most people think causes bad behavior?
A.Being forced by others. | B.Enjoying their first experiences. |
C.Not having enough will power. | D.Following the examples of their friends. |
A.will power helps develop bad habits sometimes |
B.drinking beer is harmful to the health of teenagers |
C.self-control should be developed when one is young |
D.everyone can be challenged by different temptations |
A.without self-control, no one can succeed |
B.applying self-control correctly is important |
C.bad habits don’t always lead to bad results. |
D.people can develop wisdom from bad behavior |
A.My First Sip of Beer | B.Do You Have Will Power ? |
C.Will Power Benefits Us | D.Dark Side of Self-control |
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【推荐1】Even light activity such as housework might help to keep the brain young, researchers say, adding to a growing body of evidence that, when it comes to exercise, every little helps.
Writing in the journal Jama Network Open, the international team of researchers report how they came to their findings by studying at least three days of activity-tracker data from 2,354 middle-aged adults from the US, together with the participants' brain scans.
From the latter, the researchers worked out individuals' brain volume, a measure linked to ageing: about 0.2% of the volume of the brain is lost every year after the age of 60. Loss or shrinkage (萎缩) of brain tissue is linked to dementia (痴呆), Spartano noted.
After taking into account factors including sex, smoking status and age, the team found that every extra hour of light physical activity per day was linked to 0.22% greater brain volume, equal to just over a year's less brain ageing. What's more, those who took at least 10,000 steps a day had a 0.35% greater brain volume than those who took, on average, fewer than 5,000 steps a day—equivalent to 1.75 years' less brain ageing.
However, the study has limitations. It used mainly white participants, and cannot prove cause and effect. The authors add that not all time spent sedentary is necessarily "bad" for the brain—particularly if people are engaged in a task that takes a lot of thinking.
Dr James Pickett, head of research at Alzheimer's Society, said, "Don't worry if you're not hill-running, but find something you enjoy and do it regularly, because we know that what's good for the heart is good for the head."
1. What can be inferred from the statistics in Paragraphs 3&4?A.Loss of brain tissue is linked to disease. |
B.Light physical activity raises the brain volume. |
C.Taking 10000 steps per day is best for our brain. |
D.Light physical activity slows down the brain ageing. |
A.Sitting. | B.Walking. | C.Sleeping. | D.Working. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Supportive. | C.Objective. | D.Indifferent. |
A.Regular exercise makes you happy. |
B.The more exercise, the better. |
C.Doing what you like regularly is beneficial. |
D.Light physical activities are the best. |
【推荐2】There is nothing better than having a good scratch when an itch (痒) strikes. But how does scratching stop an itch?
According to a study published in the journal Nature by the scientists from the University of Minnesota, US, the relief you feel does not come from your skin, but from inside our spinal cord (脊柱).
The scientists injected a kind of chemical called histamine(组胺)into a monkey’s legs to produce an itch. The activity in part of the monkey’s spinal cord started to become very strong in response. The scientists then scratched the itchy legs and found that the activity in the spinal cord quickly weakened.
The sudden change in the activity happened because scratching blocked that part of the monkey’s spinal cord. As a result, it could no longer send signals to the brain telling it about the itchy feeling. This is why scratching makes mosquito bites feel better at least temporarily.
“It’s a very important study for itching is a major problem for millions of patients,” said Gil Yosipovitch, PhD, founder of the International Forum for the Study of Itch.
Around 50 different diseases can cause serious itching, including AIDS and kidney diseases.
Scratching might make things more comfortable for small, ordinary itches, but for people with more serious diseases, it can make matters worse. Sometimes an itch can be so strong that it keeps the sufferers awake at night, throwing them into a terrible emotional disturbance. Scratching hard can lead to serious skin damage or infection.
The next step for scientists is to discover exactly how itches are reduced when spinal cord signals are stopped. This could help them develop medicines that act in the same way to reduce itching. Patients suffering from serious itching will finally be freed from their misery without tearing up their skin, according to Glenn Giesler, leader of the research.
1. What is the key to determining the feeling of an itch?A.The skin. |
B.The brain. |
C.The spinal cord. |
D.The bitten tissue. |
a. The monkey began to have a feeling of itches.
b. The monkey became sensitive to the chemicals.
c. The scientists scratched the itchy legs of the monkey.
d. Scratching made the brain unable to get signals from the spinal cord.
e. To make itches, an injection of histamine was given to the monkey’s legs.
A.e-c-b-d-a |
B.e-b-a-c-d |
C.d-c-b-e-a |
D.b-a-e-d-c |
A.The cause of itches has not been found yet. |
B.All the itches can be got rid of by scratching. |
C.Some patients stay awake because of severe itches. |
D.Serious itching and scratching can affect people physically and mentally. |
A.They will wipe out itches forever |
B.They will announce the findings to the world. |
C.They will treat the itch sufferers in a traditional way. |
D.They will develop a kind of medicine to relieve itches. |
【推荐3】The brain has a powerful ability to remember and connect events separated in time. And now, in that new study in mice published in Neuron, scientists have cast light on how the brain can form lasting links.
The hippocampus (海马体)—a small, seahorse-shaped region buried deep in the brain—is an important headquarters for learning and memory. “The traditional view has been that cells in the hippocampus keep up a level of continuous activity to associate two events separated by tens of seconds.” said Dr. Ahmed, co-first author of the study. “Turning these cells off would thus disrupt learning.”
To test this view, the researchers imaged parts of the hippocampus of mice as the animals were exposed to two different stimuli(刺激物): a sound followed by a small but unpleasant puff of air. A fifteen-second delay separated the two events. The scientists repeated this experiment across several trials. Over time, the mice learned to associate the sound with the soon-to-follow puff of air. Using advanced microscopy, they recorded the activity of thousands of neurons (神经元), a type of brain cell, in the animals’ hippocampus in each trial for many days.
“We expected to see continuous neural activity that lasted during the fifteen-second gap, an indication of the hippocampus at work linking the sound and the air puff,” said Stefano Fusi, PhD. “But when we began to analyze the data, we saw no such activity.” Instead, the neural activity was sparse. Only a small number of neurons worked, and they did so seemingly at random (随意的).
For further understanding, they had to shift the way they analyzed data and use tools designed to make sense of random processes. Finally, the researchers discovered a complex pattern: a style of mental computing that seems to be a remarkably efficient way that neurons store information.
“We were happy to see that the brain doesn’t maintain ongoing activity over all these seconds because that’s not the most efficient way to store information,” said Dr. Ahmed. “The brain seems to have a more efficient way to build this bridge.”
In addition to helping to map the circuitry (神经回路) involved in associative learning, these findings also provide a starting point to more deeply explore disorders, such as panic and post-traumatic stress disorder.
1. What can we learn about the hippocampus?A.It helps connect events separated in places. |
B.It is involved in the visual area of the brain. |
C.It is a kind of cell buried deep in the brain. |
D.It is a brain region crucial for memory. |
A.animals have trouble learning to associate two events |
B.associations of events require continuous neural activity |
C.a 15-second delay is enough to separate two events |
D.disruption of learning turn the activities of cells off |
A.continuous activity happens as expected |
B.no neurons stay active at intervals of 15 seconds |
C.a complex pattern helps the brain learn associations |
D.neuronal information is stored in well-designed tools |
A.inspire deeper explorations of disorders |
B.build a bridge between different parts of the brain |
C.provide evidence for brain’s ongoing activity |
D.help map some aspects of a person’s experience |
【推荐1】Researchers at the University of Sussex, Imperial College London and Nanyang Technological University in Singapore have for the first time used game theory (博弈论) to allow robots to assist humans safely and variously.
The research team used adaptive control (自适应控制) and Nash equilibrium (纳什均衡) to program a robot that can understand its human users’ behavior in order to better foresee their movements and respond to them. The researchers believe the breakthrough could make robots help humans do things better in many areas, such as sport training, body recovery or shared driving.
Lead author Dr Yanan Li, Lecturer in Control Engineering at the University of Sussex, said, “It is still very early days in the development of robots and at present, those robots for work are not intuitive enough to work closely and safely with human users. By allowing the robot to identify human users’ behavior and make use of game theory to let the robot react to them in the best way, we have developed a system where robots can work along with humans as humans do.”
To successfully apply game theory to the interaction of a robot and its human users, the researchers had to overcome the problem that the robot cannot know the humans’ intentions. The researchers thus had to develop a method allowing the robot to identify the human partner while safely and efficiently interacting with their motion.
The reactive robotic programming system allows a robot to continuously learn the human users’ control and adapt its own control accordingly. The robot is able to understand the human users’ action and then respond to it and help them to perform tasks successfully with minimal effort.
Professor Etienne Burdet, senior author of the paper, added: “Game theory has had important influences on economics during the last century and lead to several Nobel prizes.”
1. What can be known about the programmed robot according to paragraph 2?A.It goes out of style quickly. |
B.It is no better than other robots. |
C.It can help humans in many ways. |
D.It never knows its human users’ control goals. |
A.know the human’s intentions | B.respond to the human users’ action |
C.work along with humans closely and safely | D.complete tasks perfectly with the least effort |
A.The human users’ hand gestures. | B.The human users’ facial expressions. |
C.The method of using the game theory. | D.The reactive robotic programming system. |
A.How did game theory come into being? |
B.Game theory has important influences on sport training |
C.How can game theory bring humans and robots closer? |
D.Game theory can make a big difference to body recovery |
【推荐2】When people from different cultures get to know each other well, the differences between them become less important because they recognize more and more things they have in common. People begin to see each other as an individual, rather than just as a representative of a particular culture. This can happen quickly when people are working or studying together.
However, problems can appear in situations where people from different cultures are put together but remain strangers. This often occurs in everyday life, for example, on public transport. Here, people may have different expectations of how to behave and often criticize the actions of people from other cultures that they do not understand very well.
Monica Sung, a sociologist, has been researching public attitudes to the televisions which are now put on many buses in Hong Kong, showing programmes and advertising for passengers to watch. Monica’s research shows that some people find this a “disturbance” because their expectations of bus travel are different, while other passengers like to have something to enjoy during their journey. “A Westerner wrote a letter to the newspaper, complaining about the noise of the televisions and saying that buses in his home country were more pleasant because they did not have televisions,” said Monica. “A Chinese person wrote a reply, telling the foreigner he should go back home if he preferred the buses there.”
Monica points out that both types of reaction are stupid. “Not all foreign people want quiet buses, and not all Chinese people want to watch television on buses!” she said. “People often take it for granted that every member of a particular cultural group shares the same values and opinions.”
1. What does the underlined words “an individual” in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.A new comer considered as an outsider. |
B.A close friend who shares the same values. |
C.A single person considered separately from a culture. |
D.A stranger who has become used to a new culture. |
A.Taking a bus is what people do in everyday life. |
B.Passengers are usually unkind to each other. |
C.There are passengers from different cultures. |
D.People have different expectations of bus service. |
A.He prefers buses without televisions. |
B.He is in favor of televisions on buses. |
C.He dislikes complaining to newspapers. |
D.He enjoys taking buses with foreigners. |
A.People from different cultures should learn from each other. |
B.People from different cultures should be polite to each other. |
C.People from different cultures should not regard each other as strangers. |
D.People should not criticize another culture only for what one from it does. |
【推荐3】Our lives are made up of human-machine interactions—with smartphones, televisions, computers—that have the power to delight and, often, frustrate. Into this area has stepped a new class of professional: the user-experience, or UX, designer, whose job is to see a product not from an engineer’s, marketer’s, or legal department’s perspective but from the viewpoint of the user alone. And to insist that the customer should not have to learn to speak the company’s internal language. The company should learn to speak the customer’s.
According to a recent survey, the role of UX designers has become a fixture on those year-end “hottest job” lists. If you want to study UX, you now have the option at some three dozen institutions in the United States, including Carnegie Mellon and the University of Washington. But Ford is one of the few major industrial companies in the U.S. to put a UX expert, Jim Hackett, in charge.
At present, the question facing the car industry is basically whether high-tech giants such as Tesla and Google can learn car-making technology trains faster than Ford, GM, and other carmakers can learn software and algorithms. But Hackett reflects Ford’s bet that the winner won’t be the best chassis (底盘) maker or software maker, but the company that nails the interaction between man and machine. “One of the things that drew me to Jim was his commitment to design thinking, which puts the human being at the center of the equation,” explained Bill Ford, the company’s executive chairman.
Hackett retired from Steelcase, a furniture maker, in 2014 and in 2016, Bill Ford hired him to run the automaker’s Smart Mobility subsidiary, which was tasked with rethinking from the ground up how cars would be driven, powered, and owned. “This is what we call the design gap,” said Hackett in an interview, pointing to the space between two lines on a graph he’d drawn on a whiteboard. One line climbs up—this is a company’s skill at making things, which goes up over time. Below it is a downward line, representing a company’s understanding of the customer’s experience. This, he said, can decline over time, as a company loses sight of the problems it’s in the business of solving. The design gap may be noticeable when the job is, say, building a marginally better tailgate for the Ford F-150. But it becomes positively yawning when your industry is so thoroughly turned on its head that you’re forced to ask some basic questions: Do people want to own their cars or share them? Drive them or have them driven? The flood of new technologies makes everything possible.
1. Which of the following statements best describes a UX designer’s responsibility?A.He is devoted to designing innovative products. |
B.He is devoted to making a product satisfy users’ needs. |
C.He is devoted to improving a company’s internal language. |
D.He is devoted to understanding human-machine interactions. |
A.UX designers are regarded as one of those best-paid jobs. |
B.High-tech giants have taken the lead in car manufacturing. |
C.Companies are laying greater emphasis on customers’ feelings. |
D.The UX courses provided by the US institutions are far from enough, |
A.it is currently facing the biggest challenge that needs a new perspective |
B.Hackett’s design thinking is quite different from other UX professionals |
C.customers’ experience plays a decisive role in the car-making competition |
D.Steelcase gave Hackett enough time and experience to grow up into an expert |
A.Ford should pay less attention to new technologies. |
B.Ford has long been ignoring customers’ experience. |
C.Ford is no longer a leading company in auto making skills. |
D.Ford has made a wrong decision to build a tailgate for the F-150. |