City trees grow faster and die younger than trees in rural forests, a new study finds.
Studies had shown forests take in greenhouse gas. But there hadn’t been much data on whether city trees grow, die and take in CO2 at the same rate as forest trees do. So Lucy Hytyra and her workmates at Boston University in Massachusetts decided to find out.
To figure out how quickly trees were growing, the researchers tracked their diameters (直径) between 2005 and 2014. The team focused on red oaks and red maples growing on Boston streets. These trees grew four times faster than the same species did in a nearby forests. Faster-growing trees take in more CO2. Over the nine years, the researchers tracked these trees, and they found city ones took in four times as much CO2 from the air as the forest trees did. The city trees also, however, were twice as likely to die. So over the lifetime of each type of tree, forest trees actually take in more CO2.
“City trees grow faster mainly because they have less competition for light from their neighbors,” Hutyra says. In a forests, trees tend to grow close together, shading their neighbors. Street trees also benefit from higher levels of nitrogen (氮) in rainwater. Nitrogen is an element that helps plants grow. Still, she says that her team’s findings may not apply to arid cities. “In locations short of water like Phoenix or Los Angeles, city trees might respond differently because it’s very hot in the city and they have so little water.” At such sites, she says, “Trees might grow slower.”
So why were Boston’s streets trees twice as likely as their country cousins to die young? City roads can leave big-tree roots less room to grow. Plus, people often decide to cut down trees that are sick, or in the way of some desired building or view.
1. What can we learn from the research by Lucy’s team?A.City trees live twice longer than forest trees. |
B.Over their lifetime, forest trees actually take in more CO2. |
C.Over the nine years, faster-growing trees breathe in less CO2. |
D.On Boston streets red oaks grow much faster and taller than red maples. |
A.they live in hot weather | B.they take in more water |
C.they tend to grow close together | D.they benefit from more light and nitrogen |
A.Dry. | B.Busy. | C.Crowded. | D.Large. |
A.A travel journal. | B.A story book. | C.A science magazine. | D.A medical report |
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【推荐1】The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.
Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.
Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.
These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.”
“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”
Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.
“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.
“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”
1. Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?A.It keeps them independent. |
B.It helps them save time. |
C.It builds up their strength. |
D.It cures their mental illnesses. |
A.Improve their driving skills. |
B.Develop driver-assist technologies. |
C.Provide tips on repairing their cars. |
D.Organize regular physical checkups. |
【推荐2】Some students get so nervous before a test. They do poorly even if they know the material. Sian Beilock, a professor at the University of Chicago in Illinois, has studied these highly anxious test-takers. The students start worrying about the results. And when they worry, it actually uses up attention and memory resources (资源).
Professor Beilock and another researcher, Gerardo Ramirez, have developed a possible solution. Just before an exam, highly anxious test-takers spend ten minutes writing about their worries about the test.
The researchers tested the idea on a group of twenty anxious college students. They gave them two short maths tests. After the first one, they asked the students to either sit quietly or write about their feelings about the upcoming second test.
Professor Beilock says those who sat quietly scored an average of 12% worse on the second test. But the students who had written about their fears improved their performance by an average of 5%. Next, the researchers used younger students in a biology class. They told them before final exams either to write about their feelings or to think about things unrelated to the test. Professor Beilock says highly anxious students who did the writing got an average grade of B+, compared to a B- for those who did not.
“What we showed is that for students who are highly test-anxious, who’d done our writing intervention (干预), all of a sudden there was no relationship between test anxiety and performance. They were performing just as well as their classmates who don’t normally get nervous in these tests.”
But what if students do not have a chance to write about their fears immediately before an exam? Professor Beilock says students can try it themselves at home or in the library and still improve their performance.
1. What may the students start worrying about before an exam?A.Whether they can pass the exams. |
B.What other students do during the test. |
C.Whether they have remembered the materials. |
D.What kind of problems they will meet on the test paper. |
A.Asking the students to think nothing of the test. |
B.Asking the students to focus on the test. |
C.Asking the students to sit quietly before the test. |
D.Asking the students to write about their worries before the test. |
A.became less nervous before the test. |
B.were better at controlling their feelings. |
C.did worse than those who wrote about their feelings. |
D.did better than those who took two tests. |
A.Writing about worries before an exam can work a bit. |
B.Studying in the library can improve students’ performance. |
C.Students can only write about worries right before an exam. |
D.It doesn’t matter where to write about worries before an exam. |
【推荐3】Spring is a fine season. It lights up people’s moods and brings hope. When you bathe in the warm spring breeze(微风), what comes into your mind? Let’s see what Meng Haoran from China and William Blake from the UK wrote about spring.
1. According to the passage spring is .
A.silent | B.useless | C.boring | D.hopeful |
A.sunny | B.rainy | C.snowy | D.cloudy |
A.flowers | B.fruit | C.sky | D.birds |
A.Stories. | B.Novels. | C.Poems. | D.Fictions. |
【推荐1】Greenhouse gas emissions would rise if all farms in England and Wales went organic. Though the emissions of each farm would go down, much more food would have to be imported, as the amount they would produce would decrease greatly.
“The key message from my perspective is that you can't really have your cake and eat it,” says Laurence Smith, now at the Royal Agricultural University in the UK, who was part of the team that ran the numbers. Smith is a supporter of organic farming and says “there are a lot of merits of the organic approach”, but his analysis shows that organic farming has downsides too.
Farming and changes in land use, such as cutting down forests, are responsible for a third of all greenhouse gas emissions. That means reducing farming emissions and the land needed for farming is required to limit further global warming.
Smith and his colleagues found that emissions per unit of food are, on average, 20 per cent lower for organic crops and 4 per cent lower for organic animal products. However, organic harvests per hectare (公顷) are also lower on average. For wheat and barley, for instance, harvests are just half of those of conventional farms. This means 1.5 times as much land would be needed to grow the same amount of these foods.
The estimated increase in emissions varies greatly, depending on where the extra farmland comes from. If only half comes from turning grassland into farms, the increase could be as low as 20 per cent. If grassland that would otherwise have been reforested is turned into farmland, emissions could nearly double.
This doesn't necessarily mean people should stop eating organic produce, says Smith. People might choose organic food for other reasons, such as to reduce their pesticide exposure (though contrary to popular belief, organic farmers do use pesticides) or for the sake of wildlife.
Going 100 per cent organic could also harm global biodiversity. The extra land used for farming would mean the land available for wildlife would be smaller and more fragmented (碎片化的).
Smith says the best option may be to use some organic and conventional farming methods at the same time.
1. Why may greenhouse gas emissions increase if a country goes organic?A.Organic farms take longer to build. |
B.The agricultural output will increase greatly. |
C.The emissions of each farm unit will increase. |
D.Greater demand for imported food will be created. |
A.Changes. | B.Challenges. | C.Advantages. | D.Differences. |
A.Organic harvests per unit are greater than traditional harvests. |
B.Organic farming needs more farmland to feed a country. |
C.Global warming could be brought under control. |
D.Land was not used in a responsible way. |
A.Stopping using pesticides. |
B.Eating less organic produce. |
C.Going back to traditional farming. |
D.Adopting mixed farming methods. |
【推荐2】Sharon recently had a good year for tomatoes. She and her family had eaten and canned so many that they had begun to feel their skin turn slightly red. That’s when she decided it was time to share her blessings. She started calling everyone she knew. When that failed, she began asking everyone in the neighborhood, eventually finding a neighbor delighted to have the tomatoes. “Feel free to take whatever you want,” Sharon told her. Later that day, Sharon found that her garden had indeed been harvested. She felt happy that she could help someone and that the food didn’t go to waste.
A few days later, the neighbor knocked at the door holding a loaf of bread, smiling, “I want to thank you for all of the tomatoes, and I have to admit that I took a few other things and hoped you wouldn’t mind.” Sharon couldn’t think of anything else in her garden that had been worth harvesting and said so. “Oh, but you did,” the neighbor said. “You had some of the prettiest zucchinis(西葫芦) I’ve ever seen.”
Sharon was confused. They hadn’t even planted any zucchini. But her neighbor insisted that there really were bright-green zucchinis in her garden. Sharon felt curious and decided to go to see where the zucchinis had grown. The two of them walked together into the backyard. When the neighbor pointed at the long green vegetables, Sharon smiled, “Well, actually, those are cucumbers that we never harvested, because they got too big, soft and bitter for eating.”
The neighbor looked at Sharon. She gulped(倒吸气) a few times, and then, smiling, held out the bread, part of a batch(一批) she had shared all over the neighborhood, “I brought you a nice loaf of cucumber bread. I hope you like it.”
1. What did Sharon do with the tomatoes finally?A.She made them canned after their skin turned slightly red. |
B.She shared them with everyone she knew. |
C.She had a neighbor pick them and took them away. |
D.She harvested them and sold them to her neighbors. |
A.share with Sharon the bread made with tomatoes |
B.thank her and apologize for taking other things besides tomatoes |
C.remind Sharon to harvest the zucchinis in Sharon’s garden |
D.ask for more tomatoes from Sharon’s garden |
A.She took cucumbers from Sharon’s garden without permission. |
B.She mistook cucumbers for zucchinis. |
C.She made bread with zucchinis and cucumbers. |
D.She shared bread all over the neighborhood. |
A.The neighbor was embarrassed. |
B.The neighbor was moved. |
C.The neighbor was frightened. |
D.The neighbor felt guilty. |
【推荐3】Vertical (垂直的) farming involves using vertically piled layers and other innovative resources to help your crops grow.
Reduce water usage. Watering a vertical garden is easy, simple, and uses less water. If your plants are grown in a traditional way, you’ll need lots of water to keep up with your plants’ growth.
Save space. As a small, house owner, space is a big concern. However, vertical farming ensures that you can create a garden in your home and fully enjoy the experience.
Cut down on chemicals and pesticides. Vertical gardens will not require you to invest in pesticides and chemical fertilizers to keep your plants alive. In addition, insects will not have easy access to your plants since you’ll be gardening in a controlled environment.
A.Increase food production. |
B.Produce food consistently. |
C.Having a garden means you need to work with the space available. |
D.It comes in handy without causing any inconvenience to your living arrangements. |
E.However, if you invest in vertical farming, your water usage will dramatically drop. |
F.So the food grown is organic and safe for consumption making it an excellent choice. |
G.It enables you to take full advantage of walls and spaces that would otherwise stay useless. |
【推荐1】In February of 1942, Mexican farmer Dionisio Pulido thought he heard thunder coming from his cornfield. However, the sound wasn’t coming from the sky. The source was a large smoking break sending out gas and pushing out rocks. This opening would come to be known as the volcano Paricutin, and over the next 9 years, its lava and ash would cover over 200 square km. But where did this new volcano come from, and what caused its unpredictable eruption?
One of the most common causes of an eruption is an increase in magmastatic (静磁) pressure. Magma (岩浆) contains various elements and compounds. At high enough concentrations,compounds like water or sulfur (硫) form high-pressure gas bubbles. When these balls of gas reach the surface, they can burst with the force of a gunshot. And when millions of bubbles explode, the energy can send ash into the air. But before they pop or burst, they act like bubbles of CO2 in a shaken soda.
Not all eruptions are due to rising magmastatic pressure- sometimes the weight of the rock above can become dangerously low. Landslides can remove massive quantities of rock from atop a magma chamber or room, dropping the pressure and instantly touching off an eruption. This process is known as “unloading” and it’s been responsible for numerous eruptions, including the sudden explosion of Mount St. Helens in 1980. But unloading can also happen over longer periods of time due heating ice or melting glaciers. In fact, many geologists are worried that glacial melt caused by climate change could increase volcanic activity.
Unfortunately, knowing what causes eruptions doesn’t make them easy to predict. While scientists can roughly determine the strength and weight of the Earth’s crust (地壳), the depth and heat of magma chambers makes measuring changes in magmastatic pressure very difficult. But volcanologists are constantly exploring new technology to overcome this rocky field. Advances in thermal imaging (热成像) have allowed scientists to detect underground hotspots. Spectrometers can analyze gases escaping mag ma. Hopefully, these tools will help us better understand these gas breaks and their explosive eruptions.
1. Why does the author mention the story of a farmer in the first paragraph?A.To show the power of volcano eruption. |
B.To introduce the topic. |
C.To introduce the volcano Paricutin. |
D.To explain the reason. |
A.The bubbles of CO2. | B.The ash of the volcano. |
C.Gas bubbles of compounds. | D.The elements of a soda. |
A.Landslides should be responsible for its eruption. |
B.It began to explode over a long period of time. |
C.The process of “unloading” occurred after its explosion. |
D.The weight of the rock above it increased as to cause its eruption. |
A.Scientists can determine the eruption of volcano in advance. |
B.It is quite difficult to measure the weight of the Earth’s crust. |
C.Spectrometers can help scientists to detect underground hotspots. |
D.Scientists are positive about further study of volcano eruption. |
【推荐2】Loch Ness, the largest freshwater lake in the British Isles, is twenty- four miles long and at one point, one mile wide. It has an average depth of four hundred and fifty feet and at times drops close to a thousand.It is cold and murky (混沌的), with dangerous currents. In short, it is the perfect place to hide a monster from even the sharpest eyes of science.
The Loch Ness Monster, also called Nessie, is supposedly living in this area. The earliest recorded sighting of the Loch Ness Monster was in the biography of Life of St.Columba by Adamnan in the year A.D.565. The monster apparently attacked a man who was swimming in the River Ness.
The monster didn’t make headlines again until August 27, 1930, when 3 fishermen reported seeing a creature with 20 feet long approaching their boat, throwing water in the air. In 1933, after a new road was built along the edge of the Loch, the number of reports rose suddenly. Early in 1934, Author Grant, a young student, was out on his motorcycle one evening when he almost ran into the monster as it crossed the road. Grant’s description of the thing — small head, long thin neck and tail with a big body, seemed to match the appearance of the plesiosaur (蛇颈龙), an aquatic (水生的) type of dinosaur that has been extinct for 65 million years.
The Loch Ness Investigation Bureau was formed in 1962 to act as a research organization for information about the creature. Even now, efforts have continued to find the monster. A great deal of information was discovered about the Loch, but there isn’t any yet to produce any specific evidence of a monster.
Skeptics (怀疑论者) argue that the water in the Loch is too cold for a plesiosaur to live in. They also argue that an air-breathing animal, like a whale or seal, would spend much more time on the surface than the creature seems to, and would be spotted more often.
Some scientists have wondered if the sightings might be caused by an underwater wave which is known to sometimes occur in deep, long, and cold lakes, like Loch Ness. Such a wave might push debris (废弃物) to the surface that might look like a strange animal. However, none of these is identified.
1. Which of the following is the CORRECT order for the things that happened in the passage?a. A young student met with a monster crossing the road.
b. A swimmer was attacked by a monster in Loch Ness.
c. A new road was built along the edge of the Loch.
d. The Loch Ness Investigation Bureau was set up.
e. Three fishermen saw a creature swimming towards their boat.
A.b, e, c, a, d | B.a, b, e, d, c |
C.b, d, a, c, e | D.d, c, e, b, a |
A.It is impossible for a monster to live in cold water. |
B.The Loch Ness Monster often stays under the water. |
C.The Loch Ness Monster is an air-breathing animal. |
D.There is no so-called monster in Loch Ness. |
A.The natural scenery of Loch Ness. |
B.The Nessie. |
C.Skeptics’ opinions on Loch Ness Monster. |
D.The Loch Ness Investigation Bureau’s research results. |
【推荐3】The hands of nature have always sculpted works of breathtaking beauty, creating an unusual sight at the home of Santa Claus.
A rare collection of “ice eggs” recently took over a beach in Finland, the result of highly particular conditions according to The Guardian.
Amateur photographer Risto Mattila was among those who came across the icy balls on Hailuoto Island in the Gulf of Bothnia between Finland and Sweden.
“The biggest of the eggs was about the size of a football,” Mattila told The Guardian. “It was an amazing view. I have never seen that phenomenon before.”
The “eggs” are created by a rare process in which small pieces of ice are rolled over by wind and water, experts said. It needs the right air temperature (below zero, but only a bit), the right water temperature (near freezing point), a shallow and gently sloping sandy beach and calm waves, maybe a light swell, said Jouni Vainio, an ice specialist at the Finnish Meteorological Institute.
It also needs something to act as the core. The core begins to collect ice around it and the swell moves it along the beach, forward and backward. A small ball’s surface gets wet, freezes and becomes bigger, Vainio added.
Autumn is the perfect season to observe the phenomenon, according to James Carter, emeritus professor of geography-geology at Illinois State University, as this is when ice starts to form on the surface of water, causing a form of slush when moved by waves.
Similar sights have also been found in Russia and on Lake Michigan near Chicago. Back in 2016, local residents of Nyda in Siberia saw giant balls of ice and snow covering an 18-kilometer stretch of coastline, ranging from the size of a tennis ball to almost 1 meter across. Chinese netizens, stunned by the magic of nature, said everyone is duty-bound to protect the environment so nature will reward us with more surprises. Some would like to touch these icy balls themselves, joking that “If there are ice eggs, there are ice chickens.”
1. How are the ice eggs formed?A.Small pieces of ice are rolled over by wind and water. |
B.They are set by photographer Risto Mattila. |
C.Little cores begin to collect snow around them and the swell moves them along the beach. |
D.Drops of cold rain get frozen and then roll to the beach. |
A.People can enjoy the unusual sights in different parts of the world. |
B.The formation of ice eggs needs a lot of conditions. |
C.The appearance of ice eggs shows a disastrous phenomenon. |
D.Some specialists began to do some research about the unusual phenomenon. |
A.Chickens hatch out of eggs. |
B.If everyone protects the environment, nature will reward us with more surprises. |
C.Nature can create both eggs and chickens. |
D.In future, ice eggs and ice chickens will appear at the same time. |
A.A diary. | B.A guidebook. | C.A novel. | D.A web page. |