Next to a tall building, the Muziekplein forest is one of seven such special and very small forests in the Dutch city of Utrecht, and 144 tiny forests across the Netherlands. It's about the size of a basketball court. Before it was planted, the area was a parking lot.
By the end of this year, according to IVN Nature Education, an organization leading the country's plan, there will be 200 such small forests in the Netherlands. In many other countries, communities are creating such small-area and native forests as positive responses to big environmental challenges. The forests can be any shape, but must be at least four meters wide based on IVN's instructions. A tiny forest can be built under a year. And it generally includes between 20 and 40 different tree species.
Since the first forest was planted in the Netherlands in 2015, the idea has become popular. Daan Bleichrodt launched IVN's Tiny Forest plan with the goal of making it easier for children to know the significance of protecting environment. He thinks it is popular because people are becoming more and more aware of major environmental challenges. It's a very practical way for people to do something positive considering climate change and loss of biodiversity.
Data released by Wageningen University researchers in April shows that the forests hold a range of animal and plant species. Across the 11 tiny forests in a study, volunteers observed 636 animal species. They also recognized 298 plant species in addition to the original species planted in the areas. Daily maintenance of the forests sometimes involves obliterating unwanted weeds, but in general, new plant species, such as wildflowers, are allowed to grow, according to Bleichrodt.
Suzanne Valkman, head of the World Wildlife Fund(WWF) Netherlands forests unit, said, “I was just amazed to see how many total species were recognized.” A WWF report in 2020 found that wildlife populations in the Netherlands decreased by half over the last three decades. Butterflies, birds and reptile species were particularly hard hit. Valkman said, “The Tiny Forest data shows that the small project can improve that biodiversity in cities.”
1. What is the feature of the Muziekplein forest?A.It has a small size. | B.It includes only rare species. |
C.It has an interesting shape. | D.It is beside a park lot. |
A.To make a great profit out of them. | B.To raise the awareness of kids' education. |
C.To set an example to other countries. | D.To help improve the local environment. |
A.Checking. | B.Protecting. | C.Removing. | D.Discovering. |
A.To describe the current situation of wildlife species. | B.To show the effects of the Tiny Forest plan. |
C.To explain the importance of biodiversity. | D.To encourage all of us to plant more trees. |
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【推荐1】Traditionally, the more people in a city, the fewer trees there are. To create space for houses, offices and other buildings, nature takes second place. But, if the architect Stefano Boeri has anything to do with it, this will soon be changing.
Boeri has designed a forest city, to be created in the north of Liuzhou in Guangxi region in southern China. This mountainous area was chosen to be “a city where living nature is totally intertwined with architecture.” According to Boeri, instead of completely getting rid of the trees to build houses, the city’s design considers the surrounding greenery. Homes and commercial buildings will be covered with trees, with gardens on the balconies (阳台) of every floor, and rooftops that are home to miniature forests.
“I have been working on the idea of urban forestation for years,” says Boeri. “In those areas of the planet where it is still necessary to build new cities, we are planning real forest cities for a maximum of 150,000 citizens.”
The Liuzhou Forest City will be connected to central Liuzhou via a railway line and a road. It will be home to 30,000 people, and include commercial and recreational spaces, two schools and a hospital. On top of this, the vegetation will absorb carbon dioxide and pollutants, as well as releasing oxygen into the atmosphere.
Development is well underway for the forest city. “Our masterpiece for a forest city in Liuzhou has been approved by the local government,” says Boeri. Now, the government is starting the process of selling land to interested developers. “The current phase is still ongoing for land selling,” says Boeri. Building is expected to begin in 2020. At the same time, the firm has copied the concept in Lishui, a city in the southeast of China. The masterpiece has also been given the thumbs-up by local governments here, and the developer is collecting funds to launch the project.
If the Chinese cities prove successful, Boeri hopes that the idea will take hold across the world. “We are developing the same concept in other places with different climate conditions, such as Mexico and north Africa,” he says.
And there is science behind the idea of planting trees to halt climate change. A study earlier this year by scientists at ETH Zurich found that planting at least a trillion trees around the world could lock up 205 billion tonnes of carbon, once the trees are mature, helping to offset the effects of releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
1. According to the passage, Boeri holds the belief that ______.A.a city can be built in harmony with nature |
B.climate change results from the city development |
C.the building of a city may cost the damage of nature |
D.we should stop building new cities to protect nature |
A.Houses would be built in a huge forest. |
B.Citizens will live in inconvenient areas. |
C.Cities can be transformed to forest cities. |
D.The idea will be tried out soon worldwide. |
A.Supportive. | B.Neutral. |
C.Unclear. | D.Critical. |
A.Where the Problem of Pollution Is Rooted |
B.How Forest Cities Are Affecting the World |
C.Can Forest Cities Help to Clean Up Pollution |
D.Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Pollution |
【推荐2】Are you afraid of sharks? What about snakes or spiders? Put those fears aside: because in the U.S. you’re far more likely to be killed or injured by a deer skipping across the road.
Deer cause more than 200 humans deaths each year, plus some 29,000 injuries, all because of 1.2 million collisions between vehicles and deer. Most incidents occur in the eastern U.S., where deer prosper without natural predators like wolves and mountain lions.
“That’s the region in the U.S. where deer-vehicle collisions are such a problem, and where it seems like an effective large carnivore reintroduction could make a really big difference.” says wildlife biologist Laura Prugh from University of Washington. She thinks it would help to reintroduce predators like mountain lions, also known as cougars, pumas or panthers, to parts of their historic range from which they’ve been driven out.
The researchers say that bringing the predators back to the eastern U.S. would mean 22 percent fewer collisions between cars and deer over three decades. Each year would see five fewer human deaths, 680 fewer injuries and a savings of some 550 million. Sophie L. Gilbert thinks there are great socioeconomic benefits of large predator restoration through reduced wildlife-vehicle collisions and she says, says, “Cougars have shown that they can coexist in short distance with people, with very few conflicts, in a lot of areas out west.”
Still, some folks might be understandably nervous about this kind of plan. After all, reintroducing predators doesn’t come without risks to pets and to livestock, and very occasionally to people.
“Our fear of large predators is so natural and intense that I don’t think it’s possible to just completely clear it with statistics... What I hope is that knowing that there actually can be some measurable benefits might make people a little more supportive and maybe balance that fear a little bit.” says Laura.
Indeed, the statistics show that cougars would prevent five times as many human deaths from deer-related accidents as they would cause by attacks. But it’ll be a tough sell: the press will cover cougar attacks, but a statistically prevented death does not make the news. Nevertheless, “If people in the west can put up with having mountain lions around, I would hope that New Yorkers would be up for the challenge as well.”
1. What is closest in meaning to the underlined word “carnivore” in Paragraph 3?A.A cat-like animal. |
B.A dangerous animal. |
C.A meat-eating animal. |
D.A grass-eating animal. |
A.To minimize the accidents caused by deer. |
B.To maintain biodiversity and ecological balance. |
C.To take up the challenge from people in the west. |
D.To reduce people’s fear of this dangerous creature. |
A.Because the risks outweigh the benefits. |
B.Because mountains lions like eating people. |
C.Because the benefits are not as eye-catching as its risks. |
D.Because mountain lions tend to get too close to people. |
A.Puma: a Tough Sell |
B.A New Study on Puma |
C.Deer Cause Huge Life Losses |
D.Deer or Pumas: a Hard Choice |
【推荐3】Many people wrongly think that cities don’t have farms and that fruits and vegetables are only grown in the country. Believe it or not, there are more and more urban farms popping up in cities all over the world.
Alexandra Sullivan, a food system researcher in New York City, studies urban agriculture. Urban agriculture is another name for farming and gardening in a city environment. Ms. Sullivan studies everything from tiny gardens in empty lots between buildings to bigger fields that have been planted and grown. According to Ms. Sullivan, “Urban agriculture has existed since cities have, across the world.”
The number of humans living in urban areas, or cities, is increasing. The amount of people who want to garden in urban areas is also rising, Ms. Sullivan says, “In small gardens, on rooftops and indoors, they grow fruits, vegetables, grains, and herbs, and raise animals to produce milk, eggs, honey, and meat. They use these foods as supplements to food produced by rural agriculture.” Even though some people who live in urban areas grow crops, urban residents still need to rely on food grown in rural areas. This is because a city doesn’t have enough space to grow enough food for everyone living in it.
In New York City, urban farmers have come up with many different ways to grow their own produce, even though there isn’t a lot of room. For example, Brooklyn Grange is a farming operation that has two rooftop vegetable farms in New York City. All together, the farms are made up of 2.5 acres of rooftop space. This makes Brooklyn Grange one of the largest rooftop farming operations in the world.
Brooklyn Grange grows all kinds of things. The farming company sells its vegetables to local residents and restaurants. And because the farms are on rooftops, they are specially adapted to their urban location. They use available space that is not needed for anything else. As more urban farmers find ways to grow food in cities, urban residents will be better able to get fresher materials for their meals.
1. Which of the following is Ms. Sullivan’s opinion according to the text?A.The number of people living in cities is increasing slowly. |
B.Urban residents still rely on food grown in rural areas completely. |
C.Urban agriculture has a history as long as cities. |
D.Urban agriculture can provide huge income. |
A.Farmers. | B.City residents. |
C.Rurai residents. | D.Companies. |
A.It has large farming areas. | B.It can only grow single products. |
C.It produces enough food for citizens. | D.It makes use of rooftop space to grow vegetables. |
A.Farms in Cities | B.Future Food System |
C.Food Grown in Cities | D.Agriculture of New York City |
【推荐1】European Union scientists said on Wednesday that 2023 would be the warmest year on record. The average world temperature for the first 11 months of the year hit the highest level on record, 1.46 degrees Celsius above the 1850 to 1900 average.
The record comes as governments are in negotiations at the COP28 meeting in Dubai. Governments are deciding whether to gradually stop the use of coal, oil and gas, the main source of warming emissions.
The 2015 Paris climate agreement set a goal of limiting worldwide temperature rise to 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial times. Above that limit, scientists warn of severe effects on weather, health and agriculture.
Diplomats, scientists, activists and others have been meeting in Dubai to find ways to limit warming to those levels. But the planet is not cooperating. They say Earth is on its way to reach 2.7 to 2.9 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial times. C3S records go back to 1940. United States government records go back to 1850. Using information from ice cores, tree rings and corals, scientists have said this is the warmest 10-year period Earth has seen in about 125,000 years. That dates back to the time before human civilization.
Scientists say there are two driving forces behind the six straight months of record hot temperatures. One is human-caused climate change from the burning of coal, oil and gas. And El Nino, the natural warming of surface waters in the Pacific, is making it worse.
Samantha Burgess, deputy director of C3S, said in a statement that “the November temperatures, including two days warmer than 2C above preindustrial, mean that 2023 is the warmest year in recorded history, which is very likely to be a cool year in the future unless we do something about our dependence on fossil fuels.”
1. According to the passage, what is the natural driving force behind the temperature record?A.El Nino. | B.The burning of coals. |
C.The dependence on fossil fuels. | D.The use of gas |
A.Pessimistic. | B.Optimistic | C.Unclear. | D.Concerned. |
A.Whether to depend on fossil fuels. | B.2023 would be warmest year on record. |
C.El Nino makes global warming worse. | D.Main source of warming emissions. |
A.What was the temperature condition in the preindustrial time. | B.How to deal with global warming. |
C.How to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. | D.Why is 2023 likely to be a cool year in the future. |
【推荐2】For Christina and her team, planting trees isn’t the only goal. She hopes to employ residents, especially youth, to get their hands in the dirt and see how they can grow change.
Groundwork Bridgeport hired a team of youth and trained them to provide ongoing care for trees in the community (社区). They serve the neighborhoods where they live, monitoring the trees, providing basic care, and connecting with their neighbors. Their “patrolling” is improving each tree’s longevity while giving them valuable experience and a good payment.
“We’re using data and technology to be able to find even down to the specific city block of where trees are needed the most,” said Amy Lester, Ventures Project Coordinator, Arbor Day Foundation. With a NatureQuant NatureScore® of 10, the east Bridgeport neighborhood was flagged as desperately needing trees. NatureQuant is a tech and research company that helps the Arbor Day Foundation determine where trees are needed most in urban spaces.
The most recent program that happened in partnership with the Arbor Day Foundation was a tree giveaway. Fifty trees were given to residents of the neighborhood identified by NatureQuant.
Residents showed their support for the effort by coming out in full force. They know what the trees mean to their community, to their health, to the next generation of those growing up in east Bridgeport.
1. What did Groundwork Bridgeport hire a youth team to do?A.To cut down trees. | B.To provide guidance. |
C.To care for trees. | D.To get a good payment. |
A.By counting numbers. | B.By using technology. |
C.By giving away trees. | D.By observing trees. |
A.Far-reaching. | B.One-sided. | C.Short-lived. | D.Time-wasting. |
A.A Tree Planting Plan by Groundwork Bridgeport |
B.Employ the Next Generation of Tree Planters |
C.A Tree Giveaway Program to Communities |
D.Tree Planting Cooperation Between Communities |
【推荐3】Approximately one-third of all textiles (纺织品) are produced from mineral resources and are ill-suited for recycling. “In the fashion industry, a great deal of clothing is produced much too cheaply, and is of such a poor quality that people desert it after wearing it just a few times. The majority of the deserted textile is unsuited for sale as second-hand textile,” says Pauline Harmsen, a senior researcher of Wageningen University & Research.
Much of our clothing contains materials made from fossil (化石的) resources such as oil. This applies to some two-thirds of all the clothing produced in the world. Nevertheless, things must change in the future. Not only is the supply of fossil resources becoming depleted, but much of the contemporary textiles also cannot be recycled.
In clothing recycling, we see textiles being produced from recycled bottles. Textile recycling is often difficult. This is because textiles are made up of different fibres that are difficult to separate. “If you really wish to recycle, you must start by considering the clothing production method. By designing clothing in such a way that the different materials can be easily separated, or by using just one type of fibre,” says Harmsen.
A programme for sustainable (可持续的) textiles was launched in Wageningen University & Research last year. Various researchers from different institutes are involved, from technical material experts such as Harmsen to consumer scientists. It will take a while before sustainable clothing made from natural resources finds the way into the fashion stores.
Harmsen’s dissatisfaction with clothing offered in stores has led her to make her own clothing from fossil-free resources. She focuses on sustainability but also on the material’s look and feel. She claims, “Eventually, we will need all available natural resources to fill the gap if we are no longer able to use fossil resources.”
1. What can we learn about the fashion industry from paragraph 1?A.It creates huge waste. |
B.It faces expensive material. |
C.It lacks realistic demand. |
D.It causes public resistance. |
A.Very inconvenient. | B.Almost unusable. |
C.Severely short. | D.Rather cheap. |
A.Employing advanced equipment. |
B.Increasing production procedures. |
C.Mixing pure natural materials. |
D.Adopting single-fibre materials. |
A.Basic Methods of Textile Production |
B.A Trend of Sustainable Consumption |
C.Fossil-Free Textiles for Clothing |
D.Breakthrough of the Clothing Industry |
【推荐1】Masks that helped save lives are proving a deadly danger for wildlife, with birds and sea creatures trapped in the shocking number of thrown-away facial coverings. Single-use masks have been found around pavements, waterways and beaches worldwide. Worn once, the thin protective materials can take hundreds of years to decompose. “Face masks aren't going away any time soon—but when we throw them away, these items can harm the environment and the animals,” Ashley Fruno of animal rights group PETA said.
In Britain, a gull was rescued by the RSPCA after its legs became tangled in the straps of a mask for up to a week. The animal welfare charity took it to a wildlife hospital for treatment before its release.
The biggest impact may be in the water. More than 1.5 billion masks made their way into the world's oceans last year, accounting for around 6,200 extra tonnes of ocean plastic pollution, according to environmental group Oceans Asia.
Conservationists in Brazil found one mask inside the stomach of a penguin after its body was washed up on a beach, while a dead pufferfish was discovered caught inside another off the coast of Miami. French campaigners found a dead crab trapped in a mask near the Mediterranean. Masks and gloves are “particularly problematic” for sea creatures, says George Leonard, chief scientist from NGO Ocean Conservancy. “When those plastics break down in the environment, they then enter the food chain and impact entire ecosystems.” he added.
There has been a shift towards greater use of reusable cloth masks as the pandemic has worn on, but many are still using the lighter single-use varieties. Campaigners have urged people to bin them properly and cut the straps to reduce the risk of animals becoming trapped. Oceans Asia has also called on governments to increase fines for littering and encourage the use of washable masks.
1. What's Paragraph 1 mainly about?A.The problem of littering masks. | B.The long time to break down masks. |
C.The threat of masks to wildlife. | D.The protective use of masks to people. |
A.They gave first aid to the bird. | B.They released the bird at once. |
C.They kept the bird for about a week. | D.They sent the bird to hospital. |
A.By providing examples. | B.By giving explanations. |
C.By making comparisons. | D.By analyzing causes. |
A.Forbidding the use of single-use masks. | B.Wearing reusable cloth masks. |
C.Cutting the masks up before throwing. | D.Increasing fines for binning masks. |
【推荐2】Researchers in Japan have created smart kitchenware that relies on electricity to make food saltier and tastier without adding any extra salt.
Salt makes food taste so much better, but it’s also a very dangerous ingredient that, consumed heavily, can cause serious health problems like high blood pressure, heart disease and other diseases. But what if we could make food taste salty without using any salt? That’s what scientists at Meiji University and developer Kirin Holdings have been working on for several years now. Back in April, they developed the first breakthrough creation: A pair of smart chopsticks, but now they have a couple of commercial products ready to hit the shelves.
The smart chopsticks did work well. They made sodium (钠) from the food to the mouth of the user to create a strong sense of saltiness, but they had a big problem as well. Because of their limited surface, the chopsticks needed to be connected to a power source on the user’s forearm. However, the newest inventions designed by the team behind the project suffer from no such limitations.
A smart spoon and bowl recently showcased by the brilliant minds behind the project features enough space for a built-in battery, so you no longer have to worry about connecting them up to a power supply every time you use them.
According to reports, the new smart spoon and bowl can make food taste 1.5 times saltier, which is welcome news to the many people who love salty food but need to watch their salt intake for health reasons. What’s better is that the new smart kitchenware is ready for commercialization and is expected to hit the Japanese market early next year. The new products will be called Erekisoruto and will have built-in batteries. The price is unknown at this time.
1. What can we learn from Paragraph 2?A.The more salt, the better food. | B.Too much salt can be harmful to health. |
C.Salt is beneficial to the sense of taste. | D.Salt is a very poisonous ingredient. |
A.They are expensive. | B.They are too heavy. |
C.They are inconvenient. | D.They are adjustable. |
A.The businessmen who work in Japan. | B.The scientists who work on the smart field. |
C.The researchers who like much saltier taste. | D.The patients who need to take in less salt. |
A.Saltier Food with No Salt Added | B.Why Do People Like Salty Food |
C.Magical Kitchenware Hit the Market | D.How Much Salt Do People Need Daily |
【推荐3】Satellites are an important part of our ordinary lives. For example, the information for weather forecasts is sent by satellite. Some satellites have cameras which take photographs of the Earth to show how clouds are moving. Satellites are also used to connect our international phone calls.
Computer connections of the World Wide Web and Internet also use satellites. Many of our TV programmes come to us through satellite. Airplane pilots sometimes also use a satellite to help them find their exact location.
We use satellites to send television pictures from one part of the world to another. They are usually 35,880 kilometres above the equator (赤道). Sometimes we can see a satellite in the sky and it seems to stay in the same place. This is because it is moving around the world at 11,000 kilometres an hour — exactly the same speed that the earth rotates (转动). A satellite must orbit the Earth with its antennae (天线) facing the earth. Sometimes, it moves away from its orbit, so there are little rockets on it which are used to put the satellite back in the right position. This usually happens about every five or six days.
Space is not empty! Every week, more and more satellites are sent into space to orbit the Earth. A satellite usually works for about 10-12 years. Satellites which are broken are sometimes repaired by astronauts or sometimes brought back to the Earth to be repaired. Often, very old or broken satellites are left in space to orbit the Earth for a very long time. This is very serious because some satellites use nuclear power and they can crash into each other.
1. What is the best title of the passage?A.How computer connections benefit from satellites. |
B.How we can get television pictures. |
C.What astronauts do in space. |
D.What satellites can do for us. |
A.35,880 kilometres per hour. |
B.335,880 kilometres per hour. |
C.11,000 kilometres per hour. |
D.110,000 kilometres per hour. |
A.A satellite. |
B.A little rocket. |
C.A satellite seems to stay in the same place in the sky. |
D.The satellite puts the rockets in the right position. |