Hundreds of millions have rolled up their sleeves for the COVID-19 vaccine, but why haven’t they rolled up their pants instead? What’s he science behind why we get most vaccines in our arm?
Most vaccines are given in the muscle—this is known as an intramuscular injection (肌肉注射). Some vaccines, are given orally. Others are given just beneath the skin.
But why is he muscle so important, and does location matter?
Muscles make an excellent vaccine administration (药物的施用) site because muscle tissue contains important immune cells Thee immune cells recognize the antigen, a tiny piece of a virus or bacteria introduced by the vaccine that stimulates an immune response. In the case of the COVID-19 vaccine the immune cells in the muscle tissue pick up these antigens(抗原) and present therm to the lymph nodes(淋巴结). Injecting the vaccine into muscle tissue keeps the vaccine localized, allowing immune cells to sound the alarm to other immune cells and get to work. Once a vaccine is recognized by the immune cells in the muscle, these cells carry the antigen to lymph vessels, which transport the antigen-carrying immune cells into the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes, important parts of our immune system, contain more immune cells that recognize the antigens in vaccines and start the immune process of creating antibodies.
Muscle tissue also tends to keep vaccine reactions localized. Injecting a vaccine into the deltoid (三角肌) muscle may result in local inflammation(红肿) or soreness at the injection site. If certain vaccines are injected into fat issue, the chance of irritation (刺激) and inflammation reaction increases because fat tissue has poor blood supply, leading to poor absorption of some vaccine components.
Yet another deciding factor in vaccine administration location is the size of the muscle. Adults and children aged three and older tend to receive vaccines in their upper arm in the deltoid. Younger children receive their vaccines mid-thigh(大腿) because their arm muscles are smaller and less developed.
Another consideration during vaccine administration is convenience and patient acceptability. Can you imagine taking down your pants at a clinic with strangers around? Rolling up your sleeve is much easier and more preferred.
1. How many reasons are mentioned for the vaccines given in the muscle?| A．2 | B．3 | C．4 | D．5 |
| A．the lymph nodes | B．the mouth |
| C．the arm | D．the thigh |
| A．recognize | B．gather |
| C．clean up | D．come down with |
| A．Don’t be afraid of injection |
| B．why we get shots in the arm |
| C．An interesting secret to injection |
| D．How vaccines are given into the muscle |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Imagine you need milk, so you go to the grocery store to pick some up, only to find there are dozens of options. These days, you have to make a decision on not only the percentage of fat you want, but also what source you want your milk to be coming from: cows, soybeans... You have no idea what milk to pick. There are so many choices that you are confused.
This phenomenon is known as the paradox (悖论) of choice and it is becoming a concern in the modern world, where more and more options are becoming easily available to us. While we might believe that being presented with multiple options actually makes it easier to choose one that we are happy with, and thus increases consumer satisfaction, having too many options actually requires more effort to make a decision and can leave us feeling unsatisfied with our choice.
The idea was popularized by American psychologist Barry Schwartz when he published his book, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. Schwartz, who has long studied the ways in which economics and psychology intersect (交叉), became interested in seeing the way that choices were affecting the happiness of citizens in Western societies. He identified that the range of choices that we have available to us these days is far greater than that people had in the past; however, consumer satisfaction has not increased as much as traditional economics theories might expect.
Schwartz identified that the paradox of choice carries the most consequence for people that are maximizers. Maximizers, unlike satisficers, are concerned with making the best choice instead of simply making a choice that they are happy with. When there are many options available to maximizers, it becomes harder for them to determine which is the best, which can cause them to feel a great deal of regret after they have made a choice.
Instead of believing that freedom of choice is unlimited, Schwartz advocates that the role of psychology and behavioral economics should be to find the kind of limitations on freedom that can lead to the greatest level of happiness within society.
1. What’s the author’s purpose in mentioning buying milk in paragraph 1?| A．To lead in the topic. |
| B．To draw a conclusion. |
| C．To show that we have more choices when shopping. |
| D．To indicate that people pay greater attention to health when shopping. |
| A．More options mean less satisfaction. |
| B．Consumer satisfaction has greatly increased. |
| C．People are happy with more choices. |
| D．Modern people are happier than their ancestors. |
| A．They aim for the very best. | B．They tend to follow their feelings. |
| C．They often regret their decisions. | D．They have trouble making a decision. |
| A．Hold on to their beliefs. | B．Accept their own behavior. |
| C．Give up freedom. | D．Limit their own choices. |
【推荐2】An article published recently in the scientific journal Nature is shedding new light on an important, but so far little has been appreciated, aspect of human evolution. In this article, Professors Dennis Bramble, and Daniel Lieberman suggest that the ability to run was a decisive factor in the development of our species. According to the two scientists, humans possess a number of anatomical (人体结构的) features that make them surprisingly good runners. “We are very confident that strong selection for running, which came at the expense of the historical ability to live in trees — was helpful in the origin of the modern human body form,” says Bramble, a biology professor at the University of Utah.
Traditional thinking up to now has been that the upright body form of modern humans has come about as a result of the ability to walk, and that running is simply a by-product of walking. Furthermore, humans have usually been regarded as poor runners compared to such animals as dogs, horses or antelopes. However, this is only true if we consider fast running over short distances. Even Olympic athlete can hardly run as fast as a horse can gallop, and can only keep up a top speed for fifteen seconds or so. Horses and antelopes, on the other hand, can run at top speed for several minutes, clearly outperforming us in this respect. But when it comes to long-distance running, humans do astonishingly well. They can maintain a steady pace for miles, and their overall speed compares favorably with that of horses or dogs.
Bramble and Lieberman examined twenty-six anatomical features found in humans. One of the most interesting of these is the nuchal ligament (颈背的韧带). When we run, it is this ligament that prevents our head from pitching back and forth or from side to side. Therefore, we are able to run with steady heads held high. The nuchal ligament is not found in any other surviving primates (灵长类动物), although the fossil (化石) record shows that Homo erectus, an early human species that walked upright, much as we do, also had one. Then there are our Achilles tendons (跟腱) at the backs of our legs, which have nothing to do with walking. When we run, these tendons behave like springs, helping to push us forward. Furthermore, we have low, wide shoulders, virtually disconnected from our skulls (the bony part of the head), another anatomical adaptation which allows us to run more efficiently.
But what evolutionary advantage is gained from being good long-distance runners? One assumption is that this ability may have permitted early humans to obtain food more effectively. “What these features and fossil facts appear to be telling us is that running evolved in order for our direct ancestors to compete with other carnivores (animals that eat meat) for access to the protein needed to grow the big brains that we enjoy today.” says Lieberman.
1. We can learn from the passage that the human ability to run _______.| A．was only recently described in a scientific journal |
| B．played an important part in human evolution |
| C．was considered more natural than the ability to live in trees |
| D．contributed to the form of human language |
| A．are better runners than most other animals |
| B．are not good at running short distances |
| C．compare unfavorably with horses and dogs |
| D．are poor long-distance runners |
| A．enables us to run with steady heads |
| B．is found in modern primates only |
| C．prevents the head from being held high |
| D．is a unique feature of carnivores |
| A．early humans had an advantage in obtaining food thanks to the running ability |
| B．fossils help us better understand human evolution. |
| C．our Achilles tendons are an adaptation for running efficiently |
| D．big brains may have been evolved for running long-distance |
【推荐3】How do you feel about bees? Do you get annoyed when they fly around you and do you fear their mission is just to sting (叮) you?
Bees deserve some respect. They give us honey, and they play their part either pollinating (授粉) the many vegetables and fruits we eat directly or pollinating the food for the animals that we then consume.
Conservationists hope, going forward, people will appreciate bees more and encourage them to do well as they reconnect with nature. Gill Perkins says, “They are beginning to realise how their mental health and wellbeing is supported by nature — particularly by bumblebees (大黄蜂), which are so beautiful and buzzy.”
| A．A small number of bee species are essential for crops such as apples and strawberries. |
| B．The bees busied themselves at making honey. |
| C．So, it really seems time to give bees a second chance. |
| D．In fact, they are the world’s most important pollinators. |
| E．The words remind people of this saying “honey is sweet but the bee stings”. |
| F．Love them or dislike them, these little insects are extremely important creatures. |
| G．Unfortunately, in recent times, bee populations have been declining due to pesticides, disease and habitat loss. |
【推荐1】Going to school means learning new skills and facts in different subjects. Teachers teach and students learn, and many scientists are interested in finding ways to improve both teaching and learning processes.
Sian Beilock and Susan Leving, two psychologists at the University of Chicago, are trying to learn about learning. In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, Beilock and Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn: If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math. “If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers in later grade, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement.” Levine told Science News. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are, then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn—and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.
The new study involved 65 girls, 52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers: To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example, was probably anxious about math.
Boys, on average, were unaffected by a teacher’s anxiety. On average, girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did. Plus, on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy, 20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math—and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers with math anxiety.
According to surveys done before this one, college students who want to become elementary school teachers have the highest levels of anxiety about math. Plus, nine of every 10 elementary teachers are women, Levine said.
1. Sian Beilock and Susan Levine carried out the new research in order to ___________.| A．know the effects of teaching on learning | B．study students’ ways of learning math |
| C．prove women teachers are unfit to teach math | D．find better teaching methods for teachers |
| A．end up learning math anxiety from their teachers |
| B．study the ways their female teachers behave |
| C．have an influence on their math-anxious female teachers |
| D．gain unexpected achievement in such subjects as math |
| A．Prepare two math achievement tests for the students |
| B．Tell their feelings about math problems |
| C．Answer whether a math superstar had to be a boy |
| D．Compare the students’ scores after the math tests |
| A．No male students were affected by their teachers’ anxiety |
| B．Almost all the girls got lower scores in the tests than the boys |
| C．About 30% of the girls thought boys are better at math than girls |
| D．Girls with math-anxious teachers all failed in the math tests |
| A．117 students and teachers took part in the new study |
| B．The researchers felt surprised at the findings of their study |
| C．Beilock and Levine are interested in teaching math |
| D．Men teachers are better at teaching math than women teachers |
【推荐2】Binge-watching (刷剧) is when a person watches more than one episode of a show in a row. With developments in the speed and connectivity of the Internet, increases in technology and the rise of on-demand entertainment companies, people can now have their favorite shows stream (流播) directly to their television at their convenience.
This behavior is nothing new. In fact, binge-watching has been officially listed in dictionaries since 2015. The entertainment companies recognize this behavior and many take steps to encourage it. Often, instead of releasing each episode on a week-by-week basis, an entire series will become available concurrently. Once the episode finishes, many platforms will display pop-ups with “you might like” suggestions, or will automatically play the next episode.
However, recent research suggests that out of the more than half of British adults who watch more than one episode of a show back-to-back (一集接一集地), almost a third have admitted missing sleep or becoming tired as a result; and 25% have neglected their household chores (家务活). Next we’ll be missing work!
Bingeing has other connections — binge eating, binge drinking and binge smoking. All of them are often associated with a lack of control and a possible route to addiction. Lindsey Fussell, consumer group director, said, “The days of waiting a week for the next episode are largely gone, with people finding it hard to resist (抗拒) watching multiple episodes around the house or on the move.” If people find binge-watching hard to resist, are we witnessing the birth of a new type of addiction?
The countless number of information and entertainment that television and online media can bring us is, many would say, a good thing. However, when the activity begins to bleed into other areas, causing us to stop functioning, then it becomes a problem. So, what’s the answer? Moderation! Neither a tiny amount, nor too much. After all, as the old proverb says, “A little of what you fancy does you good.”
1. How did the writer develop the first paragraph?| A．By giving a definition. | B．By telling a story. |
| C．By listing some examples. | D．By analyzing the cause and effect. |
| A．For convenience. | B．At the same time. |
| C．In detail. | D．Free of charge. |
| A．people can’t control their feelings | B．people can’t resist the temptation of Bingeing |
| C．people have no patience to do work | D．people are addicted to waiting for a new episode |
| A．To keep online media from stopping functioning. |
| B．To enjoy entertainment as much as possible. |
| C．To learn life lessons from the episodes. |
| D．To watch episodes in a moderate way. |
【推荐3】Black taxis have been a common sight in London for decades. Now these taxis and their drivers have become the focus of a new exploration into Alzheimer’s (阿兹海默症). For those on the outside, it may seem that behind the wheel of these black taxis are just regular people who help move us to our destinations. But within their brains is a map of London’s streets that has put GPS technology to shame for decades.
“The Knowledge”, the test for London’s taxi drivers, stands among the hardest mental examinations one could ever undergo. It involves recalling information repeatedly from the memory of minute details about 56,0000 streets in London, from Trafalgar Square to the tiniest residential lanes.
Normally, the hippocampus (海马体) feels the effects of Alzheimer’s most. University College London and Alzheimer’s Research UK are studying these taxi drivers’ brains, as it has been found that the hippocampus controlling the brain’s short-term memory and spatial (空间的) memory systems is enlarged in their brains. Moreover, the taxi drivers’ hippocampi continue to enlarge as they go on doing the job for more years, suggesting that perhaps there’s something we can do to reproduce the effect in the general population.
Lead researcher Hugo Spiers was part of the team which 20 years ago found that, like birds and squirrels, the taxi drivers’ hippocampi gradually got bigger. Indeed, research has found for years that any animal that requires a detailed spatial knowledge of their territory experiences growth in the hippocampus.
Spiers’ team hopes to deal with Alzheimer’s by studying the taxi drivers’ brains. To collect more information on the mechanisms (机制) that cause the “brain gain”, Spiers has asked thirty of London’s taxi drivers connected to an MRI machine to drive around on their routes. The machine will allow the researchers to gather real time observations of the workings of the hippocampus. “It’s been a joy to help scientists fight with the disease,” said taxi driver Robert Lordan.
1. What can we say about “The Knowledge”?| A．It lasts for a few minutes only. | B．It is usually held in London’s busy streets. |
| C．It is a great challenge to people’s memory. | D．It invites some residents in London to be judges. |
| A．They are more likely to be harmed. | B．They grow in the taxi drivers’ careers. |
| C．They benefit from daily communication most. | D．They are poor at controlling short-term memory. |
| A．To imply the new study benefits the animal kingdom as well. |
| B．To point out that more studies on animals’ brains are needed. |
| C．To show animals’ hippocampi are very different from humans’. |
| D．To prove the use of certain knowledge influences brain development. |
| A．To figure out who has the largest hippocampus. |
| B．To know how Alzheimer’s develops in their brains. |
| C．To find out how their hippocampi perform at work. |
| D．To test whether the special machine is effective. |
【推荐1】It’s uncertain when many offices may reopen, but it’s clear the virtual work revolution that began with the pandemic isn’t going away.
Alexia Cambon,research director at Gartner, says finding the right combination of in-person and virtual work will take creativity and experimentation. Managing director Deborah Lovich stresses that companies should consider that flexibility is not only about location, but also about the hours employees work.
Alexia also points out the importance of finding solutions for a whole team. “What COVID-19 taught us is that flex work cannot be for an individual. It has to be for the team,” she says. “When the whole team is together online versus a whole team together in person,it works.”
Progressive organizations are also reconsidering their workplace culture. “They’re thinking about changing culture and leadership to be much more trust-based, impact-based, instead of input-based,like,I see you,so I think you’re productive,’ compared to, ‘Wow, I see what you’ve accomplished,and I know you’ve been productive,””Lovich says.
Lovich sees remote work as a “win-win” for cmployees who get more flexibility and employers who can hire people from anywhere in the country or even the world. She views it as creating equality in terms of allowing small towns to attract talent and offering more opportunity for women to climb the corporate ladder without having to relocate their families, something that she says often takes a back seat in a dual-career houschold.
Companies that require a return to a fully on-site model could lose one in three employees.Lovich agrees that employers need to be careful. “It’s an employee’s market right now. The world is short of workers,and because of that we should really think about what we need and feel confident and courageous to speak up. And a lot of companies are getting that, and so it’s a real opportunity to either shape the place you work to be the place it needs to be or go someplace else that does,”Lovich says.“For decades,we’ve been contorting(扭曲)our lives to fit around work， and COVID-19 forced work to fit around lives．”
1. What does Alexia emphasize according to the text?| A．How to make virtual work go away soon. |
| B．How to create virtual work cooperatively. |
| C．How to combine virtual work with science. |
| D．How to find the best location for virtual work |
| A．To take control of the development of virtual work. |
| B．To compare company culture with firm leadership. |
| C．To make employees feel trusted and develop positively. |
| D．To persuade more companies to choose virtual work soon. |
| A．It is attractive to all employees. | B．It is just beneficial to employers. |
| C．It is popular among small firms. | D．It benefits both bosses and workers. |
| A．Virtual work is here to stay. | B．Advantages of virtual work. |
| C．Be far away from flexibility. | D．A“win-win“ change for business. |
【推荐2】English Poetry Competition of 2022
Enter your poem for a chance to win something! Our poetry contest is held twice a year. Write a poem about how the pandemic (疫情) has changed your life.
Prizes
The contest awards one first place prize of $2,000 and a first prize wall plaque ($100 value); twenty second place prizes of $100 each and a second place wall plaque ($75 value); one hundred third place winners of a third place wall plaque ($25 value).
Rules
Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification (取消资格).
IMPORTANT:
☆Poet must be at least thirteen years of age.
☆Only one poem per person, per family is allowed.
☆A poem in its entirety must be an original work by the person centering the contest.
☆All entries are judged anonymously (匿名地). Please do not include your name, address, phone number, etc., or your entry will be disqualified.
Deadline: Email your entry by 31st May 2022.
Length: 42 lines max. No minimum. Title not included in the line count.
Format: Entries must be typed. We do not accept handwritten submissions.
Fees: £10 per poem.
Judging: The judges’ decision is final and no individual correspondence (通信) can be entered into. Judges are unable to comment on individual entries. Judging is fair.
Copyright: Worldwide copyright of each entry remains with the author but the Bridport Prize has unrestricted rights to publish the winning and highly praised poems.
1. What can we learn about the poetry competition?| A．It takes place every two years. |
| B．It focuses on personal growth. |
| C．Poets have to pay for it |
| D．It gives feedback on each entry. |
| A．One. | B．Two. | C．Three. | D．Four. |
| A．Typing your poem out. |
| B．Writing a poem of 40 lines. |
| C．Emailing your entry on March 30. |
| D．Including personal information in your entry. |
【推荐3】More Chinese seniors are exploring the use of the payment service of WeChat, China's leading messaging and social media app, according to a study released on Saturday. The study, conducted by the National Institute of Social Development of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, aimed to learn about the digital life of the elderly population in the post-pandemic(后疫情)period. Over 90 percent of the surveyed seniors watch videos online, over 80 percent read novels and articles online, and at least23.26 percent play mobile games with almost no objections from their children.
The study showed a growing number of seniors are using WeChat Pay and their sum total payment through it is increasing rapidly. 81.48 percent of elderly users said they confirm online information before paying; at the same time, 62.34 percent of elderly users check the information using tools like websites and mobile apps.
The report found in the post-pandemic period seniors live rather differently depending on their adaptability to new technologies. Some seniors manage to master skills, including scanning QR codes,texting and checking the weather app, while some have to reduce going outdoors due to digital incompetence. Still, 95.09 percent of elderly users believe in the importance of learning how to use the internet in a post pandemic setting, and 93.36 percent are confident in learning how to get online using smart phones.
The report also said the digital divide for the elderly attracted the attention of the general public after the COVID-19 outbreak and the authorities have taken action to bridge the divide. In November 2020, the General Office of the State Council issued a plan to solve the difficulties of seniors in using smart technologies. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology later issued a one-year action plan on removing obstacles(障碍) and transforming internet applications to become more senior-friendly.
1. What is the purpose of the study mentioned in Paragraph 1?| A．To analyze how seniors communicate with others. |
| B．To solve the difficulties of seniors in using technology. |
| C．To encourage the elderly to spend more time on mobile phones. |
| D．To survey the eldely's digital life during the post-pandemic time. |
| A．90 percent of seniors read novels and articles online. |
| B．Watching videos online takes up the least of seniors’ time. |
| C．Most of the surveyed seniors are careful when using WeChat Pay. |
| D．Scanning QR codes is the most important skill for seniors. |
| A．They don't know how to use public digital devices. |
| B．They have more fun surfing the Internet at home. |
| C．They don't have smart phones. |
| D．They think it dangerous to be outdoors. |
| A．Rough. | B．Ineffective. |
| C．Considerate. | D．Advanced. |
