When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get good scores on certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in a new or upsetting situation. If we want to test intelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of how much he knows what to do.
For instance, when in a new situation, an intelligent person thinks about the situation, not about himself or what might happen to him. He tries to find out all he can, and then he acts immediately and tries to do something about it. He probably isn’t sure how it will all work out, but at least he tries. And, if he can’t make things work out right, he doesn’t feel ashamed that he failed; he just tries to learn from his mistakes. An intelligent person, even if he is very young, has a special outlook on life, a special feeling about life, and knows how he fits into it.
If you look at children, you’ll see great differences between what we call “bright” children and “not-bright” children. They are actually two different kinds of people, not just the same kind with different amount of intelligence. For example, the bright child really wants to find out about life—he tries to get in touch with everything around him. But the unintelligent child keeps more to himself and his own dream world; he seems to have a wall between him and life in general.
1. According to this passage, intelligence is ________.| A．the ability to know what to do |
| B．the ability to do well in school |
| C．the ability to deal with life |
| D．the ability to get high scores on some tests |
| A．knows more about what might happen to him |
| B．is sure of the result he will get |
| C．concentrates on what to do about the situation |
| D．cares more about himself |
| A．try not to feel ashamed | B．learn from his experiences |
| C．try to find all he could | D．make sure what result he would get |
| A．are two different types of children |
| B．are different mainly in their degree of cleverness |
| C．have difference only in their way of thinking |
| D．have different knowledge about the world |
| A．how to determine what intelligence is |
| B．how education should be conducted |
| C．how to solve practical problems |
| D．how an unintelligent person should be taught |
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【推荐1】With their long histories, the United Kingdom’s universities have earned reputation and become favored destinations for many international students. However, while many people dream of attending these institutions, a growing number of the schools have fallen victim to cheating scandals (丑闻) in recent years.
The Telegraph reported that investigations for cheating have risen at Leeds University, from 127 in 2014/15 to 516 last year. Over the same period, cases at Queen Mary University of London increased from 104 to 248, and Nottingham University tripled to 514.
The increase has been linked to the rise of essay mills (论文作坊). These are companies that, for a fee, provide original essays, written by real people, for specific university assignments. Widely advertised on social media, these essay mills target those who struggle with their university workloads.
Even though many students have the ability to complete work on their own, it is believed that the pressure of too many deadlines and a lack of discipline encourage them to use essay mills.
In response, many universities have introduced new measures, such as oral exams to test students’ knowledge of assignments and subject areas. New software is also helping catch cheaters. Currently, most UK universities use Turnitin to check assignments for plagiarism (剽窃). Now it is being used to analyze students’ natural writing styles. This way, it may detect abnormal changes in their written assignments.
Despite the risks, essay mills seem like an easy ticket to a degree. However, a majority do not deliver the A+ essays they promise, and students are vulnerable to being cheated and blackmail (敲诈). According to the BBC, multiple Coventry University students were blackmailed up to $5,000 (35,190 yuan) after using an essay-writing service last year.
A Nottingham University spokesman told the Guardian, “The best way to deal with essay mills is for the government to legislate (立法) against them and block their webpages at a national level.”
Currently, these sites are legal in the UK, but other countries, including New Zealand and Australia, have banned them altogether. Students in Australia could even face two years in jail and a $210,000 fine if found guilty of cheating.
1. Why do many students turn to essay mills, according to the writer?| A．Because they want to pay for top marks. |
| B．Because essay mills are popular on social media. |
| C．Because they find college work is too difficult. |
| D．Because they have heavy workloads and they are undisciplined. |
| A．knowing little about something |
| B．paying close attention to something |
| C．well prepared for something |
| D．likely to suffer from something |
| A．The government should make laws to ban them. |
| B．Students found guilty of cheating should be put into jail. |
| C．Teachers should change the way of testing their students. |
| D．Universities should better manage their campus websites. |
| A．The increase of cheating at UK universities. |
| B．The rise of essay mills in the UK. |
| C．Pressures faced by students in the UK. |
| D．Attitudes toward plagiarism in different countries. |
【推荐2】A large body of research has been developed in recent years to explain many aspects of willpower. Most of the researchers exploring self-control do so with an obvious goal in mind: How can willpower be strengthened? If willpower is truly a limited resource, as the research suggests, what can be done to make it stay strong?
Avoiding temptation (诱惑) is an effective method for maintaining self-control, which is called the "out of sight, out of mind" principle. One recent study, for instance, found office workers less attracted to candy in the desk drawer than that on top of their desks, in plain sight.
The research suggesting that we possess a limited reservoir of self-control raises a troubling question. When we face too many temptations, are we to fail? Not necessarily. Researchers don't believe that one's willpower is ever completely exhausted. Rather, people appear to hold some willpower in reserve, saved for future demands. The right motivation allows us to tap into those reserves, allowing us to carry on even when our self-control strength has been run down. High motivation might help overcome weakened willpower-at least to a point.
Willpower may also be made less vulnerable (脆弱) to being exhausted in the first place.
Researchers who study self-control often describe it as being like a muscle that gets tired with heavy use. But there is another aspect to the muscle comparison, they say. While muscles become exhausted by exercise in the short term, they are strengthened by regular exercise in the long term. Similarly, regular practices of self-control may improve willpower strength.
The evidence from willpower-exhaustion studies also suggests that making a list of resolutions on New Year's Eve is the worst possible approach. Being exhausted in one area can reduce willpower in other areas, so it makes more sense to focus on a single goal at a time. In other words, don't try to quit smoking, adopt a healthy diet and start a new exercise plan at the same time. Taking goals one by one is a better approach. Once a good habit is in place, Baumeister says, you'll no longer need to draw on your willpower to maintain the behavior. Eventually healthy habits will become routine, and won't require making decisions at all.
1. From the studies in the passage we learn that ________.| A．people have unlimited self-control | B．high motivation ensures one's success |
| C．too many temptations often lead to failure | D．willpower is hardly completely exhausted |
| A．put up with | B．make up for |
| C．make use of | D．keep away from |
| A．to explain the benefits of practicing self-control |
| B．to show the significance of regular exercise |
| C．to argue that self-control can be easily used up |
| D．to prove the long-term effect of willpower |
| A．"I will give up dessert and do exercise." |
| B．"I will set three goals this new semester." |
| C．"I will read an English novel every month." |
| D．"I will keep myself from any temptation." |
【推荐3】Teenagers are not only an extremely valuable resource of energy, good will and creativity, but also the key to our future. In a culture that is so wrapped around "wants” and “achievements", it is easy for our teenagers to grow up without a sense of gratitude for what they have and sympathy for the needs of the less fortunate around them.
Choosing the right service opportunity can influence how your teen interacts with that cause, and make volunteering go forward.
Research has shown that teens who engage in community service are more responsible. Volunteering helps the teens gain new skills necessary for the job market such as leadership, communication skills, dependability, time management, and decision making.
| A．Stick to a volunteering activity regularly. |
| B．Teens can schedule their own chances. |
| C．Make sure you lead by example. |
| D．Teens who volunteer perform better at school. |
| E．So consider their abilities, interests, and time. |
| F．Volunteering makes teens desire to be independent. |
| G．However, volunteering can offer a chance for them to make some changes. |
【推荐1】As any cat owner will tell you, talking to your cat is totally normal. And even though feline(猫) friends may seem distant to these adoring talks, a new study in Animal Cognition suggests they are really listening.
Researchers in France exposed house cats to recordings of their owner or a stranger saying phrases in cat-or human-directed speech. Like baby talk, cat-directed speech is typically higher pitched with short, repetitive phrases. The team found that felines tended to react to their owner speaking in cat-directed speech—but not to their owner speaking in adult tones or to a stranger using either adult-or cat-directed speech.
Previous research had shown similar findings in dogs, but much less is known when it comes to cats. “Some people still consider cats independent—you cannot have a real relationship with cats,” says lead study author Charlotte Mouzon, a cat behaviorist at the University of Paris Nanterre. Some people might be embarrassed about using special vocalizations for cats, she says, but this research shows “people shouldn’t be ashamed.”
Mouzon and her team recorded 16 cat owners saying such as “Do you want to play?” or “Do you want a treat?” in cat-and human-directed speech. Then they filmed each cat before, during and after playing it a series of recordings of its owner and other owners’ speech. The researchers used software to rate the cats’ reactions from multiple dimensions, making the result more convincing.
“Although cats have a reputation for ignoring their owners, a growing body of research indicates that cats pay close attention to humans,” says Kristyn Vitale, a cat behavior scientist at Unity College in Maine, who was not involved in the study. “Cats can learn that specific speech has certain meanings.” But she notes the study is too small and that future work is needed to expand the research to other cat populations.
1. According to paragraph 2, what do house cats respond obviously to?| A．The owner’s cat-directed tone. | B．A stranger’s human-directed talks. |
| C．A stranger’s cat-directed recordings. | D．The owner’s human-directed speech. |
| A．Strategies. | B．Trainings. | C．Sounds. | D．Rhymes. |
| A．Continuous filming of cats’ responses. | B．Comprehensive analyses backed by software. |
| C．Multi-dimensional evaluations of cats’ habits. | D．Further reference to previous studies on dogs. |
| A．Lack of sample types. | B．Absence of owners’ support. |
| C．Absence of scientific tools. | D．Lack of experts’ involvement. |
Kay and Charles Giddens, two lawyers, sold their home to start a B&B hotel. Four years later, the couple dishes out banana pancake breakfast, cleans toilets and serves homemade chocolate chip cookies to guests in a B&B hotel surrounded by trees on a hill known for colourful sunsets.
“Do I miss the freeways? Do I miss the traffic? Do I miss the stress? No,” says Ms. Giddens, “This is a phenomenon that’s fairly widespread. A lot of people are revaluating their lives and figuring out what they want to do. If their base is being damaged, what’s the payoff?”
Simple living ranges from cutting down on weeknight activities to sharing housing, living closer to work, avoiding shopping malls, borrowing books from the library instead of buying them, and taking a cut in pay to work at a more pleasurable job.
Vicki Robin, a writer, lives on a budget equal to a fifth of what she used to make. “You become conscious about where your money is going and how valuable it is,” Ms. Robin says, “You tend not to use things up. You cook at home rather than eat out…”
Janet Luhrs, a lawyer, quit her job after giving birth and leaving her daughter with a nanny for two weeks. “It was not the way I wanted to raise my kids,” she says, “Simplicity is not just about saving money; it’s about me sitting down every night with my kids to a candlelit dinner with classical music.”
Mrs. Luhrs now edits a magazine, Simple Living, which publishes tips on how to buy recycled furniture and shoes, organize potluck dinners instead of expensive receptions, and generally how to consume less.
Mrs. Luhrs explains, “It’s not about poverty. It’s about conscious living and creating the life you want. The less stuff you buy, the less money goes out of the door, and the less money you have to earn.”
1. Kay and Charles Giddens sold their home to ______.
| A．pay off the debt |
| B．start a private hotel |
| C．cut down expenses |
| D．buy living necessities |
| A．building a home library |
| B．living in the countryside |
| C．enjoying a colourful night life |
| D．sharing housing with others |
| A．spends more time with her kids |
| B．has an interest in classical music |
| C．works as a reporter of a magazine |
| D．helps people buy recycled clothes |
The rise of cloud computing is rapid and causing huge changes in the tech industry. The old guard is suffering: this week’s $67 billion merger (合并) between Dell and EMC, makers of computers and storage devices respectively (分别), was a marriage forced by the rise of the cloud. Disruptive (捣乱的) newcomers are blooming: if Amazon’s cloud-computing unit were a stand-alone public company, it would probably be worth almost as much as Dell and EMC combined.
The gains for customers have been equally dramatic. Compared with older IT systems, cloud computing is often much cheaper. It adds tremendous flexibility: firms that need more computing capacity no longer have to spend weeks adding new servers and installing software. In the cloud they can get hold of it in minutes. Their applications can be updated continually, rather than just every few months. Individual users can reach their e-mails, files and photos from any device. And cloud services also tend to be more secure, since providers know better than their customers how to protect their computing systems against hackers.
But cloud computing makes one problem worse. In the old IT world, once a firm or a consumer had decided on an operating system or database, it was difficult and costly to switch to another. In the cloud this “lock-in” is even worse. Cloud providers go to great lengths to make it easy to upload data. They accumulate huge amounts of complex information, which cannot easily be moved to an alternative provider.
Cloud firms also create a world of interconnected services, software and devices, which is convenient but only for as long as you don’t venture (冒险) outside their universe. Being locked in to a provider is risky. Firms can start to tighten the screws by increasing prices. If a cloud provider goes bust (崩溃), its customers may have trouble getting back their data.
These risks have already caused a debate about whether the cloud needs stricter regulation. Some European politicians want to force cloud providers to ensure that data can be moved between them. That is too heavy-handed, because strict rules will inhibit (阻碍) innovation in what is still a young industry. The history of computing suggests that common standards may well appear naturally in response to customers’ demands—just as in personal computers, where it is now much easier to use the same files on different systems.
In the meantime, a few commonsense measures can reduce the risk of lock-in. Firms that use more than one cloud provider to host their data are less affected. So are those that keep their most important information in their own data centres. Consumers can take precautions, too. Some services are better than others at enabling users to move data between providers (Google does well on this score). Cloud computing promises its users many benefits, but don’t mistake it for some sort of digital heaven.
1. The author takes “the merger between Dell and EMC” for example to show ________.
| A．the influence of cloud computing on computer and storage device makers |
| B．the miserable sufferings of old computer companies |
| C．the rapid development of new computer companies |
| D．the interaction between old companies and newcomers |
| A．pay less for the older IT systems |
| B．gain more computing capacity quickly |
| C．know better about defeating the hackers |
| D．install software within weeks |
| A．it should ensure data can easily be moved to another provider |
| B．it can create a network of services connected with devices |
| C．it may make it difficult for customers to recover their data |
| D．it will discourage an argument about stricter rules |
| A．the European politicians’ advice is perfect |
| B．customers’ demands play a role in setting standards |
| C．lock-in is caused by firms’ storing information in their own centres |
| D．Google enables users to provide services and move data |
| A．Everything has its time and that time must be watched. |
| B．The grass looks greener on the other side of the fence. |
| C．A candle lights others and consumes itself. |
| D．Every white has its black, and every sweet has its sour. |
