If Mars were the popular kid in school,Venus (金星)would be the unwelcome one sitting in the corner,largely ignored. Venus has nearly the same mass and size as Earth,but being closer to the sun, it gets nearly twice as much heat from the sun.
However, instead of having a climate that is just a warmer version of Earth’s, Venus's surface and atmosphere are unbearable:clouds of sulphuric acid blanket the planet,while at ground level, it is hot enough to melt lead. Despite this, there is now a sign that Venus may harbour life.
Jane Greaves at Cardiff University, UK, and her colleagues recently detected phosphine(磷化氢)in Venus's atmosphere, with one potential explanation that it is the by-product of biology. That is because the only way this gas is made on Earth is in laboratories or by microbes(微生物).Though this doesn't mean it was produced by life on Venus, attempts to find non—biological explanations for its presence have so far failed.
Our best way of confirming or rejecting the possibility of life on Venus is to go and have a proper look. While Mars has been the focus of interplanetary exploration efforts lately, the phosphine discovery lets people look at Venus in a new light. As NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine tweeted:“It's time to prioritize Venus.”
In the months and years to come, computer simulations will be used to further study the possible chemistries of the atmosphere on Venus. More laboratory experiments will be conducted to try to identify other ways the phosphine there could be produced. However, there is no guarantee that these efforts will reveal the true nature of this substance on Venus. A newly-proposed strategy is to directly sample the atmosphere and surface of Venus. By doing so,we would be able to take direct measurements of phosphine.
The discovery of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere is a great accomplishment. The scientific efforts may be just what we need to finally refocus on this neglected world. Possibly, the quiet kid in the corner may get the last laugh.
1. In theory,what's Venus expected to be like?A.It is almost as large as Earth. |
B.It has nearly the same mass as Earth. |
C.It has a warmer Earth-like climate. |
D.It has the unbearable surface and atmosphere. |
A.There might exist signs of life. |
B.This kind of gas is very common. |
C.Many products can be made with it. |
D.Experiments were once conducted there. |
A.The importance of observations. |
B.The power of computer simulations. |
C.The approaches to exploring phosphine. |
D.The necessity to analyse phosphine. |
A.Casual. | B.Supportive. | C.Cautious. | D.Doubtful. |
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【推荐1】Scientists say they have found detailed evidence of ancient rivers on Mars. The discovery supported existing evidence that Mars once had water. The researchers said their findings suggested rivers may have flowed on the surface of Mars for hundreds of thousands of years.
These images were captured by a camera on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The camera is able to take detailed pictures of the surface while orbiting the planet from about 400 kilometers away. A team of scientists studied the images, which showed a valley network on Mars.
The team was led by Francesco Salese, a geologist at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. Salese said the scientists studied sedimentary (沉淀物) rocks from a 200 meters high rocky cliff. Sedimentary rocks form when sedimented (使沉积) and transported by water or wind.
“These are sedimentary rocks and were formed by rivers that were likely active for over 100,000 years,” Salese said, adding even without the ability to examine the cliff area on Mars, the pictures show strong similarities to sedimentary rocks found on the earth.
William McMahon is another geologist who was part of the investigation team. He said sedimentary rocks have long been studied on the earth to learn what conditions were like on our planet millions or even billions of years ago. Another leader of the team was Joel Davis, a researcher with Britain’s Natural History Museum. He said scientists had never before been able to examine such a rock formation with such great detail. They created 3D images of the area to get a more detailed understanding of it, which suggested some ancient Martian rivers were several meters deep.
1. What is the text mainly about?A.Scientists are able to study rock formation on Mars. |
B.Scientists found evidence that there was water on Mars. |
C.Mars sedimentary has many similarities to that on the earth. |
D.A camera on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter took pictures of the planet. |
A.By comparing data. |
B.By analyzing images. |
C.By studying rivers on the earth. |
D.By observing Mars through a telescope. |
A.Excited. | B.Unsatisfied. | C.Unexpected. | D.Disappointed. |
A.A novel. | B.A notebook. | C.A travel guide. | D.A newspaper. |
【推荐2】Surprised scientists say they now have absolute proof that life exists on Jupiter (木星). They’re receiving SOS signals radioed from the destroyed planet! Off the record, NASA higher-ups are analyzing that the signals were caused by the recent strike of Jupiter by comet fragments (彗星碎片).
“Theses signals can only be coming from an intelligent (智慧的) life form,” says Dr. Lucas Mirsch, a highly respected planetary astronomer with close ties to NASA. “Contrary to what we’ve believed for years, we’re not alone in the solar system. And based on what we can tell from the mathematical pattern of these signals, the residents of the largest planet in our galaxy are asking Earth for help.” Dr. Mirsch says NASA officials have absolutely confirmed that Jupiter is the source of the strange signals, which began in late June—just weeks before the comet fragments began to hit the giant planet.
“NASA has investigated every possibility that this could be a hoax,” says Dr. Mirsch. That is, it may be a trick. “State-of-the-art sensors have traced the point of origin to the exact position of Jupiter’s orbit. There’s simply nowhere else they could be coming from.”
One of the specialists who has analyzed the mathematical pattern of the sounds says he and his staff are 99 percent sure the message is an SOS of some sort. “It’s difficult to explain to the public,” said the expert. “But the frequency with which certain numbers occur in a coded message gives us clues about its general content. Although we can’t give an exact word- for-word translation, we can say with reasonable certainty that life-and-death urgency is being communicated.”
NASA won’t officially comment but Dr. Mirsch says, “There’s not much the agency can do to help. All we can do now is pray that Jupiter survives this terrible strike and that our two worlds can make contact again soon.”
1. What can we learn from paragraph 2?A.The signals come from intelligent creatures. |
B.It was believed that we humans were not alone in the solar system. |
C.NASA officials are not sure whether the strange signals are from Jupiter. |
D.Jupiter had been hit by comet fragments before the strange signals appeared. |
A.Message. | B.SOS. | C.Lie. | D.Reality. |
A.Nothing but pray. | B.Launch new satellites. |
C.Send messages to Jupiter. | D.Destroy the comet fragments. |
A.There Is Life Existing on Jupiter | B.Comet Fragments Recently Hit Jupiter |
C.Jupiter Was Destroyed by Intelligent Life Form | D.Scientists Received Signals from Jupiter for Help |
【推荐3】Two high school students have identified four new planets in distant space about 200-light-years from Earth, making them “the youngest astronomers” to make such a discovery.
Kartik Pingle, 16, and Jasmine Wright. 18, who both attend schools in Massachusetts, participated in the Student Research Mentoring Program (SRMP). With the help of Tansu Daylan, an MIT doctor for Astrophysics and Space Research, the students studied and analyzed data from the Transiting Exoplanct Survey Satellite (TESS). Together they focused on Tess Object of Interest (TOI) 1233, a nearby, bright sun-like star and here they found four planets rotating(旋转)around the star. “We were looking to see changes in light over time,” Pingle explained, “the idea is that if the planet transits the star, or passes in front of it, it would periodically cover up the star and decrease its brightness.”
While studying 1233, Pingle and Wright had at least hoped to find one planet but were overwhelmed with joy when a total of four were spotted. “I was very excited and very shocked.” Wright said. “We knew this was the goal of Daylan’s research, but to actually find a multi-planetary system, and be part of the discovering team, was really cool.” Three of the newly discovered planets are considered as “sub-Neptunes”, which are gaseous, but smaller than the Neptune that lives in our solar system. While observing the planets, the team determined each one completes their orbit around 1233 every six to 19.5 days. However, the fourth planet is called a “super-Earth” for its large size and rockiness this one orbits around the star in just under four days.
“We have long been studying planets beyond our solar system and with multi-planetary systems, the two young students are kind of hitting the jackpot. They are really blessed.” Daylan said. “The planets originated from the same disk of matter around the same star, but they ended up being different planets with different atmospheres and different climates due to their different orbits. So, we would like to understand the basic processes of planet formation and evolution using this planetary system.”
Daylan added that it was a “win-win” to work with Pingle and Wright on the study. “As a researcher, I really enjoy interacting with young brains that are open to experimentation and learning and have slightest bias(偏见).”he said, “I also think it is very beneficial to high school students, since they get exposure to cutting-edge research, and this prepares them quickly for a research career.”
1. How did the two students identify the four planets?A.By helping professor Tansu Daylan with the data. |
B.By analyzing the change of brightness of star 1233. |
C.By studying Neptune that lives in our solar system. |
D.By interacting with other young talented brains. |
A.It was made by two high school students. |
B.It was made with an innovative approach. |
C.It was meant to be made by Tansu Daylan. |
D.It found the largest number of planets at a time. |
A.Making a discovery difficultly. | B.Achieving the goal easily. |
C.Succeeding in something luckily. | D.Performing a task carefully. |
A.It allows the scientists to work with young people without prejudice. |
B.It equips future astronomers with better researching abilities. |
C.It provides more perspectives and thus boosts more discoveries. |
D.It arouses students’ interest in exploring the unknown universe. |
Ask most people anywhere in the world what they want out of life and the reply will probably be: “to be happy.” Ed Deiner, an American psychology professor, has spent his whole professional life studying what makes people happy, comparing levels of happiness between cultures and trying to find out exactly why we enjoy ourselves.
Many people would say that this question does not need an answer. But Professor Deiner has one anyway. “If you’re a cheerful, happy person, your marriage is more likely to last, and you’re more likely to make money and be successful at your job. On average, happy people have stronger immune systems, and there is some evidence that they live longer.”
So who are the world's happiest people? It depends on how the word is defined. There is individual happiness, the sense of joy we get when we do something we like. But there is also the feeling of satisfaction we get when we know that others respect us and approve of how we behave. According to Professor Deiner, the Western world pursues individual happiness while Asia prefers mutual (相互的,彼此) satisfaction.
“In the West, the individualistic culture means that your mood matters much more than it does in the East. People ask themselves if they are doing what is fun or interesting. They become unhappy when they can’t do any of these things. If you ask people from Japan or China if they are happy, they tend to look at what has gone wrong in their lives. If not much has gone wrong, then they are satisfied.”
People from Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries had the happiest culture, Professor Deiner found. “The biggest cultural difference is to do with pride and shame. Hispanic (西班牙语言的) cultures report much more pride and much less shame than others.”
Income also made a big difference to people’s happiness, but only at the lowest levels. Average income earners in the US were much happier than people in poverty. But millionaires were only a little bit happier than people on average incomes. It seems that money makes us happy when we have enough to feel secure.
1. According to the passage, happy people enjoy the following benefits except ______.
A.a long marriage | B.profession success |
C.better health | D.respect from others |
A.Hispanic cultures lay stress on pride and shame. |
B.Spanish people take too much pride in themselves. |
C.Attitude towards pride and shame results in Spanish happiness. |
D.If you are from Spain, you are the happiest. |
A.Poor people enjoy the same happiness as millionaires |
B.the higher income one gets, the happier life he lives |
C.Enough money can make us feel safe and happy |
D.Average income earners live the happiest life |
A.cultural differences in happiness |
B.reasons for happiness |
C.the happiest culture |
D.benefits of happiness |
【推荐2】The impact of technology on language is a topic that often causes concern, with many assuming that it is simply ruining it. However, language experts resist such pessimism, noting that there is little evidence to support the view that speech is getting worse. Gretchen McCulloch, in her book Because Internet, focuses on what can be learned about language from the internet rather than talking about its supposed negative effects.
McCulloch compares studying language online to growing bacteria (细菌) in a Petri dish,where trends emerge and disappear quickly, allowing language experts to observe changes that would otherwise take a considerable amount of time. The influence of strong ties like friends or family vs weaker ties on language change is analyzed, with computer simulations (模拟) revealing that having both strong and weaker ties helps spread updates in a community.
The role of social media platforms in language change is also discussed. Twitter, with its mix of strong and weak ties, is shown to drive more language change than Facebook, which is controlled by stronger ties. Emoji is highlighted as a universal digital expression of gestures, not a language. Additionally, there is evidence that the use of internet“innovations”such as“omg”dates back to pre-computer eras.
McCulloch’s book focuses on the birth of a new medium rather than a new language. The rise of mass writing on the internet, characterized by frequent, error-filled, and short-lived communication, challenges traditional ideas about writing’s importance. McCulloch suggests future historians should see this as a return to more casual (随意的) language, paying more attention to the value of tools that improve social interaction online. The book argues against the idea that these changes might lead to the end of “real” writing, advocating for an appreciation of anything that enhances human connection and the enjoyment of each other’s company.
1. How might McCulloch sound in her book Because Internet?A.Sensitive. | B.Scientific. | C.Pessimistic. | D.Dismissive. |
A.The development of digital language. |
B.The difference between social media platforms. |
C.The influence of the internet on language change. |
D.The connection between humans and the internet. |
A.Interpersonal bonds play a role in online communication. |
B.Formal language is unlikely to improve social interaction. |
C.The birth of new media has removed writing’s importance. |
D.Mass writing can make web-based conversations effective. |
A.How to Achieve Network Effect? | B.Technology, Fear or Convenience? |
C.What If Faced with Media Terms? | D.Internet Degrades or Helps Speech? |
【推荐3】Can you believe everything that you read? It seems as if every day, some new articles come out about a new discovery about this or that. For example, water is bad for you, or good for you. The answer depends on which scientific study has just come out. People cannot decide which food items are healthy, how pyramids were constructed, and why dinosaurs disappeared. When we look for answers we sometimes can believe persuasive researches and scientists. But can we really trust them? Here are two examples of scientific hoaxes (骗局).
As far back as 1726, Johann Beringer was fooled by his fellow scientists into thinking he had made an amazing discovery. The fossils (化石) of spiders, lizards, and even birds with the name of God written on them in Hebrew were unlike anything that had been found before. He wrote several papers on them and was famous for those which was revealed to ruin his reputation by some jealous colleagues.
When an early human being was discovered in 1912, scientists at this time were wild with excitement over the meaning it had for the theory of evolution. There were hundreds of papers about this Piltdown man over the next fifty years until it was finally discovered to be a hoax. The skull (头骨) of a man had been mixed with the jawbone of an orangutan (猩猩) to make the ape (猿) man.
The next time you read the exciting new findings of a study of the best scientist, do not think that it is true at once. Even scientists can get it wrong. While we certainly should not ignore scientific research, we do need to take it with a grain of salt. Just because it is accepted as the truth today does not mean it will still be trustworthy tomorrow.
1. What is the main idea of Paragraph1?A.Researchers and scientists are not perfect. |
B.Something that we read may not be true. |
C.Researchers and scientists know everything. |
D.People don’t know whether water is good or bad. |
A.His fellow scientists wanted to make fun of him. |
B.His workmates are eager to become famous, too. |
C.These scientists made a mistake because of carelessness. |
D.His colleagues envied him and did so to destroy his fame. |
A.was in fact a hoax | B.was a great scientific invention |
C.contributed to the theory of evolution | D.had the skull like that of an ape |
A.Happily. | B.Generally. | C.Doubtfully. | D.Completely. |
A.Hebrew is probably a kind of language. |
B.Truths of science will never be out of time. |
C.People believe scientists because they are persuasive. |
D.We are advised to believe famous scientists. |