IQ is often regarded as a crucial driver of success, particularly in fields such as science, innovation and technology. But the truth is that some of the greatest achievements by our species have primarily relied on what scientists call “cognitive flexibility”.
Cognitive flexibility is a skill that enables us to switch between different concepts, or to adapt behavior to achieve goals in a novel or changing environment. And the good news is that it can be trained. Currently, a group of researchers from Cambridge University are conducting a research, trying to work out how people can best boost their cognitive flexibility.
Cognitive flexibility may have affected how people coped with the pandemic lockdowns, which produced new challenges around work and schooling. Some people may have changed their routines from time to time, trying to find better and more varied ways of going about their day. Others, however, struggled and finally became more rigid in their thinking. They stuck to the same routine activities, with little flexibility or change.
Flexible thinking is key to creativity. It also supports academic and work skills such as problem solving. Unlike working memory, it is largely independent of IQ. For example, many visual artists may be of average intelligence, but highly creative and have produced masterpieces.
So does cognitive flexibility make people smarter in a way that isn’t always captured on IQ tests? We know that it leads to better rational thinking throughout the lifespan. For example, for children it leads to better reading abilities and better school performance.
It can also help protect against a number of prejudice. People who are cognitively flexible are better at recognizing potential faults in themselves and using strategies to overcome these faults.
Cognitive flexibility is essential for society to flourish. It can help maximize the potential of individuals to create innovative ideas and creative inventions. Ultimately, it is such qualities that we need to solve the big challenges of today.
1. What is the purpose of the research conducted by Cambridge University researchers?A.To clarify people’s misunderstanding about cognitive flexibility. |
B.To figure out the relationship between IQ and cognitive flexibility. |
C.To explore effective ways to improve people’s cognitive flexibility. |
D.To make out the benefits of increasing people’s cognitive flexibility. |
A.Stick to their original plan. | B.Handle new problems rigidly. |
C.Adjust their thoughts and behavior. | D.Apply creative ideas to improve their IQ. |
A.It is closely related to people’s IQ. | B.It is an unchangeable inborn quality. |
C.It helps people avoid reasonable thinking. | D.It helps people make greater achievements. |
A.Applications of cognitive flexibility. | B.Benefits of cognitive flexibility. |
C.Experiments on cognitive flexibility. | D.Definitions of cognitive flexibility. |
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【推荐1】Right now, social media is flooded with photos of people with their celery(芹菜)juice. They say that the green drink cured them of headaches, skin conditions, and cleared poisons in their bodies, and left them with a feeling of pure joy.
Celery is suddenly in the spotlight. It's got a respectable amount of vitamin C and B, and has a little bit of fiber. It's full of water and refreshing. I've no doubt that celery juice helps people feel more fresh and juicy in the morning. And I know from personal experience that a green drink is a nice, light way to start the day.
But the magic statements about celery juice leave me more than a little doubt. If celery juice did, indeed, wash viruses out of the body and cure headaches, wouldn't the world be free of headache medicine? And the medical explanations surrounding celery juice's powers just don't make sense一for instance, that drinking celery juice increases bile(胆汁) or that it "restores your central nervous system". Huh?
There are also drawbacks of juicing in general. It's quicker to drink juice than it is to eat fruits and vegetables, so it may feel less satisfying than eating whole food. You also lose the fiber when juicing. Celery juice is made by putting the stalks (茎秆) through a juicer or processing them in a regular fruit mixer and straining the mixture through cheesecloth or a nut-milk bag, leaving all the fiber behind. It's stated that removing the fiber from celery makes the healing powers stronger, but unlike celery juice, fiber is actually proven to be good for you. The benefits range from keeping you regular to lowering blood pressure. To get these fiber benefits, throw a stalk of celery into your favorite fruit drink, so you're getting the whole vegetable, not just the juice.
My two cents: If you want to try celery juice, there aren't drawbacks beyond the cost and the taste. But don't set your expectations for healing too high.
1. According to the author, celery juice ______ .A.is only a kind of green drink |
B.has great practical values in use |
C.can cure people of some diseases |
D.contains less fiber than other fruit juice |
A.To show the value of celery. |
B.To promote a new kind of drink. |
C.To persuade people to drink green drink. |
D.To show his opinion on drinking celery juice. |
A.Is It Right to Be a Vegetarian? | B.Is Celery Juice A Magic Cure? |
C.Is Social Media Telling the Truth? | D.Is Celery Juice Better Than Celery? |
【推荐2】Confirmation bias(偏见) is our tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing beliefs. It also describes how we try to find ways to look at unclear information in ways that support rather than challenge those beliefs — or simply ignore information that contradicts them.
People usually don't engage in confirmation bias on purpose.
So what can we do to avoid confirmation bias?
And perhaps most importantly: we have to be careful not to jump to conclusions.
A.The thing we most want to believe might not actually be true. |
B.But research has found that it is real and affects our judgment. |
C.But it can be helpful to talk to people who don't share our beliefs. |
D.Research has shown that confirmation bias occurs in several contexts. |
E.Most of all, accept that you have biases that impact your decision-making. |
F.One thing we can do is try to look for evidence that contradicts our beliefs. |
G.This is especially true for information about things that feel very important to us. |
【推荐3】Have you ever wondered why you sometimes take an almost immediate liking to a person you have just met? We often get the first impression of a person based on the colour of a person’s skin or the manner in which he or she dresses. Meaning is conveyed(传递) not only by words or verbal languages but also by nonverbal communication systems, such as body behaviour.
Nonverbal communication is important because we use the actions of others to learn about their emotional states. Our emotions are reflected in our posture, face, and eyes-be it fear, joy, anger, or sadness-- so we can express them without ever saying a word. For this reason, most of us depend heavily on what we learn through our eyes.
Nonverbal communication is significant in human interaction because it is usually responsible for the first impressions. More importantly, those first messages usually influence the perception(感知) of everything else that follows. Even how we select friends and partners is based on first impressions with nonverbal communication.
Nonverbal communication is important because it is culture-related. It is based on different beliefs, religions, values and customs in different cultures. When, where, how, and to whom people display his or her specific nonverbal behaviour is greatly affected by culture and context. Culture determines what the appropriate nonverbal behaviour is. For example, feelings of friendship exist everywhere but their expression varies. It maybe appropriate in some countries for men to hug each other and for women to hold hands; in other countries these displays of affection(情感) may be shocking. Each culture has its own specific interpretation on nonverbal communication. What is acceptable in one culture may be completely unacceptable in another. One culture may determine that snapping fingers(打响指) to call a waiter is acceptable; another may consider this gesture rude.
1. What is the best title of the passage?A.Nonverbal communication and first impression. |
B.Nonverbal communication is culture-related. |
C.Nonverbal and verbal communication. |
D.The importance of nonverbal communication. |
A.Meaning can be conveyed both by words and body language. |
B.We can use nonverbal communication to learn about a person’s emotional states. |
C.We often get the first impression by what a person says. |
D.The first impression can affect what we will do in the following. |
A.2. | B.3. | C.4. | D.5. |
A.We can use different ways to express friendship. |
B.Different cultures have different meanings of nonverbal communication. |
C.Snapping fingers to call a waiter is acceptable. |
D.Learning a country’s culture is very important. |
【推荐1】Have you heard of shark fin (鲨鱼鳍) soup? This famous and expensive dish is especially popular in southern China. But do you realize that you are killing a whole shark each time you enjoy a bowl of shark fin soup?
When people catch sharks, they cut off their fins and throw them back into the sea where they die slowly and painfully. In fact, around 70 million sharks are caught and traded (交易) in this industry every year. The numbers of some kinds of sharks have declined by over 90 percent in the last 20 to 30 years.
Environmental protection groups around the world, such as WildAid and the WWF, are teaching the public about “finning”. They have even asked governments to develop laws to stop the sale of shark fins. So far, no scientific studies have shown shark fins are good for health, so why eat them? Help save the sharks!
1. Where is shark fin soup especially popular?A.In eastern China. | B.In southern China. | C.In western China. | D.In northern China. |
A.Fallen. | B.Added. | C.Doubled. | D.Increased. |
A.They are afraid of sharks. |
B.They catch sharks for fun. |
C.They consider sharks lovely. |
D.They cut off shark fins for money. |
A.WTO. | B.UNESCO. | C.WildAid. | D.WHO. |
A.Respect Nature | B.Value the Planet | C.Save the Sharks | D.Keep Balance |
【推荐2】The geographical location of a country and its physical characteristics are very important to its development and progress. The United States is very fortunate in this respect.
First of all, it has a good climate. In almost all sections of the country it is possible to live comfortably during the whole year. It is true that in the south it sometimes gets very hot, and in the north very cold. But the people who live in these regions become accustomed to the climate and never suffer very much when the weather is either very hot or very cold.
In a large country there is usually a great variety of different physical characteristics. In the United States, there are wide plains and high mountains, thousands of lakes and rivets of all sizes, cool forests and hot deserts, and a coastline several thousand miles long.
The many lakes and rivers, as well as the long coastline, have been of great importance to the development of the country, since they made possible the easy transportation of people and all the things people need. Transportation by water is still necessary and important. In modern times, however, trains, automobiles, trucks and airplanes are doing much of the work which was formerly done by ships and boats.
1. What are the principal physical characteristics of the United States?A.Almost the same. | B.Rather various. |
C.Very good for farming. | D.Suitable for transportation. |
A.Geographical location. | B.Good climate. |
C.Physical characteristics. | D.Both A and C. |
A.They make the climate better. |
B.They provide people with a good many opportunities of employment. |
C.They provide people with good transportation and whatever they need. |
D.They make the scenery of the country more beautiful and attractive. |
A.Trains. | B.Trucks. |
C.Planes. | D.Ships and boats. |
【推荐3】The earth is warming. The past years are the warmest on record. Greenhouse gases from human activities are responsible for 1.1°C of average warming in the 20th century. What we’re experiencing is different from the global average. We experience extreme weather — serious heatwaves, violent storms and historic floods.
We won’t feel the impact of our efforts for decades. But we must know our future today so we can act now. To develop the best strategies for adaptation, we need climate models to predict the climate in different areas over decades. Unlike predicting the weather, climate models are difficult modeling the physics, chemistry and biology of the atmosphere, waters, ice, land and human activities.
Greater resolution (分辨率) is needed to model changes in the global climate. Scientists estimate that it will demand billions of times more computing power than what’s available. It will take decades to achieve that through the ordinary course of computing advances.
For the first time, we have the technology to do that. We can achieve million-x speedups by combining three technologies: GPU-accelerated computing; breakthroughs in physics-informed neural (神经的) networks and AI supercomputers, along with vast quantities of data to learn from. With these techniques, we may have within our grasp the billion-x leap needed to do the climate modeling. And with more accurate predictions, people and nations will act correctly.
This week, plans to build the world’s most powerful AI supercomputer used to predict climate change are announced. Named Earth-2, the system will create a digital twin of the Earth. The system would be the climate change to Cambridge-l, the world’s most powerful AI supercomputer for healthcare research.
1. What caused 1.1°C of average warming in the 20thcentury?A.Violent storms. | B.Human activities. |
C.Historic floods. | D.Serious heatwaves. |
A.It will cost billions of money. |
B.The climate changes frequently. |
C.Technology now can’t meet the needs. |
D.The model of the earth is too difficult to build. |
A.By using many computers together. | B.By raising billions of money. |
C.By combining three technologies. | D.By studying a large amount of data. |
A.A notebook. | B.A diary. | C.A travel guide. | D.A newspaper. |