To us humans, climate change feels like something that’s happening to the atmosphere, but actually about 90% of the heat that gets trapped by greenhouse gases is absorbed by the ocean. Of course, the ocean is really big, and taking its temperature is hard. Now, however, scientists have developed a technique that allows them to measure temperature changes across entire ocean basins.
The idea dates back to the 1970s, when researchers first proposed using sound waves to study ocean warming, because the speed of sound through water depends on the physical properties of that water, which are related to temperature. “And roughly, if we warm up the ocean temperature by one degree Celsius, the sound speed change-it would be four meters per second. And this is a very sensitive change.” said Wenbo Wu, a seismologist at Caltech, who led the study.
Researchers originally proposed using artificial sound sources, but that proposal got prevented because of concerns about the impacts on marine(海洋的) animals. In the new study, however, Wu and his colleagues show they can use the sounds produced by earthquakes instead. In an earthquake, some vibrations(振动) bounce off the seafloor and turn into sound waves that get picked up by a special machine and underwater microphones. The researchers looked at the travel times of these sound waves for 2,000 pairs of earthquakes that occurred in the East Indian Ocean between 2005 and 2016. Each earthquake pair happened in the same place but at different times, allowing the researchers to measure how much the sound waves sped up.
The analysis revealed that the waves traveled a few tenths of a second faster in more recent quakes than in older ones—a difference that translates to a warming trend of 0.04 degrees Celsius per decade. “0.04 degree may not sound like a lot, but it represents a huge amount of heat—considering it’s the change in a body of water almost 2,000 miles wide and several miles deep.” said Wu.
1. What does “a technique” in paragraph 1 refer to?A.Trapping greenhouse gases. | B.Using artificial sound waves. |
C.Measuring the width and depth of the ocean. | D.Employing the sounds of quake vibrations. |
A.The sea is vast enough. | B.The statistics are accurate. |
C.The equipment is advanced. | D.Each earthquake pair is conditional. |
A.The sound waves slowed down with time. |
B.The ocean temperature went up in the decade. |
C.The speed change of sound waves was considerable. |
D.2,000 pairs of earthquakes occurred in the same place. |
A.Ocean Warming: A Booster of Climate Change |
B.Seaquake Soundwave: A Tracker of Ocean Warming |
C.Sound Waves: An Initiative in Studying Ocean Animals |
D.Ocean Basins: Where Earthquakes Frequently Happen |
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【推荐1】An earthquake is a trembling or shaking of the ground caused by the sudden release(释放) of energy stored in the rocks below the surface. Generally, earthquakes last only seconds. Strong ground shaking during a medium(中等的) to large earthquake generally lasts about 10 to 30 seconds. Aftershocks(余震)can occur once in a while for weeks or even months.
Many people think that there is an "earthquake season" or a kind of " earthquake weather ". As a matter of fact, there isn’t. Earthquakes can occur at any time of the year and at time of day or night. Earthquakes occur under all weather conditions-sunny, wet. or cold without any special weather tendency(倾向).
Also, you don’t need to worry that the ground will open up and swallow people when earthquakes occur. Open ground cracks may form during an earthquake, for example, to land sliding or ground falling. However, such cracks tend to be open gaps (they don’t " swallow") that a person could stand in afterwards.
The safest place in an earthquake is an open field because buildings and falling objects can injure or kill you. If you are indoors, when you feel the ground start to shake, take cover immediately under a table or strong piece of furniture, placing something between falling objects and yourself. Don’t "attempt to use the stairs or an elevator to get out of the building.
1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.Earthquakes usually last 10 to 30 seconds. |
B.After a big earthquake, there are many more quakes. |
C.Cracks in an earthquake are very dangerous. |
D.What usually injures people during an earthquake are falling buildings. |
A.an earthquake only lasts seconds and doesn’t happen frequently. |
B.an earthquake can happen at any time and in any kind of weather. |
C.when an earthquake happens is related to the weather |
D.earthquakes don’t change with the seasons |
A.Take sb./sth. in |
B.make sb. frightened |
C.make room for sb. to stand in |
D.make the ground slide |
A.Find an open filed and stay there. |
B.Stay away from buildings. |
C.Take cover under a table. |
D.Take an elevator. |
【推荐2】Some languages are rapid-fire and others more unhurried but there is no difference in the speed at which information is shared, according to the new research.
The world's 7000 or so languages differ greatly not only in their range of available phonemes-the units of sound that make up speech, but also in the pace at which these building blocks are thrown together in speech. But the new research into the information content in speech shows that languages allow their speakers to communicate about the same amount of information per second despite wide variations in the speed of speech.
To understand this better, researchers led by Christophe Coupé from the University of Lyon and Yoon Oh from the University of Canterbury studied recordings of 170 native adult speakers of 17 European and Asian languages. Each speaker read a set of standardized texts containing about 240, 000 syllables (音节). The researchers found that the fastest language hit 9.1syllables per second, and the slowest a mere 4. 3. But this was cancelled out by the amount of information, measured in bits, that each syllable contained. This varied significantly from 4. 8 bits per syllable for Basque to 8. 0 bits per syllable for Vietnamese.
The study found languages that pack a lot of information into sounds and syllables tend to be spoken more slowly, while those with a low information density (密度) are delivered more rapidly. While speech rat and information density fluctuate (波动) widely, the information rate-the speed at which information is delivered-stays consistently around 39. 15 bits per second.
The researchers say this appears to represent a optimal (最佳的) rat for giving and receiving information. Languages seem to stably inhabit an optimal range of information rates, away from the extremes that can still be available to individual speakers. Of course, not everybody speaks at the optimal information rate. We all know people who talk too quickly or slowly, and the new research may cast light on why we find listening to them hard work.
1. What has the new research found out?A.Languages tend to convey information with similar efficiency. |
B.Languages have nearly the same range of available phonemes |
C.The number of languages has gradually decreased to about 7000. |
D.The speed of speech is determined by the information content. |
A.A further explanation of the research methods. |
B.A brief introduction of the research process. |
C.Potential application of the research findings. |
D.Supporting evidence for the research results. |
A.More words in speech convey more information |
B.The information rate remains at a reasonable level. |
C.The speech rate can affect the information density. |
D.Languages with more syllables are delivered faster |
A.It can lead to smooth communication. | B.It may result in the difficulty of listening |
C.It stays the same for individual speakers. | D.It prevents speakers from going to extremes. |
【推荐3】The Roman Colosseum( 罗马圆形大剧场), built around two thousand years ago, survived a 14th century earthquake and most of the 150-some foot high building is still standing. It has seen the rise and fall of enormous structures as well as the Roman Empire. Why could the ancient structure stand the test of time while many modern constructions fall apart after a few decades? Scientists believe the ancient Romans used a specific concrete which may account for its super-long existence.
Previous discoveries have confirmed the components of the Roman concrete: volcanic material, limestone (石灰石) and water. Architects suppose the volcanic material is what makes the building strong—which it does. But this is not enough to explain the architecture’s durability. A team of researchers recently discovered a magical power of the Roman concrete: self-healing. And the key actually lies in the tiny pieces of limestone. Worth mentioning is that researchers had taken them as impurities (杂质) due to the limitation of ancient technology. But it turned out that ancient Romans seemed to have discovered the secret.
When the Romans made the mixture, they heated up the limestone to turn it into quicklime, a very reactive chemical. Quicklime reacted with water and produced heat that set up a chemical foundation to strengthen the building material. Meanwhile, it would “wear” a hard “shell”, forming limestone pieces. It was these pieces that stopped the cracks (裂缝) from becoming bigger. When there was rain, the pieces reacted with water again, quickly filling the cracks.
For material scientist Ainissa Ramirez, this new understanding of ancient Roman concrete is a welcome discovery. “This is one way that the material can be greener,” says Ramirez, “The Romans made the material. We had to kind of figure out how they did it so that we can make better materials—and then, you know, in turn, be better guards of our environment.”
1. Why could Roman Colosseum still exist according to the text?A.It was rebuilt constantly. | B.It met few natural disasters. |
C.It contained a special material. | D.Its shape increased the stability. |
A.To purify the concrete. | B.To react with volcanic material. |
C.To make the structure water-proof. | D.To enable the building to repair itself. |
A.The rainwater. | B.The foundation. | C.The quicklime | D.The limestone. |
A.Architects can get inspiration from ancient structures. |
B.The Romans’ building method remains a secret till now. |
C.Romans’ wisdom throws light on eco-friendly architecture. |
D.Scientists are exploring how to guard the ancient civilization. |
【推荐1】A research by Dr. Gail Heyman has confirmed 4- and 5-year-old children who understand people’s beliefs can be false are more likely to lie in experiments than children who still view minds as containing direct copies of reality. When researchers give children experiences to speed up the development of their understanding of the subjective nature of beliefs, these children begin to be untruthful when they would not yet otherwise do so. Although lying is something to be discouraged, the child’s underlying insight into how minds work is an important accomplishment.
In this study, we asked children to teach another child how to turn on a new toy. The toy would turn on when certain blocks— but not others— -were placed on top. Sometimes we asked children to teach the other child the whole truth of how the toy worked; for instance, that all red blocks— regardless of their shape— would turn it on. Other times we asked them to trick the other child into thinking something that was still accurate, but more limited; for example, that the red squares would start the toy (but not necessarily the other red shapes) .
Children in this study carefully considered both the other child’s beliefs and the message we asked them to communicate when deciding what to do. Children who were asked to teach the whole truth often chose to show the other child that a red circle and a red square would both turn on the toy. By choosing two different shapes, they communicated that red blocks would turn on the toy, regardless of shape. These children could have chosen two blocks of the same shape instead; showing that two red squares turn on the toy would also have been an accurate demonstration. But this information could have given rise to the mistaken belief that only red squares would work. The children cleverly avoided showing this type of misleading (though still accurate) information. Instead, they systematically chose the samples that conveyed accurate messages to their partners.
In contrast, when children were asked to lie, they often chose the two red squares. Children had no problem picking the blocks that efficiently conveyed the tricky message when their goal was to lie.
Being able to guess what someone else is thinking and being able to know how to influence someone else’s beliefs are at the root of lying, but of effective communication and social interaction as well.
1. What may turn children into liars according to Dr. Gail Heyman?A.Limited contact with nature. | B.Insufficient parental guidance. |
C.Frequent exposure to false beliefs | D.Precise recognition of one’s hidden intention. |
A.To show the plan of the experiment. | B.To compare children’s different beliefs. |
C.To present the result of the experiment. | D.To tell the detailed process of the experiment |
A.Using two red circles. | B.Picking out two red squares. |
C.Selecting a red circle and a red square. | D.Choosing two red blocks of different sizes. |
A.Lies can never cover the truth. | B.Effective communication kills lies. |
C.Adults are to blame for telling lies. | D.Lying can have a positive outcome. |
【推荐2】A recent study by a team of researchers from Canada has uncovered that birds living in cities are not just better at problem solving and more skilled in tasks than those in the countryside: they also have stronger immune(有免疫力的)systems !
The research, headed by Audet, a Ph. D. student at a university, examined the cognitive (认知的)abilities of city birds with those of their country cousins. The team did their study in Barbados because it needs a broad range of situations: from crowded modern cities to the countryside. They began by catching some birds from various parts of the Caribbean Island. The birds were then given several tasks. Some tested their associative learning skills while others were to observe how creative they were at problem-solving. While country birds are also much braver, the city birds appeared to be more careful when facing unfamiliar things.
The results did not surprise the researchers. After all, birds living in cities and towns face many more challenges and dangers than those that live in the country. But as it turns out, the city birds proved to have better immunity and are therefore more resistant (抵抗的)to diseases than those living in the countryside. While additional studies need to be done to see if this is true for all city birds, there is no reason to believe that the results would be any different.
Though this is the first time researchers have compared the cognitive abilities of birds living in different conditions, it is not the first study to examine the differences between city and country birds. Previous research has shown that blackbirds in cites are similarly more careful than country blackbirds, and that sparrows and blackbirds living in cities sing at a higher frequency to be heard over city noise and to make up for sound distortions(失真)caused by tall buildings. If only birds knew the advantages of living among humans, maybe more would move to cities!
1. How are city birds different from country birds according to the research?A.City birds have a weaker immune system because of air pollution. |
B.City birds are braver when facing unfamiliar things or situations. |
C.Country birds are less skilled at jobs requiring creation and skills. |
D.Country birds have a wider range of challenges to survive. |
A.Country birds can be taught the advantage of living in cities. |
B.City birds are more resistant to diseases than country birds. |
C.City birds are more likely to get sick than country birds. |
D.Country birds are more careful in dangerous situations. |
A.There're more dangers in cities for them. |
B.The birds live far away from each other. |
C.There are a wider range of situations. |
D.There's too much noise in the city. |
A.Research into birds' immune system and learning power. |
B.City birds are smarter and healthier than country birds. |
C.What a PhD. student has done has surprised the world. |
D.The necessity and ways to move country birds to cities. |
【推荐3】Awe is not an everyday emotion. You don't wake up awestruck. A satisfying lunch doesn't leave you filled with awe. Even a great day is unlikely to leave you in a state of breathtaking, all-knowing fear and trembling
Then what is awe? Psychologists Dacher Kettner and Jonathan Haidt suggested that awe typically includes feelings of grandness. That means awe is inspired by something larger than a person's self or experience. And it usually helps expand the person's understanding of the world. For example, awe might come from seeing a mountain taller than you thought a mountain could be. Or it might come from listening to a symphony that contains both shockingly loud and touchingly quiet notes. People can be awe-inspiring, too: think of meeting a political leader whose power seems limitless.
In order to find out more about the mysterious feeling, the psychologists laid out a research plan. In the years since, they and other researchers have been testing awe. What is it? How does it work? What seems awesome, and why? For the first time, they’re starting to understand both what awe does to us and what it might do for us.
When psychologists first started studying awe, one of the unanswered questions was: What do we look like when we're feeling it? Emotions come with facial expressions.
Keltner and two workmates guessed that an awe-filled person would widen her eyes and raise her head, eyes and eyebrows, just a bit. And they were on track. When they asked people to perform awe, they found that people indeed often raised their eyebrows and widened their eyes. They also opened they their mouths and dropped their jaws.
Another question was the purpose of the emotion. "We developed emotions to help us deal with and survive certain dangers," explains Craig Anderson, a student in Keltner's lab, “When people are scared, they freeze or run away. People that behaved like that tended to survive long enough." In the same way, awe should have some sort of reason for existing.
So far, it seems that the purpose of awe might draw people together. When people are awestruck, they feel like time has slowed down somehow, and when they fee so, they are more willing to use it to help others. The study also shows that awe promotes generosity. it improves people's moral decision making. A paper still under review indicates that awe can make people more modest, too.
“We actually experience awe a lot more often than we think," says one of the researchers, Rudd. “We meet something in the big wide world, our minds open as we look for an explanation,and as a result we open up to connecting to other people But if you are keeping yourself in your own small world, it's going to be hard to experience that feeling. Just go out into newness and you're going to be more likely to run into something that's awe-inspiring.
1. According to Keltner and Haidt, which of the following can most likely inspire awe?A.Eating Beijing duck at Quanjude Restaurant. |
B.Listening to a pleasant flute solo in a famous bar |
C.Enjoying a sound sleep after an extremely tiring day |
D.Seeing a huge elephant up close in its natural setting |
A.They came across unexpected data |
B.They were anxious about the result |
C.They changed their research methods |
D.They were right about what they had thought |
A.We should try to avoid awe because it can fill people with fear |
B.Awe is a complicated feeling and no one can understand it |
C.Awe is socially beneficial and we should be open to it |
D.We should try to feel awe because it helps us survive |