We often relate giant solar panels to deserts. But the extreme heat can limit solar panels’ productivity. “It’s like your laptop or your home computer. If it overheats, it slows down. So there’s this tradeoff between having a lot, a lot of sun like in a desert, but if it gets too hot the efficiency of those panels drops.” said Oregon State University ecological engineer Chad Higgins.
His team is interested in where photovoltaic panels should be placed to maximize energy production. In addition to moderate temperatures and sunlight, they found that conditions for the most efficiency include low relative humidity and gentle winds that improve transfer of heat from the panels.
By analyzing satellite data for these four factors, they created a map of possible solar panel productivity for different land types around the globe. Which one is on top? Croplands. It’s a sweet spot where you get a lot of sun but it has a pleasant temperature and that is where you get the most productivity.
Other factors also favor cropland solar. Croplands are often closer to population centers where there is a market for electricity, rather than way off in the desert. Croplands are usually flat and already disturbed. So you don’t have as many ecological protection worries.
Higgins’ team thinks that agriculture and solar can benefit each other, leading to a more sustainable energy future. Higgins hopes the research will help solar companies and farmers work together to feed the world and power it too. A possibility that should brighten anyone’s day.
1. What limits the efficiency of the solar panels built in deserts?A.The high temperature. | B.Long distance of transferring. |
C.Lack of computer control. | D.The quality of the solar panels. |
A.High. | B.Normal. | C.Low. | D.Suitable. |
A.It makes croplands flat. | B.It builds a market for electricity. |
C.It causes less environment concern. | D.It leads to more crop production. |
A.Locations for Photovoltaic Panels |
B.Croplands—a Sweet Place for Solar Panels |
C.Factors in Maximum Productivity of Solar Panels |
D.Connection between Solar Companies and Farmers |
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【推荐1】Over 2,000 years ago, Baiae was the most magnificent resort town in Italy. Wealthy statesmen including Cicero and Caesar were once drawn to its natural springs. But over the centuries, volcanic activity submerged this playground of the Roman nobility, leaving half of it beneath the Mediterranean.
Today, Baiae is one of the world’s few underwater archaeological parks open to visitors wanting to explore the remains of the ancient Roman city. A protected marine area, the site needs to be monitored for damage caused by divers and environmental factors. However, explains Davidde, Italy’s national supervisor for underwater cultural heritage, “Communication underwater is challenging.”
Cabled systems are the most reliable, but they are difficult to maintain and cover a limited operational area. And wireless internet doesn’t work well in water, because of the way water interacts with electromagnetic waves.
So Davidde teamed up with a group of engineers led by Chiara Petrioli, a professor at Sapienza University. Petrioli’s team has developed a network of underwater wireless sensors capable of gathering environmental data and transmitting it to land in real time. The system relies on AI algorithms (算法) to constantly change the network protocol (网络协议). As the sea conditions change, the algorithms adjust the information path, allowing the signal to travel up to two kilometers and data to be sent between transmitters one kilometer apart.
At Baiae, underwater internet allows remote, continuous monitoring of environmental conditions. Besides, it allows divers to communicate with one another and with colleagues above the surface, who can also use the technology to locate them with a high degree of accuracy.
Davidde anticipates that the network will be available to tourists visiting the archaeological site in the coming months. As they swim over the ruins, visitors will use waterproof smart tablets to communicate and to view 3D reconstructions of the ruins.
“Underwater internet has made monitoring of the archaeological site simpler and more efficient,” says Davidde, “At the same time, we can offer the public a new, interactive way to explore the underwater park.”
1. What do we know about Baiae?A.It was noted for natural springs. | B.It is a playground for sports lovers. |
C.It was destroyed by human activity. | D.It is not open to adventurous visitors. |
A.Applications of underwater internet. |
B.Different types of underwater network. |
C.Difficulties of underwater communication. |
D.Conditions of the underwater environment. |
A.Reconstructing the ruins of the underwater park. |
B.Making it easier to monitor archaeological sites. |
C.Bringing more visitors to submerged Roman city. |
D.Only allowing divers to communicate underwater. |
A.To explain underwater communication. |
B.To analyze the effect of climate change. |
C.To introduce a new underwater network. |
D.To attract more visitors to explore Baiae. |
【推荐2】Jason Barnes is a young musician who lives in Georgia. Eight yean ago. Jason lost his right arm just below his elbow in an accident. Jason got a prosthetic (假体的) arm. But this arm could only do a few things. Jason still wanted to play music. So he went to see Gil Weinberg, who makes musical robots. To play the piano, Jason needed five fingers that could move just the way he wanted. This was a big challenge.
Living arms move when muscles respond to commands from the brain. When you think "open fingers", your brain sends electrical signals along nerves. Some prosthetic arms use sensors (传感器) to try to read these nerve signals. But they don't work very well. Nerves are tiny, and their signals are faint. Sensors might be able to tell that you want to move a finger. But they aren't very good at telling which finger you want to move.
Jason doesn't have his hand anymore, but be still has the arm muscles that move his fingers. When Jason thinks about moving his fingers, those muscles still move. To read the muscles inside Jason's arm, the team used ultrasound (超声波). The roboticists taught a computer to read the ultrasound sensor as Jason thought about moving his fingers. The computer learned which muscles moved when Jason wanted his fingers to move in a certain way. Thinking about moving his fingers makes the muscles in his upper arm move. The computer sees the moving muscles and tells the motors in Jason's robotic fingers to move the right way.
The team hopes the "Skywalker hand", their prosthesis, will someday work as well as a real hand. The sensors, motors, and computers inside the hand are not complex. But they need to get smaller and cheaper before lots of these hands can be made. Weinberg and his team are working on this right now. Soon, they hope that anyone who loses a hand will be able to get a new robotic one with five fingers that they can move just by thinking
1. Why did Jason visit Weinberg?A.To save his own life. |
B.To learn to play music. |
C.To study musical robots. |
D.To replace his prosthetic arm. |
A.Moving muscles are simpler to spot than nerves. |
B.Nerve searching techniques have developed fast |
C.Ultrasound sensors vary from finger to finger. |
D.Motors are much quicker to operate. |
A.It'll be easy to make. |
B.It'll be customer-friendly. |
C.It'll be better than real hands. |
D.It'll be controlled by computers. |
A.Negative | B.Tolerant |
C.Objective | D.Unconcerned |
【推荐3】Istanbul citizens have a new way to pay for rides on public transport. You might expect this payment method would have something to do with a smart phone app, but you’d be wrong. Some of Istanbul’s train stations now have vending machines that offer fare credit in exchange for recycling plastic bottles or cans.
To take advantage of this unusual offer, riders need a stored-value transit card (储值公交卡). Since these cards offer discounted fares, almost all riders have them. Passengers can drop their plastic bottles into a machine of this kind, which will give a value to the recycled materials based on their structures and sizes. This vending machine then adds that value to the recycler’s card. After that, the machine cuts the bottles or cans into pieces to prepare them for processing.
Can you pay for your ride with nothing but cans and bottles? It’s possible. According to The New York Times, you’d need more than two dozen standard-size plastic bottles to earn a free trip, so most recycling efforts lead to a discounted fare instead of a free trip.
The first recycling machines were fixed at the ITU-Ayazaga subway station. The city plans to introduce at least 100 more machines in stations and other public places like schools in the near future, according to Lonely Planet. Though the transit cards, called Istanbul Cards, are for subways, you can also use them on other forms of public transport like buses.
Turkey produces the most waste of any European country after Germany and France. Unlike these two countries, recycling is very limited in Turkey. The vending machines are one way that the city plans to encourage recycling. Istanbul’s high technology efforts are the latest in what seems to be becoming a trend.
1. Why are stored-value transit cards popular with Istanbul citizens?A.They make it convenient to pay their daily fees. |
B.They make it cheaper to travel by local public transport. |
C.They help worldwide people to protect the environment. |
D.They help the citizens use vending machines more easily. |
A.In Paragraph 1. | B.In Paragraph 2. |
C.In Paragraphs 3 and 4. | D.In Paragraphs 4 and 5. |
A.It should take more recycling measures against waste. |
B.Its waste production ranks No. 1 worldwide. |
C.Its recycling machines are everywhere. |
D.It doesn’t recycle its waste at all. |
A.Istanbul Needs More Recycling Machines |
B.Environmental Issues Are Serious in Istanbul |
C.Recycling for Fares Program Lets You Ride for Free |
D.Your Recyclables Can Reduce Your Subway Fare Here |
【推荐1】I’m used to seeing small leaps in technological progress, but occasionally, there are things that will still shock me. At the end of last year, a company called Open AI released a truly jaw-dropping demonstration of a new AI technology that feels almost like technology has skipped ahead by a few generations.
This new AI technology is called ChatGPT, a computer program that can understand and respond to human language. It is trained on a lot of text, so it can understand what people are saying and respond in a way that sounds like a real person. What’s even more amazing is that ChatGPT seems frighteningly human in its ability to understand questions and answer them competently. “Write a story about Leonardo da Vinci in the style of Roald Dahl,” you can ask it, and it’ll spin up a pretty good children’s story.
One area where I’ve found ChatGPT to be enormously useful is its ability to write computer code. This has particularly amazed me as unlike the English language, when you write code it has to be very precise (精确的) and carefully structured — but when I asked it to write me a program that would put some data into a database for me, in a particularly complex way, within seconds it generated something that would have taken me hours to do manually (人工地). ChatGPT isn’t completely human, however. For example, it sometimes generates things that sound true, but are actually just nonsense. This is because of the way the AI learns through pattern recognition. There’s no real intelligence operating there — it is just repeating something based on what it has “read” before. ChatGPT is better at some tasks than others: it can write a brilliant invitation email, but its ability to rhyme leaves a lot to be desired.
And this is why I’m pretty convinced that ChatGPT is going to change the world, sooner rather than later. It’s already hugely impressive, but what exists at the moment is just a demonstration. Once the same AI is built into other apps and can connect to the live internet to learn more, it will become even more advanced. Our computers will no longer be just our word processors, but our writing partners too.
1. Which aspect about ChatGPT especially amazed the author?A.Its structure. | B.Its variety. | C.Its efficiency. | D.Its correction. |
A.ChatGPT has some limitations. |
B.There’s no real intelligence in the world. |
C.ChatGPT is better than other chatbot AI. |
D.AI cannot think the same way as humans do. |
A.Worried. | B.Doubtful. | C.Optimistic. | D.Unconcerned. |
【推荐2】An international group of coffee experts has considered Ethiopia’s coffee as the best in the world.Coffee is a top export (出口物) of the country. But at home, it is seen as national pride. Ethiopians feel good about their coffee, and enjoying a drink with friends is a long tradition.
Some people say the climate produces quality beans. Morton Wennersgarrd is a coffee importer. He said, “Ethiopia has different ancient types of coffee. They are planted in places with perfect soil, perfect altitude (海拔), and climates that are really suitable for coffee processing.”
Finding the best quality beans is often an issue of taste. The process is known as cupping — tasting and comparing coffee from different roasted beans, grading and then pricing them. But before international experts come to taste, coffee beans are studied in small coffee laboratories. Helen Assefa, a lab technician, describes the process, “When the coffee comes to the lab, we assess (评价) its quality first by recording the details.Then we weigh the moisture (水分) level and we examine the beans for analysis. After that we grind (磨碎) the coffee beans and taste the samples. In the end, we check for defective (有瑕疵的) beans.” Mubarik Abaoli is a lab worker.He says that testing is a very difficult and long process. “We select out the defects by hand. And we select out the defect according to the defect types.”
Ethiopia has got a lot of money by exporting coffee to more than 120 countries. The country has an export revenue (税收) of more than 840 million a year. But not all the best coffee leaves Ethiopia. Forty percent of the coffee grown in the country stays there. It remains an important part of everyday life at work, at home and at ceremonies.
1. Ethiopians’ attitude towards coffee may best be described as .A.proud | B.relaxed |
C.brave | D.doubtful |
A.the ways of making coffee |
B.the process of assessing the coffee |
C.the tips on planting the best coffee |
D.the influence of the coffee |
A.More than 120 countries export coffee to Ethiopia. |
B.Coffee plays an important role in Ethiopians’ life. |
C.40% of the coffee grown in Ethiopia is exported. |
D.Ethiopians earn their living by exporting coffee. |
A.To advertise the coffee in Ethiopia. |
B.To comment on coffee experts’ work. |
C.To introduce the best coffee in the world. |
D.To recommend tourists activities in Ethiopia. |
【推荐3】Where in the classroom do you prefer to sit,and why? Scientists have discovered that seating preference not only shows students’ personalities,but has a great influence on their school performance.Generally speaking,students show different attitudes depending on where they sit.Based on the research,scientists have developed a funnel-like(像漏斗的) model of “learning zones(区域)” to see the relationship between seating and active learning.
In this model,the mouth of the funnel(A) is the best position for learning.Students in this front area prove to be the most active learners.They show a greater desire(渴求) for learning,which leads them to focus(集中注意力) better and take a more active part than the rest of the class.Those in the neck of the funnel(B) don’t pay the same close attention,but they ask a lot of questions,partly because of the added confidence they feel from being in a safe zone,with others around them.Less desirable is the area “outside the funnel(C,D),” which refers to the side and the back rows,where students take a less active part in classroom activities and find it hard to focus their attention,falling asleep at times.
Studies about learning zones suggest that a change in traditional seating plans can benefit students.In fact,a growing number of teachers have begun less traditional seating plans,such as “U-Type”.There are no side and back areas,so teachers can expect their students to take part in activities more actively and increase student-teacher interaction(互动).
1. According to scientists, students’ learning is greatly influenced by________.A.the number of students | B.the time of class |
C.seating positions | D.the size of the classroom |
A.sometimes fall asleep | B.feel safe and confident |
C.seldom ask their teachers questions | D.try to avoid looking directly at the teacher |
A.An increasing number of teachers have started to use traditional seating plans. |
B.Changing the traditional seating plans can be beneficial to students. |
C.U-type is better than funnel-like model of “learning zones” . |
D.If there are no side and back areas, students must be more active in learning. |
A.An education magazine | B.An advertisement |
C.A life newspaper | D.A science textbook |