The time between full wakefulness and being sound asleep may be packed with creative potential. In a new experiment, people who fell into a light sleep were better problem-solvers later.
Thomas Edison inspired the new study. It’s said that the famous inventor used to value the moments between wakefulness and sleep. Supposedly, he used to fall asleep in a chair holding two steel balls. As he nodded off, the balls fell into metal pans. The resulting noise woke him. Then, he could write down his inventive ideas before he fell into a deep sleep and forgot them.
Researchers tested Edison’s method of developing creativity with 103 healthy people. Volunteers came to the lab to solve a difficult number problem. They were asked to change a string of numbers into a shorter sequence (数列) following two simple rules. What the volunteers weren’t told was that there was an easy trick to do this task. The second number in the sequence would always be the correct final number, too. Once discovered, this trick greatly cut the solving time. After doing this task 60 times, the volunteers earned a 20-minute break in a quiet, dark room. Volunteers lay in chairs and held a version of the steel balls that Edison used as “alarm clocks”. The researchers told participants to close their eyes and rest or sleep if they desired. All the while, their brain waves were monitored.
After their rest, participants returned to their number problem. The researchers saw a big difference between the groups. People who had fallen into a shallow, early sleep were 2.7 times as likely to spot the hidden trick as people who had stayed awake. Shallow sleepers were 5.8 times as likely to spot the trick as people who reached the deeper stage.
More work is needed to prove the link between the shallow stage of sleep and creativity. But the results raise an interesting possibility. People may be able to learn to reach that stage of sleep.
1. What was the function of the steel balls and metal pans for Thomas Edison?A.To help him stay on guard during sleep. |
B.To stop others from disturbing his sleep. |
C.To make his brain work even during sleep. |
D.To prevent him from falling sound asleep. |
A.Its results are well worth wide promotion. |
B.It proves researchers’ work is demanding. |
C.Its findings still need to be further confirmed. |
D.It will motivate more people to practice light sleep. |
A.Edison’s Method of Developing Creativity |
B.Nodding off May Turn Your Creativity on |
C.A Better Sleep Helps with Problem-Solving |
D.Links Between Sleep Quality and Creativity |
A.A science magazine. | B.A travel brochure. |
C.A museum guide. | D.A diary. |
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【推荐1】Erin Alexander, who was suffering from the loss of her relative, was having a hard day. However, her day took an unexpected turn when she picked up her order and noticed a message on the cup: “Madam,” the waitress had written next to a heart, “your heart is golden.” The small and unexpected act moved her deeply, brightening the rest of her day.
New research confirms the great influence of experiences like Ms. Alexander’s. Researchers found people who perform an unplanned act of kindness tend to undervalue how much the receiver will appreciate it. This could hold many of us back from doing nice things for others more often.
In a recent experiment, 84 participants (参与者) were given a hot chocolate on two cold weekends at a park and were told they could keep it or give it to a stranger. The 75 participants who gave away their drink were asked to guess how “big” their kind act would feel to the receiver on a scale (等级) from 0 to 10, and how the receiver would rate their feelings upon receiving it. The receivers were then asked to report how they actually felt using the same scale.
It turned out that the people doing the kind thing always undervalued the importance of their actions. While they thought they were offering something small, the receivers considered it more meaningful because someone had done something nice for them.
Despite longing for kindness, many people feel awkward at the thought of being kind. The “little inner voice” often leads them to question whether their behavior might be misunderstood or whether it will make the receiver feel pressured to pay it back.
But an act of kindness is unlikely to have unintended results; it can lead to even more kindness. If you are not already in the habit of performing unplanned kind acts, start by thinking about what you are interested in and how you can turn that into an offering for others.
1. How did Erin Alexander feel after reading the message?A.Calm. | B.Puzzled. | C.Warmed. | D.Anxious. |
A.rule | B.process | C.purpose | D.result |
A.A mix of fears. | B.Coldness from others. |
C.High expectations of others. | D.Voices from the public. |
A.Think twice before helping. | B.Value kindness from others. |
C.Find ways to change habits. | D.Take action to offer kindness. |
【推荐2】There is no benefit to doing more than five hours of high-intensity (高强度) exercise a week, a Harvard study has found, as it does not help to stave off an early death. However, pushing your body as hard as you can does not have any damaging health effects.
A 30-year Harvard study of 100,000 Americans looked at how exercise impacted a person’s risk of death. It found that doing 75 minutes of intense exercise a week, the recommended amount, reduces the risk of dying from disease by 31 percent. People who do twice this—two and a half hours of intense exercise a week—see slightly greater benefits, further reducing the threat of death by four percent. However, fitness enthusiasts who do more than four times the recommended amount of intense exercise every week—five hours—do not get any additional benefit.
The same trend is seen for moderate (适度的) activities, including walking. Ten hours of moderate exercise—four times the recommended weekly activity level—has no benefits, but also no harms.
Previous research had claimed that doing too much exercise could be harmful and may actually increase a person’s risk of early death by putting added pressure on their body. But the new study found that to be untrue, as even people doing more than five hours a week of intense activity showed no bad health effects.
“This finding may reduce the concerns around the potentially harmful effect of engaging in high levels of physical activity observed in several previous studies,” noted Hoon Lee, a study author. “Our study provides evidence to guide individuals to choose the right amount and intensity of physical activity over their lifetime to maintain their overall health.”
1. What does the underlined part “stave off ” in paragraph 1 mean?A.Approach. | B.Cause. | C.Prevent. | D.Record. |
A.Twice the recommended amount has no benefit. |
B.2.5 hours of it weekly can reduce death risk by 35%. |
C.5 hours of it weekly can have harmful effects on health. |
D.The recommended amount produces the greatest benefit. |
A.It links heart disease to early death. |
B.It disagrees with previous research. |
C.It needs further research on more individuals. |
D.It needs involvement with more kinds of exercise. |
A.Exercise properly. |
B.Go on a diet to stay healthy. |
C.Go outdoors as much as possible. |
D.Engage in high levels of physical activity. |
【推荐3】Including a joke in the title of a paper could pay off in terms of citations (引用), according to a study. The finding — which has not been proved by peers — suggests that researchers could gain citations by giving their papers amusing titles while some say the evidence is too weak to support the conclusion.
Jokes sometimes find their way into academic papers. “One place where we often see humor is in titles, but there’s a very small amount of literature about whether this is reasonable,” says lead author Stephen Heard, an evolutionary ecologist.
To investigate whether having a funny title could boost a paper’s readership and citations, Heard and his colleagues asked volunteers to score the titles of 2,439 papers according to how amusing they were. The scorers assessed humor on a seven-point scale, from zero (serious titles) to six (extremely funny). The researchers then looked for a link between papers’ humor scores and the number of citations they had received, including self-citations by their own authors.
Papers with funny titles were cited slightly less often than those with more serious or straightforward titles. However, papers with more amusing titles also tended to have fewer self-citations, which led Heard’s team to infer that scientists might give funnier titles to less important papers. “Our assumption is that authors don’t cite their own papers subsequently because they don’t think that those are their most important papers,” Heard says.
After controlling for self-citations as a measure of a paper’s importance, the researchers found that articles with funny titles are in fact cited more than those with serious titles. For example, papers with titles that got a score of six had nearly twice as many citations on average as those whose titles got a humor score of four. But some researchers argued that self-citations might not be a good criterion for a paper’s importance.
1. The finding of the study can be best described as _________ according to the first paragraph.A.a widely accepted belief. | B.something surprising. |
C.a wholly resisted opinion. | D.something still in debate. |
A.By enquiring about volunteers’ attitudes toward funny titles. |
B.By asking participants to divide those titles into seven ranks. |
C.By matching the papers’ scores with the volunteers’ likes. |
D.By digitalizing the citations into various scores of humor. |
A.Including a joke in an essay is by no means a good attempt. |
B.Self-citations don’t serve as a good standard for the research. |
C.Articles with fewer self-citations tend to be unimportant to the authors. |
D.Scientists should stop their self-citations to guarantee academic fairness. |
A.One Cites Himself: A Rise To Fame | B.Funny Or Serious: It Serves Your Choice |
C.Are You Joking: Funny Titles Are Good | D.Joking Paper Titles: Fewer Citations Or More |
【推荐1】Research has shown that behavioral signaling is largely universal — not only across cultures, but across species. Based on this knowledge, Cogito Corp has created an artificial intelligence (AI) technology to analyze behavioral and vocal cues to provide in-the-moment guidance during conversations, making individuals more emotionally intelligent.
“Artificial intelligence continues to have a transformational effect across industries. One area we see specific accelerated advancement in with this technology, is machine learning,” said Dr. John Kane of Cogito. “Much of the advancement in machine learning is due to the fact that it’s not far removed from our daily lives. Take Amazon’s Alexa as a household example: Alexa can recognize and respond to whispered speech for voice commands, made possible through machine learning advancement,” Kane continued. He also pointed out that “media has built unrealistic expectations in the minds of the general public when it comes to AI, where in fact, machine learning algorithms are still generally developed for narrowly defined purposes.”
Cogito was founded with the mission of helping humans communicate with more emotional intelligence. Presently, it helps individuals across enterprise-level organizations, mainly in the insurance, healthcare and financial service industries, create stronger customer service outcomes with the help of the Cogito AI coach. “Our goal is to provide in-the-moment guidance to individuals within enterprise call centers so they can adjust their behavior and improve customer experiences,” Kane said.
Cogito’s AI technology aims to offer a win-win-win model for companies — improving agent performance so that employees are more occupied with their work, customers are more satisfied and the company is more productive. Cogito’s in-the-moment guidance identifies patterns and cues that may be easily overlooked, giving consistent recommendations to agents in real time. This focused level of analysis helps managers coach high-performing agents to be more consistent and low-performing agents to identify areas for improvement — positively impacting companies.
Looking to the future, Cogito’s CEO and co-founder, Joshua Feast, sees an opportunity to own the AI coaching space. AI coaches guide humans to improve their individual and team performance, resulting in a more productive, emotionally intelligent and successful workforce.
1. What’s the main reason for machine learning’s advancement?A.Its connections with our daily lives. |
B.Its being a basic area of AI technology. |
C.An increasing demand for the technology. |
D.Media’s efforts to promote the technology. |
A.It has wider uses than expected. |
B.What it can do now may be overestimated. |
C.It is far from familiar to the public. |
D.Most advanced AI technologies remain unknown to the public. |
A.To bring greater advancement in machine learning. |
B.To reveal the behavioral differences between humans. |
C.To make humans more emotionally intelligent in conversations. |
D.To help companies monitor and measure employees’ work performance. |
A.It faces a lot of challenges. |
B.It seems to have a bright future. |
C.It may replace the human workforce sooner or later. |
D.It is disadvantageous to low-performing employees. |
【推荐2】College graduation eventually means taking much of your attention in your first job search. This process can be challenging, especially for those students who had second thoughts about their chosen major and intended career path — or those who majored in a field not directly connected to a specific career. If you are in one of these groups, fear not! Although your major, coursework, and academic performance are relevant (有关的) to landing a job, they are not the only deciding factors on where you can work. So, just how important is your major to your job search?
Some majors are tied directly to specific career fields. For example, if you wish to become a teacher, you will likely have needed to complete an education program and eventually sit for a licensing exam. The same applies to majors in nursing. If you did not complete an accredited nursing program, you won't be able to take the nursing licensure exam. In these cases, successfully completing a specific major is crucial (关键性的) to landing a job in the matching field.
Other majors, however, are closely related to career paths but don't necessarily require a degree in the area. For example, students who majored in finance, math, or statistics may also have the necessary skills to be hired as an accountant. Although social work majors are most prepared to provide case management services to struggling populations, students who majored in psychology or sociology can be just as qualified.
Lastly, there are many industries, such as professional sales, education (non-teaching positions), insurance, and customer service management, which hire new graduates from several more majors, looking for more generalized requirements. They may simply want to know the student has completed his or her bachelor's degree, which demonstrates (表明) college-level math and writing, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.
Hopefully, as a college student, you were able to do more than just attend classes. Your non-academic experiences can be very influential on your future career as well. Did you work during college, volunteer, or participate in a club or organization? If so, and if you enjoyed these activities, seek out related careers. If you volunteered with a non-profit organization such as a homeless or domestic (家庭的) violence shelter, seek out positions in social services related to case management or victim advocacy (辩护). You may qualify for a position regardless of your major.
Although it often seems like your college major alone determines your career fate, this just isn't the case. It may influence it, but there are other factors that influence your career options as well. If you don't know what career options to consider based on your major, talk to your faculty or academic advisor. You may be surprised at what opportunities await!
1. To be a customer service manager, college graduates _________.A.need to have related qualities | B.should pass a licensing exam |
C.are required to major in insurance | D.must have relevant experiences |
A.Major Ups Your Career |
B.Why Your College Major Matters |
C.How Important Your Major Is to Your Job |
D.Major VS Career: Which Is Right for You |
A.majors are closely linked to career paths |
B.students of science tend to receive higher salaries |
C.volunteer experiences help graduates get employed |
D.social work graduates have more employment opportunities |
【推荐3】It should come as no surprise that England has some of the world’s most interesting attractions for literature lovers, from birthplace museums of some of the world’s most celebrated authors to everyday sports made famous through fictional accounts.
Bath
In England’s West County, not far from the border with Wales, the gorgeous Georgian town of Bath is an undisputed must-visit for fans. Some of the country’s most celebrated authors have lived (and written) here, including Mary Shelley, of Frankenstein fame, along with her poet husband, Percy Bysshe Shelly. However, the town’s best-known former resident is Jane Austen, who spent five miserable yeas in the spa town. The Jane Austen Centre and its Regency Tea Room are among Bath’s most-visited attractions, and there is a 10-day festival held every September that honors the writer and her work.
London
London has long been a favorite setting for English storytellers, and the capital city has appeared in countless stories and novels over the years, from Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales to Helen Fielding’s bestselling Bridget Jones books. Sherlock Homes had a flat on Baker Street in his crime-solving days, and you might know Soho as the home turf of the legendary Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
Charles Dickens is perhaps the best-known(or at least most celebrated)author of the lot, and there are dozens of Dickensian London tours available to literature lovers. Scrooge keeps all office in Cornhill part of the City of London financial district, while Fleet Street makes an appearance in the Pickwick Papers and A Tale of Two Cities. Finally, Oliver Twist fans might remember that the Artful Dodger tricks young Oliver to reach Fagin’s den, located in Saffron Hill in Camden.
Stratford-upon-Avon
The birthplace of William Shakespeare, Stratford-upon-Avon, has built an entire tourism industry around the Bard. Although many of Shakespeare’s plays were set in faraway destinations such as Greece, Italy, Denmark and a make-believe island in the middle of the ocean, there are still plenty of attractions that fans won’t want to miss. Here You can visit Shakespeare’s birthplace along with the homes of his mother, daughter and granddaughter. Most visitors also make a point of catching a performance at the Royal Shakespeare Company.
And for the full Stratford experience, travelers can stay the night at one of the Towns many historic hotels; Billesley Manor Hotel is a popular choice, and rumor has it that Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway in a tiny chapel on the grounds way back in 1582.
1. What happens in every September of Bath?A.A book exhibition. | B.A movie show of Frankenstein. |
C.A festival to honor Jane Austen. | D.A tour to celebrate Mary Shelley’s birthday. |
A.Oxford. | B.London. | C.Bath. | D.Stratford-upon-Avon. |
A.Literature fans. | B.Film producers. |
C.History researchers. | D.Photography enthusiasts. |